scholarly journals Non-kin adoption in the common vampire bat

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imran Razik ◽  
Bridget K. G. Brown ◽  
Rachel A. Page ◽  
Gerald G. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Alloparental Care ◽  
Adaptive Traits ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Group Member ◽  
Vampire Bat

Individual animals across many different species occasionally ‘adopt’ unrelated, orphaned offspring. Although adoption may be best explained as a by-product of adaptive traits that enhance parental care or promote the development of parental skills, one factor that is possibly important for the likelihood of adoption is the history of cooperative interactions between the mother, adopted offspring and adopter. Using 652 h of behavioural samples collected over four months, we describe patterns of allogrooming and food sharing before and after an instance of non-kin adoption between two adult female common vampire bats ( Desmodus rotundus ) that were captured from distant sites (340 km apart) and introduced to one another in captivity. The first female died from an illness 19 days after giving birth. The second female groomed and regurgitated food to the mother more often than any other group member, then groomed, nursed and regurgitated food to the orphaned, female pup. The substantial increase in alloparental care by this female after the mother's death was not observed among the 20 other adult females that were present in the colony. Our findings corroborate previous reports of non-kin adoption in common vampire bats and are consistent with the hypothesis that non-kin adoption can be motivated, in part, by a history of cooperative interactions.

Observations on the Simulium neavei complex at Amani in Tanganyika.

1960 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Short Distance ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Follicular Epithelium ◽  
Wing Size ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Local Climate ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
Efficient Vector ◽  
The Common

The paper deals with two members of the Simulium neavi Eoub. complex found at Amani in the forest of the Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. They have already been described but are at present termed the Amani unhanded and banded forms, scientific names being witheld until the taxonomy of the whole complex is better understood.Some methods of study are described.Pupae of the unhanded form constituted a large proportion of the total number found on the common local crab, Potamon (Potamonautes) lirrangensis Eathbun, which amounted to roughly one pupa to seven crabs. This form predominated in the lower and more open parts of the drainage system examined. The adults were not seen to bite man. This and the banded form were found at a much lower altitude than any hitherto reported for the complex, probably owing to the particular nature of the local climate. Neither form was abundant.The larvae and pupae of the banded form, like the unhanded one, live externally on the crabs. The variability of wing size of the banded form is described. Observations were made on the internal anatomy of the adult with special reference to the ovaries in which the follicular relics are usually very large, indicating that the female probably bites soon after laying eggs. As in S. damnosum Theo. there is an easily recognisable class of old flies with clear Malpighian tubes. Nulliparous and parous flies have rather different biting cycles. The banded form bit man readily but only about five were taken per hour in good catching places and far fewer elsewhere.Human onchorcerciasis has been reported from Amani but is not known to do any harm there. The existence of the disease in the presence of rather small numbers of Simuliids is of interest in relation to a belief that S. neavei is a more efficient vector of onchocerciasis than is S. damnosum. Out of 359 banded females dissected 41·2 per cent, were parous and 12·8 per cent, of these were infected with nematodes, at least some of which were not Onchocerca volvulus.Taxonomy, the ovarioles and the Simuliid-crab association are discussed. The formation of the large follicular relics of the banded form is considered in relation to the history of the follicular epithelium before and after ovulation. The crab association is regarded as commensalism-, and it is suggested that the crabs benefit the Simuliids by carrying them a short distance to a suitable current and that they thus enable them to live in fast rivers and so extend their range.

scholarly journals Serological Surveillance of Rabies in Free-Range and Captive Common Vampire Bats Desmodus rotundus

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Megid ◽  
Julio Andre Benavides Tala ◽  
Laís Dário Belaz Silva ◽  
Fernando Favian Castro Castro ◽  
Bruna Letícia Devidé Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Populations ◽  
Desmodus Rotundus ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
Serological Surveillance ◽  
At Risk Populations ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Fluorescent Focus ◽  
Vampire Bat

The control of vampire bat rabies (VBR) in Brazil is based on the culling of Desmodus rotundus and the surveillance of outbreaks caused by D. rotundus in cattle and humans in addition to vaccination of susceptible livestock. The detection of anti-rabies antibodies in vampire bats indicates exposure to the rabies virus, and several studies have reported an increase of these antibodies following experimental infection. However, the dynamics of anti-rabies antibodies in natural populations of D. rotundus remains poorly understood. In this study, we took advantage of recent outbreaks of VBR among livestock in the Sao Paulo region of Brazil to test whether seroprevalence in D. rotundus reflects the incidence of rabies in nearby livestock populations. Sixty-four D. rotundus were captured during and after outbreaks from roost located in municipalities belonging to three regions with different incidences of rabies in herbivores. Sixteen seropositive bats were then kept in captivity for up to 120 days, and their antibodies and virus levels were quantified at different time points using the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT). Antibody titers were associated with the occurrence of ongoing outbreak, with a higher proportion of bats showing titer >0.5 IU/ml in the region with a recent outbreak. However, low titers were still detected in bats from regions reporting the last outbreak of rabies at least 3 years prior to sampling. This study suggests that serological surveillance of rabies in vampire bats can be used as a tool to evaluate risk of outbreaks in at risk populations of cattle and human.

scholarly journals Gene losses in the common vampire bat illuminate molecular adaptations to blood feeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Blumer ◽  
Tom Brown ◽  
Mariella Bontempo Freitas ◽  
Ana Luiza Destro ◽  
Juraci A. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
Dietary Specialization ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Gastric Physiology ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
Reference Quality ◽  
The Common ◽  
Metabolizing Enzyme ◽  
Vampire Bat

Feeding exclusively on blood, vampire bats represent the only obligate sanguivorous lineage among mammals. To uncover genomic changes associated with adaptations to this unique dietary specialization, we generated a new haplotype-resolved reference-quality genome of the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) and screened 26 bat species for genes that were specifically lost in the vampire bat lineage. We discovered previously-unknown gene losses that relate to metabolic and physiological changes, such as reduced insulin secretion (FFAR1, SLC30A8), limited glycogen stores (PPP1R3E), and a distinct gastric physiology (CTSE). Other gene losses likely reflect the biased nutrient composition (ERN2, CTRL) and distinct pathogen diversity of blood (RNASE7). Interestingly, the loss of REP15 likely helped vampire bats to adapt to high dietary iron levels by enhancing iron excretion and the loss of the 24S-hydroxycholesterol metabolizing enzyme CYP39A1 could contribute to their exceptional cognitive abilities. Finally, losses of key cone phototransduction genes (PDE6H, PDE6C) suggest that these strictly-nocturnal bats completely lack cone-based vision. These findings enhance our understanding of vampire bat biology and the genomic underpinnings of adaptations to sanguivory.

Psychiatric Comorbidity in Fibromyalgia

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (S1) ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Arroita ◽  
A. Barreiro ◽  
K. Ugarte ◽  
N. Losada ◽  
P. Rico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mood Disorders ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Direct Relationship ◽  
Psychiatric Comorbidity ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Panic Disorders ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

Introduction:Fibromyalgia is an entity that affects approximately 2% of the population, mainly women.According to many studies, approximately half of women with fibromyalgia have a history of traumatic events during childhood or adulthood.Affective disorders before and after fibromyalgia diagnosis are particularly frequent.Materials and methods:Comprehensive review of the scientific literature (Medline, Psychoinfo, Medex) on psychiatric comorbidity in women diagnosed with fibromyalgia published over the last three years.Results:40-60% of women diagnosed with fibromyalgia report sexual abuse during childhood or adulthood; A higher percentage of women (over 70%) report other kinds of physical or emotional trauma.Fibromyalgia has been linked to mood disorders in 50-70% of patients. More precisely, it appears in combination with major depression in 20% of cases. To a lesser but still noteworthy extent, women with fibromyalgia are also diagnosed with dysthymia, anxiety disorders, phobias or panic disorders.Conclusion:Despite the common characteristics of these patients there is no such thing as a “fibromyalgic personality”.As for comorbidity, mood disorders are highly prevalent, more specifically depression, even though no direct relationship has been established between them. Fibromyalgia symptoms are more acute in patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders.

scholarly journals Prey choice of the common vampire bat on introduced species in an Atlantic forest land-bridge island

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Gonçalves ◽  
Marcelo Magioli ◽  
Ricardo S. Bovendorp ◽  
Katia Maria Paschoaletto Micchi de Barros Ferraz ◽  
Letícia Bulascoschi Cagnoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Prey Choice ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
Land Bridge ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Vampire Bats ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bat Rabies ◽  
Vampire Bat

AbstractThe proliferation of native, alien, invasive and domestic species provide novel and abundant food resources for the common vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus) that could alter its prey preference. Based on the analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes, we report the prey choice of D. rotundus on introduced mammals in an tropical land-bridge island where the domestic animals were removed and 100 individuals of 15 mammal species were intentionally introduced. Our analysis shows that, D. rotundus on Anchieta Island were more likely to prey upon species from open habitats (mean value of −14.8‰), i.e., animals with high δ13C values characterized by the consumption of C4 resources. As expected for a top predator species, δ15N values for D. rotundus were higher (mean value of 8.2‰) and overlapped the niche of the capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from the Anchieta Island, while it was distant from coatis, and also from those potential prey from the preserved area in the mainland, including the capybaras, indicating that among all potential mammalian prey species, they fed exclusively on capybaras, the highest mammalian biomass on island. Based on previous information on human occupation, the domestic animals present on Anchieta island might be the main prey of D. rotundus and responsible for maintaining a viable population. As the capybaras were introduced only 36 years ago, this suggests a rapid prey shift due to anthropogenic disturbances, which has allowed common vampire bats to successfully exploit them. Literature records also show that common vampire bats were not captured in preserved areas of the mainland which are near Anchieta Island indicating that the percentage of capture of D. rotundus is usually low in natural forested habitats where potential prey are scattered. As three individuals of introduced capybaras were confirmed died from bat rabies viruses (RABV) in 2020, we suggest periodic monitoring of bat rabies viruses in common vampire bat populations on Anchieta Island and areas nearby, in order to quantify the magnitude of the outbreak area and develop strategies for controlling, especially considering that the island and areas nearby is frequently visited by tourists. We highlighted that this prey choice is context-dependent, and possibly influenced by the removal of domestic animals, the explosive population growth of introduced capybaras combined with their predictable foraging behavior.

scholarly journals The vampire bat (Desmodus rotundus): improved methods of laboratory care and handling

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet M. Dickson ◽  
D. G. Green
Keyword(s):  
Breeding Colony ◽  
Desmodus Rotundus ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
The Common ◽  
Improved Methods ◽  
Vampire Bat

A system for care and maintenance of the common vampire bat in captivity is reported, which results in easy handling and a thriving breeding colony. A method for anaesthetising bats and collecting saliva is described.

Toward a Speech Sciences Community

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Donald Finan ◽  
Stephen M. Tasko
Keyword(s):  
Science Research ◽  
Knowledge Generation ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Mandated Curriculum ◽  
Professional Discipline ◽  
Common Area ◽  
Language Pathology ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
Speech Science

The history of speech-language pathology as a profession encompasses a tradition of knowledge generation. In recent years, the quantity of speech science research and the presence of speech scientists within the domain of the American Speech-Hearing-Language Association (ASHA) has diminished, even as ASHA membership and the size of the ASHA Convention have grown dramatically. The professional discipline of speech science has become increasingly fragmented, yet speech science coursework is an integral part of the mandated curriculum. Establishing an active, vibrant community structure will serve to aid researchers, educators, and clinicians as they work in the common area of speech science.

Study of Diabetic Mellitus and Knowledge of Lotion Foot Care on the Community

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hariyadi DM ◽  
Athiyah U ◽  
Hendradi E ◽  
Rosita N ◽  
Erawati T ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
T Test ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Foot Care ◽  
Diabetic Mellitus ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of

The prevention of Diabetic Mellitus (DM) and its complications is the main aim of this study, in addition to the training of lotion foot care application and the development of small scale industry. The research team delivered knowledge in the form of training on Diabetic Mellitus, healthy food, treatment and prevention of complications, and small-scale production of cosmetic products. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between training on diabetic and lotion foot care application as preventive measures against diabetic complications on the patient's blood glucose levels in the community of residents in Banyuurip Jaya, Surabaya. It was expected from this training that the knowledge of the residents increases and people living with diabetic undergo lifestyle changes and therefore blood sugar levels can be controlled. The parameters measured in this research were blood glucose levels, the anti diabetic drug types consumed, and compliance on diabetics. This study used the data taken from 60 patients with DM over a period of one month. Questionnaires and log books was used to retrieve data and changes in blood glucose levels in diabetic patients. The results showed the demographic data of patients with type 2 diabetic of 85% female and 15% male, with the range of patients aged of 61-70 years of 46.67% and had history of diabetic (90%). The history of drugs consumed by respondents was anti diabetic drugs such as metformin (40%), glimepiride (33.37%) and insulin (6.67%). In addition, the increased knowledge of DM patients after being given the training compared to before training was shown in several questions in the questionnaire. A statistical analysis using t-test analyzed a correlation between training provided in order to enhance understanding of the patient, as well as correlation with blood glucose levels. A paired T-test showed that there was a relationship between the knowledge of trainees before and after training (p less than 0.05). An interesting result was that there was no relationship between blood glucose levels before and after training provided (p> 0.05).

The Challenges in Dealing with Organized Crime and its Consequences in Modern Societies in Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia – the Balkan Peninsula

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Bashkim Selmani ◽  
Bekim Maksuti
Keyword(s):  
Organized Crime ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
The Public ◽  
Before And After ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Standards ◽  
Organized Crime Groups ◽  
Further Development

The profound changes within the Albanian society, including Albania, Kosovo and Macedonia, before and after they proclaimed independence (in exception of Albania), with the establishment of the parliamentary system resulted in mass spread social negative consequences such as crime, drugs, prostitution, child beggars on the street etc. As a result of these occurred circumstances emerged a substantial need for changes within the legal system in order to meet and achieve the European standards or behaviors and the need for adoption of many laws imported from abroad, but without actually reading the factual situation of the psycho-economic position of the citizens and the consequences of the peoples’ occupations without proper compensation, as a remedy for the victims of war or peace in these countries. The sad truth is that the perpetrators not only weren’t sanctioned, but these regions remained an untouched haven for further development of criminal activities, be it from the public state officials through property privatization or in the private field. The organized crime groups, almost in all cases, are perceived by the human mind as “Mafia” and it is a fact that this cannot be denied easily. The widely spread term “Mafia” is mostly known around the world to define criminal organizations.The Balkan Peninsula is highly involved in these illegal groups of organized crime whose practice of criminal activities is largely extended through the Balkan countries such as Kosovo, Albania, Macedonia, Serbia, Bosnia, Croatia, Montenegro, etc. Many factors contributed to these strategic countries to be part of these types of activities. In general, some of the countries have been affected more specifically, but in all of the abovementioned countries organized crime has affected all areas of life, leaving a black mark in the history of these states.

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