scholarly journals On the foundations of dynamics

1936 ◽  
Vol 154 (881) ◽  
pp. 22-52 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Characteristic Velocity ◽  
Natural Origin ◽  
Guiding Principle ◽  
Newtonian Dynamics ◽  
Single Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Mutual Action

1— Observations of red-shifts in the spectra of the extra-galactic nebulae are compatible with the view that the nebulae are receding from one another, and the theory incorporating this phenomenon makes it appear probable that the universe had a definite beginning about 2 x 10 9 years ago. There is thus a natural origin for the reckoning of time, and a definite epoch can be assigned to any given event. Further, at each point in space, at any given epoch, there is a characteristic velocity relative to any chosen observer, and this defines a standard of local rest. This absolute time and characteristic velocity may possibly be involved in the description of the fundamental laws of nature, for example the laws of dynamics and gravitation. It is the object of the present paper tentatively to examine what, if any, modifications in certain laws of nature are to be anticipated in this way. The guiding principle will be to retain the forms of Newtonian dynamics and gravitation as far as possible unchanged. Mach’s Principle 2— It was held by Mach that the property of matter we call inertia is due to the presence of other matter in the universe. Mach’s view was that since (in addition to a temporal experience for the observer) we can describe the motion of a particle only by reference to other particles, these other particles are essential to the description of the motion and so to the possibility of observations which could disclose the possession of inertia. For example, “When we say that a body preserves unchanged its direction and velocity in space , our assertion is nothing more or less than an abbreviated reference to the entire universe.”Again:“ We see that even in the simplest case, in which we deal with the mutual action of only two masses, the neglecting of the rest of the world is impossible.”Lastly:“ In all the dynamical propositions that we have discussed, velocity plays a prominent role. The reason of this, in our view, is that, accurately considered, every single body in the universe stands in some definite relation with every other body in the universe, that any one body, consequently also any several bodies, cannot be regarded as wholly isolated.

scholarly journals About Distinction Between Conditions of the World Before and After the Fallin Works of Russian Theologians and Religious Thinkers XIX - Early XX Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 26-48
Author(s):  
Николай Серебряков
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Biblical Narrative ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Entire Cosmos ◽  
The Universe

В статье рассматриваются мнения русских богословов и религиозных философов XIX - начала ХХ в. о характере и масштабах влияния грехопадения первых людей на состояние всего мира. Показано, что для русского богословия указанного периода характерно признание катастрофического влияния грехопадения по отношению ко всему мирозданию. Это влияние объясняется теснейшей связью человека со всем космосом. Однако эта очевидная богословская истина практически не была учтена в естественнонаучно-апологетической литературе этого периода при обсуждении проблемы соотнесения библейского повествования о творении мира и человека с научными данными. Более того, в начале ХХ в. появляются представления, что грехопадение в объективном плане никак не повлияло на состояние мира, а только изменило человека и его взгляд на мир. Лишь в русской религиозно-философской литературе начала ХХ в. идея о теснейшей связи человека и космоса нашла свой отклик, и на основании этой идеи была дана критическая оценка способности естественных наук проникнуть в мир до события грехопадения. The article describes the views of the Russian theologians and religious philosophers of XIX - early XX centuries about a character and scales of influence of the fall on a condition of the world. We show that the Russian theology of this period recognizes the catastrophic influence of the fall on the entire universe. This influence is due to the close connection of man with the entire cosmos. However, this obvious theological truth was practically ignored in the discussion of the problem of the correlation of the biblical narrative about the creation of the world and man and scientific data in the natural science and apologetic literature in this period. Moreover, at the beginning of the ХХ century there are ideas that the fall in objective terms did not affect the state of the world, but that it changed only the nature of a man and man's view of the world. Only in the Russian religious philosophical literature at the beginning of the XX century the idea about the closest connection of a man and the universe got the response. On the basis of this idea religious philosophers gave a critical assessment of the ability of sciences to get into the world prior to the fall.

Malebranche, Nicolas (1638–1715)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Nicolas Malebranche ◽  
Nature And Grace ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Mental Events ◽  
The Universe

Nicolas Malebranche, a French Catholic theologian, was the most important Cartesian philosopher of the second half of the seventeenth century. His philosophical system was a grand synthesis of the thought of his two intellectual mentors: Augustine and Descartes. His most important work, De la recherche de la vérité (The Search After Truth), is a wide-ranging opus that covers various topics in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, physics, the physiology of cognition, and philosophical theology. It was both admired and criticized by many of the most celebrated thinkers of the period (including Leibniz, Arnauld and Locke), and was the focus of several fierce and time-consuming public debates. Malebranche’s philosophical reputation rests mainly on three doctrines. Occasionalism – of which he is the most systematic and famous exponent – is a theory of causation according to which God is the only genuine causal agent in the universe; all physical and mental events in nature are merely ‘occasions’ for God to exercise his necessarily efficacious power. In the doctrine known as ‘vision in God’, Malebranche argues that the representational ideas that function in human knowledge and perception are, in fact, the ideas in God’s understanding, the eternal archetypes or essences of things. And in his theodicy, Malebranche justifies God’s ways and explains the existence of evil and sin in the world by appealing to the simplicity and universality of the laws of nature and grace that God has established and is compelled to follow. In all three doctrines, Malebranche’s overwhelming concern is to demonstrate the essential and active role of God in every aspect – material, cognitive and moral – of the universe.

Semiotics – Another Window on the World

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Hongbing Yu
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Ways Of Knowing ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marshall Mcluhan ◽  
Book Series ◽  
Intellectual Inquiry ◽  
The World ◽  
Normal University ◽  
The Universe

Abstract Contemporary semiotics proceeds and progresses along two major paths of human intellectual inquiry in general: One is to constantly extend and deepen social studies; the other is to use theoretical and logical reasoning to examine and even predict the laws of nature and the universe. To highlight these two paths and reflect the latest trends in current semiotic inquiry, we have launched the book series of “Select Works of Eminent Contemporary Semioticians,” published by the Nanjing Normal University Press. The first five English monographs included in this book series are Basics of semiotics (eighth expanded edition) and Logic as a liberal art by John Deely, Marshall McLuhan: The unwitting semiotician by Marcel Danesi, Signs in society and culture by Arthur Asa Berger, and The way of logic by Christopher S. Morrissey. These five books afford not only revelations in the ways of knowing and the dimensions of thought, but also new perspectives for interpreting contemporary sociocultural phenomena and their developments.

Freedom, Knowledge, Belief and Causality

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 132-154
Author(s):  
David Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Physical Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Determinism ◽  
The World ◽  
Causal Nexus ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Better Than

When we try to think about the causal nexus and the physical nature of the world as a whole we may be struck by two quite different difficulties in finding room in it to accommodate together (a) knowledge or reasoned belief and (b) causal determinism. (a) may seem to us to exclude (b) and (b) may seem to us to exclude (a). Taking it as a fact that there is knowledge and that knowledge seems to be indefinitely extensible, it has been felt by some philosophers that we can disprove total determinism by showing that if there were laws of nature which purported to govern all movements of matter in the universe there would still be something which even an ‘all-knowing’ predicter could not predict, viz. his own predictions or his own actions; and that given enough knowledge any agent could refute anybody else's predictions of his actions. So it has been thought that the phenomenon of knowledge somehow shows there cannot be laws to govern all movements of matter in the universe. This comfortably anodyne reflection is examined in the second part of the lecture. It elevates human minds and even confers a sort of cosmic importance on them. The other difficulty in making room for both (a) and (b) is in some loose sense the dual of this. Instead of taking knowledge for granted and questioning total determinism, it merely takes causality for granted but then deduces the total impossibility of knowledge. It simply asks: ‘How can we take a belief seriously, or consider it seriously as a candidate to be knowledge, if it is no better than a simple physical effect?’ This is a more pessimistic reflection and I shall begin with it.

Freedom, Knowledge, Belief and Causality

1969 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 132-154
Author(s):  
David Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Physical Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Causal Determinism ◽  
The World ◽  
Causal Nexus ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Better Than

When we try to think about the causal nexus and the physical nature of the world as a whole we may be struck by two quite different difficulties in finding room in it to accommodate together (a) knowledge or reasoned belief and (b) causal determinism. (a) may seem to us to exclude (b) and (b) may seem to us to exclude (a). Taking it as a fact that there is knowledge and that knowledge seems to be indefinitely extensible, it has been felt by some philosophers that we can disprove total determinism by showing that if there were laws of nature which purported to govern all movements of matter in the universe there would still be something which even an ‘all-knowing’ predicter could not predict, viz. his own predictions or his own actions; and that given enough knowledge any agent could refute anybody else's predictions of his actions. So it has been thought that the phenomenon of knowledge somehow shows there cannot be laws to govern all movements of matter in the universe. This comfortably anodyne reflection is examined in the second part of the lecture. It elevates human minds and even confers a sort of cosmic importance on them. The other difficulty in making room for both (a) and (b) is in some loose sense the dual of this. Instead of taking knowledge for granted and questioning total determinism, it merely takes causality for granted but then deduces the total impossibility of knowledge. It simply asks: ‘How can we take a belief seriously, or consider it seriously as a candidate to be knowledge, if it is no better than a simple physical effect?’ This is a more pessimistic reflection and I shall begin with it.

Malebranche, Nicolas (1638–1715)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Nadler
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Nicolas Malebranche ◽  
Nature And Grace ◽  
The World ◽  
Public Debates ◽  
Mental Events ◽  
The Universe

Nicolas Malebranche (1638–1715), a French Catholic theologian, was the most important Cartesian philosopher of the second half of the seventeenth century. His philosophical system was a grand synthesis of the thought of his two intellectual mentors: Augustine and Descartes. His most important work, De la recherche de la vérité (The Search After Truth), is a wide-ranging opus that covers various topics in metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, physics, the physiology of cognition, and philosophical theology. It was both admired and criticized by many of the most celebrated thinkers of the period (including Leibniz, Arnauld and Locke), and was the focus of several fierce and time-consuming public debates. Malebranche’s philosophical reputation rests mainly on three doctrines. Occasionalism – of which he is the most systematic and famous exponent – is a theory of causation according to which God is the only genuine causal agent in the universe; all physical and mental events in nature are merely ‘occasions’ for God to exercise his necessarily efficacious power. In the doctrine known as ‘vision in God’, Malebranche argues that the representational ideas that function in human knowledge and perception are, in fact, the ideas in God’s understanding, the eternal archetypes or essences of things. And in his theodicy, Malebranche justifies God’s ways and explains the existence of evil and sin in the world by appealing to the simplicity and universality of the laws of nature and grace that God has established and is compelled to follow. In all three doctrines, Malebranche’s overwhelming concern is to demonstrate the essential and active role of God in every aspect – material, cognitive and moral – of the universe.

Principle for the “Proximity of Albatross”

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deep Bhattacharjee
Keyword(s):  
Physical Science ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Theoretical Physics ◽  
Speed Of Light ◽  
Space Telescopes ◽  
Observable Universe ◽  
Mother Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
The Universe

Physical science means ‘to know the laws of nature’ and theoretical physics aims to get inside the deepest fathom of the universe to solve her mystery. Mother Nature doesn’t like getting investigated and therefore imposes restrictions in the specific domains so that her child, humans can’t explore her mysteries freely. And hence she imposes some stringent ways to prevent the physicists from getting the deepest point of nature. However, what can’t be seen can be explored by abstract and difficult mathematics. And hence we humans have probe through math’s, ‘what exists at the middle of the black hole?’, ‘what exists at the fundamental level of the Plank’s length?’, ‘what exists at higher dimensions to the maximum of 11?’, ‘what would happen if anyone tries to cross the speed of light? ’ Questions are thousands but answers are very few, just a tiny fraction of them. Physicists and mathematicians have struggled since the centuries to find out the cause of every event, to explore into the world of randomness, to create something from nothing, to explore patterns in chaos. However, the journey is not so easy, for most of the time we failed and in a limited attempt we have won. And then the world awarded us with rewards whereas the Mother Nature got surprised to see the intelligence of her creator and Our discovery is not only limited inside the boundary of Earth, but we have explored about 96 billion light years wide through the domain of the observable universe and sends signals to space in search of aliens and UFO’s. Our telescopes are not only limited to equatorial Earth bound but has emerged as high resolutions space telescopes. Even when those space telescopes failed to see the farthest limit of 1000 light years or more, then we have developed the techniques of ‘transit photometry’ and ‘radial velocity’ to signify our objectives in the hope of finding a new exoplanet vibrating with intelligent life forms as that of earth. We are now not only thinking of going to Mars or Jupiter’s moons but we are thinking of inhabiting in them along with asteroid mining. AntiGravity and perpetual machines are being developed to makeup space and solve the crisis for the shortage of fuels. However, we have to remember that these things are not easy; struggles are required against the Mother Nature to incorporate these techniques into reality.

Mach’s principle and the structure of dynamical theories

1982 ◽  
Vol 382 (1783) ◽  
pp. 295-306 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Field Theory ◽  
Angular Momentum ◽  
Formal Structure ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
General Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Newtonian Dynamics ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
General Dynamics ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
The Universe

A structure of dynamical theories is proposed that implements Mach’s ideas by being relational in its treatment of both motion and time. The resulting general dynamics, which is called intrinsic dynamics and by construction treats the evolution of the entire Universe, is shown to admit as special cases Newtonian dynamics and Lorentz-invariant field theory provided the angular momentum of the Universe is zero in the frame in which its momentum is zero. The formal structure of Einstein’s general theory of relativity also fits the pattern of intrinsic dynamics and is Machian according to the criteria of this paper provided the so-called thin-sandwich conjecture is generically correct.

scholarly journals REAKTUALISASI PEMIKIRAN IBN QAYYIM AL-JAUZIYYAH DALAM PENGEMBANGAN TASAWUF

At-Taqaddum ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73
Author(s):  
Arikhah Arikhah
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Positive Attitude ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Deep Appreciation ◽  
The World ◽  
Human Individual ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Universe ◽  
The Way

<p><em>Sufism is considered as the cause of the destruction and bankruptcy of civilization. The presumption is based on the allegation that Sufism teaches thoughts of pantheism (doctrine that equates God with the forces and laws of the universe), cult (worship) on the human individual (including the trustee), drunkenness and insanity (ekstatisme/sya</em><em>ṭ</em><em>ā</em><em>ḥ</em><em>āt), the story of suprarasional abilities, experiences that do not make sense and heresy, as well as other misguided thinking.</em></p><pre><em>In the thought of Sufism, Ibn Qayyim called ijtihad implementation of Sufism by referring back to the al-Quran and al-Hadith, prioritize science than Sunnah worship, perform ijtihad that Sufism is not blind following to the masyāyikh, do contextualization of Sufism appropriate time and place (Zaman wa eat) so understood Muslims all the time, do not isolate themselves from social life and make a series of Salik on the way to God (sair ilallah) not required sequence (tartib Gair musta</em><em>ḥ</em><em>iqq), but optional (musta</em><em>ḥ</em><em>san).</em></pre><em>Ibn Qayyim see Islam builds the concept of life departed from the faith, Islam and charity. Ibn Qayyim thinking about the meaning of the ascetic, more encouraging as the efforts for the improvement of human life, instill a positive attitude to the world and dare to face the reality of life and the challenges of advancement of age. In solitude, Ibn Qayyim requires a deep appreciation of esoteric religious but did not retreat from social life, but still actively involved in the community. The principles of balance (tawazun) are the laws for the entire universe. Therefore, Ibn Qayyim considers that violate the principle of balance is a cosmic sin, for breaking the law of Allah which controls the universe. Through remembrance, Ibn Qayyim explained that dhikr in complete sentences and meaningful then one more assured in terms of their faith because of a similar phrase that is active, confirmed the meaning and certain attitudes are positive and good. In trust, Ibn Qayyim said closely related to the plans and efforts. If the plan is ripe, the results were submitted to Allah SWT</em>.

The Origin of the Universe and Contemporary Cosmology and Philosophy

1998 ◽  
pp. 113-119
Author(s):  
Jan Such
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Philosophy Of Nature ◽  
The World ◽  
Epistemological Status ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Origin Of The Universe

Since the 1970s both in physics and cosmology, there has been a controversy on the subject of the ‘beginning of the universe.’ This indicates that this intriguing problem has reached scientific consideration and, perhaps, a solution. The aim of this paper is to try to answer the question as to whether the origin of the world has slipped out of the hands of philosophers (and theologians), and passed in its entirety into the realm of science, and whether science is able to solve this problem by itself. While presenting the main views in this dispute, I try to show also that metaphysics, philosophy of nature and epistemology provide important premises, proposals and methods that are indispensable for a solution. These premises concern such issues as the extremely subtle problem of the sense and existence of ‘nothing,’ the problem of extrapolation of local physics onto the large-scale areas of the universe, the epistemological status of cosmological principles, as well as problems of the origins of the laws of nature. This last issue is entangled in the difficult problem of the ‘rationality of the world’ and the problem of overcoming the dichotomy of laws and preconditions, according to which the conditions and laws are independent of each other.

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