scholarly journals The internal conversion of γ-rays

1934 ◽  
Vol 146 (856) ◽  
pp. 178-181 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Internal Conversion ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Γ Rays ◽  
The One

1. Introduction —Theories of the internal conversion of γ-rays developed by Hulme and by Taylor and Mott have met with success in explaining the observed values of the conversion coefficient in the range of wave-lengths of the RaC spectrum. The observed values for RaC lie approximately on two curves of which the one corresponding to lower values of the conversion coefficient is obtained theoretically if it be assumed that the nucleus radiates the field of an electric dipole, while the other is obtained on the assumption that the radiated field is that of an electric quadripole. Neither theory, however, is in agreement with the observations on softer γ-rays, such as those from RaB, where the experimental results are about twice as large as the values predicted by the quadripole theory, and, of course, many times larger than those predicted by the dipole theory.

Selection Rules in Nuclear Radiation

1936 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Dipole ◽  
Electric Dipole ◽  
High Probability ◽  
Internal Conversion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Nuclear Radiation ◽  
Central Field ◽  
Selection Rules ◽  
Dipole Radiation ◽  
Γ Rays

AbstractIn the first part of this paper we discuss the radiation from a single charged particle moving in an arbitrary central field of force and obeying Dirac's equation. We consider the electric quadripole and magnetic dipole radiation as well as the electric dipole. We derive the selection rules for the magnetic dipole radiation and collect together for reference the corresponding selection rules for the electric dipole and quadripole radiations. In the second part we discuss the relative intensities of the various types of radiation, treating in detail the cases where the selection rules for magnetic dipole and electric quadripole are simultaneously satisfied. Finally we show that these results have an important bearing on the theory of internal conversion of γ-rays. The internal conversion of soft γ-rays occurs with such high probability that the theory is unable to account for the experimental results unless it is assumed that the radiation is largely magnetic dipole in character. On the other hand, Fisk and Taylor (loc. cit.) were unable to account for the presence of magnetic dipole radiation in appreciable amounts. We show that this is due to the fact that, of the two possible transitions (a and e of § 2) in which both magnetic dipole and electric quadripole radiation can be emitted, Fisk and Taylor considered only the second. In the case of the second, corresponding to a transition between two distinct terms, we show that Fisk and Taylor were correct in predicting a negligible amount of magnetic dipole radiation, but in the case of the first, corresponding to a transition between two levels of one multiplet term, we find that there is indeed a high percentage of magnetic dipole radiation.

Natural Vulcanization Accelerators in Hevea Latex

1948 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 853-859
Author(s):  
R. F. A. Altman
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Bases ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Nitrogenous Substances ◽  
The One

Abstract As numerous investigators have shown, some of the nonrubber components of Hevea latex have a decided accelerating action on the process of vulcanization. A survey of the literature on this subject points to the validity of certain general facts. 1. Among the nonrubber components of latex which have been investigated, certain nitrogenous bases appear to be most important for accelerating the rate of vulcanization. 2. These nitrogen bases apparently occur partly naturally in fresh latex, and partly as the result of putrefaction, heating, and other decomposition processes. 3. The nitrogen bases naturally present in fresh latex at later stages have been identified by Altman to be trigonelline, stachhydrine, betonicine, choline, methylamine, trimethylamine, and ammonia. These bases are markedly active in vulcanization, as will be seen in the section on experimental results. 4. The nitrogenous substances formed by the decomposition processes have only partly been identified, on the one hand as tetra- and pentamethylene diamine and some amino acids, on the other hand as alkaloids, proline, diamino acids, etc. 5. It has been generally accepted that these nitrogenous substances are derived from the proteins of the latex. 6. Decomposition appears to be connected with the formation of a considerable amount of acids. 7. The production of volatile nitrogen bases as a rule accompanies the decomposition processes. These volatile products have not been identified. 8. The active nitrogen bases, either already formed or derived from complex nitrogenous substances, seem to be soluble in water but only slightly soluble in acetone.

ON THE NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF THE INTERNAL CONVERSION IN THE K-SHELL—THE ELECTRIC DIPOLE CASE

1949 ◽  
Vol 27a (2) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Calculation ◽  
Electric Dipole ◽  
Internal Conversion ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Internal Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Γ Radiation ◽  
Variable Formula

Hulme's formula for the internal conversion of γ-radiation is simplified and used to calculate the internal conversion coefficient in the electric dipole case for electrons in the K-shell. For each of the elements Z = 69, 74, 79, 84, 89, IK is calculated for 10 values of the variable [Formula: see text] and a table obtained by interpolation is given for θ = 0.05 to θ = 1.70.

scholarly journals Why do voters vote? Theoretical concepts and experimental results

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 204-226
Author(s):  
A.P. Zaostrovtsev ◽  
◽  
V.V. Matveev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Individualism ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Relational Goods ◽  
Theoretical Concepts ◽  
Private Goods ◽  
Consistent Solution ◽  
Theoretical Finding ◽  
The One

The article examines the evolution of the analysis of voters’ behavior when searching for an answer to the question: Why does the a voter vote? It is shown how the approach to the voter as a rational egoistic investor gave rise to what is commonly called the “voter’s paradox” in political and economic theory. Further search was aimed at explaining this paradox. On the one hand, the concept of an expressive voter appears, who expresses himself through participation in elections, on the other hand, we are talking about an altruistic voter who overcomes egoism. The latest theoretical finding was the explanation of participation in voting by attracting “relational goods” that differ in their qualities from both public and private goods. With this approach, the “voter’s paradox” finds the most consistent solution. And it is in this approach the shift from methodological individualism to institutional individualism is most clearly manifested. The authors of the article highlight this shift as a new trend in explaining the reasons for voting. At the same time, it is argued that the considered conceptual diversity is a reflection of the multidimensional features of human nature, and it is this fact that gives rise to the ambiguity and contradiction of experimental results.

Quantitative Determimatioh of Sulfur, Chlorine, Potassium, Calcium, Scandium and Titanium in Aqueous Solutions by Radioisotopic Excited Fluorescent Spectrometer and by Conventional X-Ray Spectrometer

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 102-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank L. Chan ◽  
W. Barclay Jones
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Aqueous Solutions ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Helium Atmosphere ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Effect Of Particle Size ◽  
The One

AbstractAn x-ray spectrometer with experimental results is herewith described using a radiosotope source Fe55 having a halflife of 2.6 years. As a result of the disintegration, the managanese x-rays are capable of exciting fluorescent x-rays of such elements as sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, scandium and titanium in aqueous solutions. These elements with the Ka wavelengths ranging from 5.3729 Å to 2.7496 Å may be designated as between the very soft x-rays on the one hand and the hard x-rays on the other. The x-ray spectrometer presently described has achieved a resolution of 136 ev, FWHM.Simultaneously, these elements have also been quantitatively determined by conventional x-ray fluorescent spectrometers. Since one of the spectrometers is designed to operate in vacuum as well as in helium or air, determination of sulfur, potassium and calcium were carried out in vacuum. Determination of chlorine was carried out in a helium atmosphere, Calcium, scandium and titanium were determined in air with an air-path spectrometer.In the present study aqueous solutions containing these elements were used. The use of aqueous solutions has the inherent advantages of being homogeneous and free from effect of particle size.

scholarly journals Image Completion with Large or Edge-Missing Areas

Algorithms ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 14
Author(s):  
Jianjian Ji ◽  
Gang Yang
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Context Information ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Image Completion ◽  
Generative Adversarial Network ◽  
Adversarial Network ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Pseudo Color

Existing image completion methods are mostly based on missing regions that are small or located in the middle of the images. When regions to be completed are large or near the edge of the images, due to the lack of context information, the completion results tend to be blurred or distorted, and there will be a large blank area in the final results. In addition, the unstable training of the generative adversarial network is also prone to cause pseudo-color in the completion results. Aiming at the two above-mentioned problems, a method of image completion with large or edge-missing areas is proposed; also, the network structures have been improved. On the one hand, it overcomes the problem of lacking context information, which thereby ensures the reality of generated texture details; on the other hand, it suppresses the generation of pseudo-color, which guarantees the consistency of the whole image both in vision and content. The experimental results show that the proposed method achieves better completion results in completing large or edge-missing areas.

scholarly journals Learning to Align Question and Answer Utterances in Customer Service Conversation with Recurrent Pointer Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 134-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shizhu He ◽  
Kang Liu ◽  
Weiting An
Keyword(s):  
Customer Service ◽  
Mutual Influence ◽  
Important Task ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dialogue Systems ◽  
Basic Service ◽  
Multiple Alignments ◽  
Question And Answer ◽  
The One

Customers ask questions, and customer service staffs answer those questions. It is the basic service manner of customer service (CS). The progress of CS is a typical multi-round conversation. However, there are no explicit corresponding relations among conversational utterances. This paper focuses on obtaining explicit alignments of question and answer utterances in CS. It not only is an important task of dialogue analysis, but also able to obtain lots of valuable train data for learning dialogue systems. In this work, we propose end-to-end models for aligning question (Q) and answer (A) utterances in CS conversation with recurrent pointer networks (RPN). On the one hand, RPN-based alignment models are able to model the conversational contexts and the mutual influence of different Q-A alignments. On the other hand, they are able to address the issue of empty and multiple alignments for some utterances in a unified manner. We construct a dataset from an in-house online CS. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed models are effective to learn the alignments of question and answer utterances.

scholarly journals The Relation between the Crystal Symmetry of the Simpler Organic Compounds and their Molecular Constitution.- Part III

1914 ◽  
Vol 90 (615) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Walter Wahl
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Atom ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Crystal Symmetry ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Reasons ◽  
Ordinary Temperature ◽  
Molecular Constitution ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The investigation of the crystalline properties of the simpler organic bodies, gaseous or liquid at Ordinary temperature, has been described in Parts I and II.* In this paper the experimental results will be discussed with regard to their bearing upon the problem of the relationship between molecular constitution and crystal symmetry. In order to facilitate a comparison the experimental results are summarised in the table on p. 2. As seen from the table, more than 50 per cent, of the substances investigated are polymorphic, and to this class nearly all the substances which contain only one carbon atom belong. The question therefore arises which one of the crystalline modifications of a substance is to be compared with the one or the other form of another substance, or with the crystals of a substance of which only one modification is known. In most of the cases investigated very little is known with regard to the modification stable at low temperature, and thus for practical reasons only the form crystallising directly out of the liquid state can be taken into account.

scholarly journals The internal conversion of γ-rays. ─II

1933 ◽  
Vol 142 (846) ◽  
pp. 215-236 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Excited State ◽  
Internal Conversion ◽  
Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Lower State ◽  
Internal Conversion Coefficient ◽  
Vector Potentials ◽  
Γ Rays

1. Introduction .—The Internal Conversion Coefficient of γ-rays has recently been calculated by Hulme and by Taylor and Mott. The assumptions on which both of these calculations rest may be analysed as follows. I.—A nucleus, originally in an excited state of energy W n , radiates, corresponding to the transition to each lower state of energy W m , an electromagnetic field which may be either that of a dipole or that of a quadripole. For a dipole such a field has scalar and vector potentials given by

scholarly journals Topic Enhanced Controllable CVAE for Dialogue Generation (Student Abstract)

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 13955-13956
Author(s):  
Yiru Wang ◽  
Pengda Si ◽  
Zeyang Lei ◽  
Yujiu Yang
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variable ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
The Other ◽  
Topic Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The One ◽  
Public Datasets

Neural generation models have shown great potential in conversation generation recently. However, these methods tend to generate uninformative or irrelevant responses. In this paper, we present a novel topic-enhanced controllable CVAE (TEC-CVAE) model to address this issue. On the one hand, the model learns the context-interactive topic knowledge through a novel multi-hop hybrid attention in the encoder. On the other hand, we design a topic-aware controllable decoder to constrain the expression of the stochastic latent variable in the CVAE to reduce irrelevant responses. Experimental results on two public datasets show that the two mechanisms synchronize to improve both relevance and diversity, and the proposed model outperforms other competitive methods.

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