scholarly journals Researches on the chemistry of coal. Part VI.—Its benzenoid constitution as shown by its oxidation with alkaline permanganate

1930 ◽  
Vol 127 (806) ◽  
pp. 480-510 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bituminous Coal ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Alkaline Permanganate ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Coal Residue ◽  
Working Out

In Part IV of this series a preliminary account was given of the discovery that the benzene-pressure-extracted “residue” of a typical bituminous coal can readily be oxidised by means of an alkaline solution of potassium permanganate with formation of considerable quantities of benzenoid acids, among which benzene hexacarboxylic (mellitic) and 1:2:3:4 benzene tetracarboxylic acids had been isolated and identified, the total yield of such acids obtained amounting to between 25 and 40 per cent, of the weight of the coal residue taken, according to the conditions under which the oxidation had been conducted. Seeing that the benzene-pressure-extracted “residue” treated in the experiments was 88·6 per cent, of the original coal substance, such results indicated that a considerable part of the original coal substance is of a benzenoid character, and the working out of the possibilities thereby opened up was reserved for further investigation because of its bearing upon the chemical constitution of coal. Since the publication of those results the subject has been under continuous investigation in the Fuel Research Laboratories of the Imperial College with the aid of grants from the Fuel Research Board of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, and the present paper gives an account of our further experiments.

The Recent Geology of the Northern Fayum Desert

1927 ◽  
Vol 64 (9) ◽  
pp. 386-410
Author(s):  
Elinor W. Gardner
Keyword(s):  
British Association ◽  
Preliminary Account ◽  
The Subject

A preliminary account of the subject of this paper was given before Section H of the British Association at the Oxford meeting in 1926 (1, 2).

scholarly journals VIII.—On the calcification of the vertebral centra in sharks and rays

1921 ◽  
Vol 210 (372-381) ◽  
pp. 311-407 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
British Museum ◽  
Imperial College ◽  
Vertebral Centra ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Elasmobranch Fishes ◽  
Fossil State

In this paper are recorded the results of an investigation undertaken at the instance of Dr. A. Smith Woodward for the purpose of ascertaining to what extent the pattern presented by the calcified laminæ of the centrum is of value as an aid to the classification of Elasmobranch fishes, and to the identification of vertebræ found in the fossil state. The subject was dealt with exhaustively in 1879-1885 by Hasse, who, in his monograph ‘Das natürliche System der Elasmobranchier,’ claimed that the differences in the disposition of the calcified laminæ in the various genera and families of Elasmobranchs occur with such constancy and regularity that they may be accepted with confidence as an important factor in taxonomy. During the years, however, that have passed since the publication of this monograph the thesis has come to be looked upon with suspicion, and vertebrate morphologists at the present time do not, as a whole, regard Hasse’s definitions of the Cyclospondyli, Tectospondyli, and Asterospondyli as consistently applicable to the genera and species included by him within those groups. The material studied in the course of the investigation was to a large extent accumulated several years ago (see p. 313), and it was only the superior attraction of Cephalodiscus as a subject of research that prevented the work from being brought to an earlier conclusion. The examination of this accumulated material, and of that more recently acquired, was carried on in the Huxley Research Laboratory of the Imperial College of Science during the winter of 1917 and from May, 1919, to May, 1920, and I hereby acknowledge my great indebtedness to Prof. E. W. MacBride and the administrative officers of the College for the facilities offered there for the prosecution of the work. I have further to thank Prof. MacBride for frequent advice and for valuable suggestions made during the progress of the research. My thanks are also due, and are hereby tendered, to Dr. A. Smith Woodward and Mr. C. Tate Began, of the British Museum (Natural History), for many helpful hints and suggestions. Acknowledgments and thanks for material kindly furnished by various donors are recorded on p. 313.

scholarly journals Metaphysics and the Existential Problematic of Human Finitude

Lumen et Vita ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Nutter
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Practical Importance ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Finite Horizon ◽  
The World ◽  
The Face ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intentional Structure ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Human Finitude

Rather than being of little practical importance, the metaphysical underpinnings of a given horizon determine the character of its existential problematic. With the breakdown of classical metaphysics concomitant with the modern turn to the subjective, the existential problematic of finitude as ultimate horizon arose. According to this subjective turn, the human person can no longer engage the world as though it were in itself constituted by transcendently grounded meaning and value. Standing within this genealogical lineage, Martin Heidegger undertook a phenomenological investigation into the existential constitution of the human person which defines authenticity in terms of finitude. For the early Heidegger, human life is essentially ‘guilty’. This guilt, however, is not the traditional cognizance of one’s sinfulness, but the foundational Nichtigkeit (‘nullity’) of life and its attendant possibilities in the light of the ultimate finality of death. Authenticity, then, consists of a resolute working out of one’s life in the face of such inevitable finality. For the later Heidegger, the finite horizon of a particular epochal disclosure gifts Being to thought and determines it thereby. Authenticity in this case consists of giving oneself over to be appropriated by an event of Being. In contrast, Lonergan understands authenticity as being true to that primordial love which beckons us to intellectual probity and responsibility in working out life’s possibilities. This essay will illustrate how Lonergan’s analysis of the intentional structure of human conscious operations stands as a corrective to Heidegger’s early existential analysis of human being-in-the-world and later thought about Being. While Lonergan defines authenticity as loving openness to transcendent Being, Heidegger, because of his forgetfulness of the subject in her conscious operations, does not allow for a transcendence which stands beyond any finite horizon. 

scholarly journals Development of Mechanisms for Regulation of Microfinance and Credit Cooperation Institutions to Boost the Domestic Investment Demand

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 16-25
Author(s):  
M. A. Abramova ◽  
S. E. Dubova ◽  
O. V. Zakharovac
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Mechanism ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Financial Market Regulation ◽  
Investment Demand ◽  
Full Participation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Working Out

The subject of the research is the economic and organizational aspects of the regulatory mechanism for governing activities microfinance and credit cooperation institutions that can influence the domestic investment demand. The purposes of the paper were to analyze and evaluate the current mechanisms for regulation of microfinance and credit cooperation institutions as well as regulatory innovations of the Bank of Russia aimed at improving the microfinance market governance and, secondly, to develop proposals on how to increase the potential of the above institutions in order to stimulate the domestic investment demand. It is concluded that microfinance and credit cooperation institutions can influence the domestic investment demand and possess appropriate products and services; therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the regulatory mechanisms of their support to enable full participation of these institutions in boosting the domestic investment demand. The paper approves the Bank of Russia initiatives aimed at the development of microfinance institutions and the regulator’s desire to develop mechanisms for the proportional regulation of the microfinance sector, particularly those that stimulate the growth of the domestic investment demand. At the same time, subject to criticism is a number of regulatory initiatives that tend to limit the freedom and the initiative of microfinance and credit cooperation institutions and do not promote competition. The paper emphasizes the importance of strengthening the most important element of the regulatory mechanism, the one that governs the activity in a microfinance organization. The relevance of the research consists in the development of proposals aimed at the working out of mechanisms for the proportional regulation of microfinance institutions in the system of the financial market regulation.

scholarly journals The «cut-off point» of vitamin D: a method of suppressing excessive secretion of PTH

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 88-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila A. Suplotova ◽  
Valeria A. Avdeeva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Pigarova ◽  
Liudmila Ya. Rozhinskaya
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Vitamin D Levels ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Excessive Secretion ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Pth Level

BACKGROUND: The subject of discussion is the issue of the separation point, which determines sufficient levels of vitamin D for bone health. When determining the adequate reference range of vitamin D, researchers are mainly guided by the results of research, where the level of 25(OH)D is determined, at which the PTH level decreases and reaches a plateau. AIM: To establish the cut-off point of vitamin D by suppressing excessive secretion of PTH. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Observational, single-site, single-stage, selective, uncontrolled study of the search for vitamin D levels by the effect on PTH secretion in residents of Tyumen region was conducted (n = 176). All selected study participants determined the level of 25(OH)D and PTH in serum. The calculation of the cut-off point was carried out using the method of searching for changes in the correlation dependence of PTH on the level of vitamin D, followed by verification of the data obtained using ROC analysis. RESULTS: A mathematical analysis of the dependence of 25(OH)D and PTH showed the cut-off point of vitamin D, equal to 23.6 ng/ml. CONCLUSION: The cut-off point of 23.6 ng/ml is optimal for suppressing excessive PTH secretion. The data obtained may be an incentive for further working out the cut-off point of vitamin D for the Russian population and can be used to clarify the classification of deficiency, insufficiency and optimal levels of vitamin D for the population of the Russian Federation.

THE COVID-19 FINANCIAL PROBLEMS AND ASPECTS OF AUDIT QUALITY ASSURANCE IN GEORGIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1(21)) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
David Bidzinashvili
Keyword(s):  
Audit Quality ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Working Out

The new Corona-virus and the contagious disease which it causes, the so called COVID 19, put forward the serious challenges for many countries all over the world and for Georgia among them. Almost the whole world is facing very serious obstacles on the international and national levels. Too many problems emerged in the world countries. To resist against the new disease has become the main priority for each country. The global processes caused by the pandemics have influenced the audit service as well. The uncertainty and unpredictability caused the new risks of deficiencies and activated already existed ones in the new environment. The situation became more complicated due to the fact that it can happen that the auditors do not consider the mentioned risks in the process of planning for audits or the risks may be considered mistakenly. The firms and other economical institutions in which the audit is carried out are obliged to adopt the new rules and changing environments in which their businesses function; they should change the rules of fulfilling the operation, preparing the financial accounts, the processes of their representing the information processes, safety of information shown in the financial accounts, the rules of their preparing; they also evaluate the possibilities of keeping on their activities in the nearest future. The qualified performing of the audit implies the basical elemenst which helps to create such environment where the possibility of the high level audit will be at the maximum. Implementing the quality control implies that such system will include two stages; each of them is directed towards providing the audit processes according the international standards There are several types of the quality improvement system. In all of them the main variable value represents the amount of costs for the proper system. All countries choose the system which provides benefits taking the costs into consideration. There are four main stages in the process of implementation the system which will ensure the high quality audit. Here are four main stages shown in the process of implementation:  The first stage: to carry out diagnostic observation;  The second stage: stating the view;  The third sage: working out the system;  The fourth stage: implementation of the system. The firms and other economical institutions where the audit is carried out are obliged to be reliable with their activities in the changing situation in which their businesses function. The subjects change the rules of carrying out the usual operations, change the open information given in the financial accounts, and estimate the possibilities of maintaining the existing possibilities for the nearest future. It is important to revise some standards out of Audit International Standards and to make them fit for revealing and assessing the risks of essential mistakes and discrepencies. The controlled variation of the standard regulates such issues as the newly corrected risks caused by influences of COVID-19 pandemic on the planned approaches to the audit and also, evaluation of the risks already defined and making changes in them taking into consideration the influence of the errors in the risk evaluations and influence made upon the planned evaluations and audits the changes of which will influence the evaluations of the risks in the inner control of the subject on the previously made imagination of the control environment, in order to define the measures to be taken in order to change the reactions to the mistakes using different measures in order to reach the trustful mechanisms to rely on. International standards of audit– answering to the assessed risks, the checked variation of the standard implies that it maybecome necessary to change the measures of reaction to the changes in the circumstances in order to obtain enough reliable measures and activities to control the situation by means of enough auditory evidences. The auditor has responsibilities to take into consideration that largening the deadlines will cause growth of the period and the risks of the dates of events which will happen in the time interval between accountability date and the date of the conclusion made by audit, the audit is also responsible for any event taking place later in relation to the Covid-19 situation. He is responsible also for evaluation of the fact about financial information. The enterprise functioning within nowadays complex environment taking into consideration the situation of COVID 19, should consider such priority issues as the uncertainty accompanying the Covid situation, related covenants, and others which accompany the pandemic period, among them the region, the financial state of customers and dealers, liquidating and paying capacity. During the process of the risk assessments it should considered that Covid 19 pandemic greatly influenced the global economics and the separate branches such as hotels business, retail sail, tourism and others. As a result of pandemic, it is possible that the number of audit considerations and thee circumstances can modify them which can be conditioned by different circumstances and the audit will state if there are incorrectable improper conditioned due to the circumstances. The audit will make it certain there are unimprovable mistakes which apart and together are essential for the financial accountability and the auditor will conclude that they cannot acquire the proper conditioned which apart or together could be essential financial accounts or the audit will conclude that they are not able to the essential accountability. Important researches were led to assess the appeared situation and it was concluded that the COVID 19 pandemic had influenced the financial situation which showed that the specific actions and procedures became complicated.

scholarly journals Arrangement and safe operation of auto-roads on a construction site

2020 ◽  
Vol 164 ◽  
pp. 08003
Author(s):  
Ivan Doroshin ◽  
Boris Zhadanovskiy ◽  
Ruben Kazaryan
Keyword(s):  
Construction Materials ◽  
Great Influence ◽  
Construction Site ◽  
Railway Transport ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Construction Operations ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Data Investigation ◽  
Working Out

Traditional and innovative ways of constructing temporary roads at a construction site are considered. The basic principles of the preparation of construction operations are given, which should be taken into account at this stage. Particular attention is paid to the preparation of the construction of the facility and preparation for the construction and installation works. The organization of designing construction roads, temporary and permanent, is considered. Methods for determining the parameters of construction roads are described. The main technical indicators of construction roads are given. Dangerous areas of the roads are indicated. The main purpose of the research is to generalize and systematize the modern ways of arrangement and operation of auto-roads on a construction site. For carrying out of the study the methodical and scientific literature on the subject was analyzed, and also the statistic methods of data investigation were used. The main results of the research is the accomplishment of estimation of expenses on arrangement of auto-roads, the indication of order of working out of design of the auto-roads, also the indication of necessity of use of permanent roads as temporary. The design of temporary and permanent construction roads is very important because of their greater use in comparison with railway transport and a great influence on the supply of construction materials.

scholarly journals VIII. On the structure and development of the skull of the common frog ( Rana temporaria , L.)

1871 ◽  
Vol 161 ◽  
pp. 137-211 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rana Temporaria ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Frog ◽  
Frog Rana Temporaria ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Working Out

Since the sending in of my last communication, that on the Skull of the Fowl, our knowledge of the morphology of the facial arches has been very greatly extended by Professor Huxley’s invaluable paper “On the Representatives of the Malleus and the Incus of the Mammalia in the other Vertebrata” (see Proc. Zool. Soc. May 1869, pp. 391-407). After comparing the components of the mandibular and hyoid arches in an extended series of vertebrate types, the author concludes his paper by saying (p. 406), “in the higher Amphibia changes of a most remarkable kind take place, of which I do not now propose to speak, as my friend Mr. Parker is engaged in working out that part of the subject.”

4. On the Changes produced by direct Chemical Addition on the Physiological Action of certain Poisons

1869 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 228-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Crum Brown ◽  
Thomas R. Fraser
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Action ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
First Results ◽  
Physiologically Active Substances ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Active Substances

In this paper the authors communicate the first results of an attempt to discover the relation which must exist between the chemical constitution and the physiological action of a substance. As the chemical constitution of the majority of physiologically active substances is unknown, they investigate the subject by examining the physiological action of a substance before and after the performance upon it of a definite chemical operation, introducing a known change into its constitution. The question is thus reduced to a problem in what may be called a chemico-physical calculus of finite variations.

scholarly journals Art. V.—Memoir of the Honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone

1861 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 221-344
Author(s):  
Edward Colebrooke
Keyword(s):  
Civil Service ◽  
East India Company ◽  
The Political ◽  
British Army ◽  
Considerable Part ◽  
Political Events ◽  
The Subject

The subject of this Memoir was born in the year 1779. He was the fourth son of the eleventh Lord Elphinstone, by Anna, daughter of Lord Buthven. The Elphinstone family is one of great antiquity in Scotland, and many of its members took a considerable part in the political events of their times. It maybe sufficient, as connected with the present sketch, to mention that Mr. Elphinstone's father was a General Officer in the British army, was for some time Governor of Edinburgh Castle, and sat for several Parliaments as one of the representative peers of Scotland; also, that several of his relations were connected about the middle of the last century with the trade and settlements in the East. Mr. Elphinstone's uncle, Mr. Fullerton Elphinstone, was, for many years, a Director of the East India Company; and to this circumstance we may attribute the destination of Mr. Elphinstone, and one of his brothers, to the Civil Service of India.

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