Psychophysical study of the moon illusion in paintings and landscape photos

2021 ◽  
Vol 477 (2245) ◽  
pp. 20200737
Author(s):  
Zoltán Kovács ◽  
Zoltán Udvarnoki ◽  
Eszter Papp ◽  
Gábor Horváth
Keyword(s):  
Angular Diameter ◽  
Solar Disc ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Moon Illusion ◽  
The Real ◽  
The One ◽  
Psychophysical Study

The moon illusion is a visual deception when people perceive the angular diameter of the Moon/Sun near the horizon larger than that of the one higher in the sky. Some theories have been proposed to explain this illusion, but not any is generally accepted. Although several psychophysical experiments have been performed to study different aspects of the moon illusion, their results have sometimes contradicted each other. Artists frequently display(ed) the Moon/Sun in their paintings. If the Moon/Sun appears near the horizon, its painted disc is often exaggeratedly large. How great is the magnitude of moon illusion of painters? How different are the size enlargements of depicted lunar/solar discs? To answer these questions, we measured these magnitudes on 100 paintings collected from the period of 1534–2017. In psychophysical experiments, we also investigated the moon illusion of 10 test persons who had to estimate the size of the lunar/solar disc on 100 paintings and 100 landscape photographs from which the Moon/Sun was retouched. Compared to the lunar/solar disc calculated from reference distances estimated by test persons in paintings, painters overestimated the Moon's size on average Q  = 2.1 ± 1.6 times, while the Sun was painted Q  = 1.8 ± 1.2 times larger than the real one, where Q  =  r painted / r real is the ratio of the radii of painted ( r painted ) and real ( r real ) Moons/Suns. In landscape photos, test persons overestimated the Moon's size Q  = 1.6 ± 0.4 times and the Sun was assumed Q  = 1.7 ± 0.5 times larger than in reality, where Q  =  r test / r real is the ratio of the radius r test estimated by the test persons and the real radius r real of Moons/Suns. The majority of the magnitude of moon illusion Q  = 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2.1, 2.8, 2.9 measured by us are larger than the Q -values 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8 obtained in previous psychophysical experiments due to methodological differences.

scholarly journals Lunar

JOGED ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Sinta Fajawati
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Essential Idea ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Night Sky ◽  
The One

Bulan merupakan sumber inspiratif dalam penggarapan karya tari ini. Secara ilmu pengetahuan, Bulan adalah benda langit yang disebut satelit, satelit satu-satunya yang dimiliki Bumi dan tercipta secara alami. Banyak teori yang mengatakan tentang terbentuknya Bulan, salah satunya adalah teori Big bang atau dentuman besar. Pada dasarnya Bulan hanyalah sebuah Benda besar berbentuk bulat yang tidak bisa bercahaya, cahaya yang kita lihat pada malam hari merupakan refleksi dari cahaya matahari. Akan tetapi keindahannya memang tidak bisa dipungkiri, karena dia paling bercahaya diantara hamparan langit yang gelap. Cahayanya tidak selalu terang, bahkan tidak selalu bulat, terkadang hanya terlihat setengah atau terlihat seperti sabit..            Penata tari memetaforakan objek bulan yang berada di tempat yang sangat tinggi sebagai sebuah cita-cita yang ingin dicapai. Seringkali lagu anak-anak yang menjadi pengalaman auditif penata tari, menjadikan bulan sebagai objek yang ingin digapai, misal lagu ‘Ambilkan Bulan Bu’. Namun intisari yang akan dipakai dalam penggarapan koregrafinya adalah tentang fase bulan yang tercipta. Bersumber dari rangsang awal melihat bulan atau rangsang visual, penata tari menginterpretasikan fase-fase bulan yang terjadi sebagai fase kehidupan yang dijalani untuk menggapai sebuah cita-cita tersebut.            Koreografi diwujudkan dalam bentuk kelompok dengan membagi dua karate penari. Delapan penari merupakan simbolisasi Bulan, dan satu penari sebagai manusia yang bercita-cita. Dengan bentuk tari dramatik, penyajiannya dibagi menjadi 5 adegan, yaitu Introduksi Big bang, Adegan 1 Moon happen, Adegan 2 Mengejar Impian, Adegan 3 Dancing with Moon, dan Ending ‘Catch Your Dream’. The moon is the essential inspirations of this choreograph. Theoretically, the moon is a sky object which is called as satellite. The one and only naturally created satellite belongs to the planet Earth. There are many theories that explain how the moon was created. One of those theories is Big Bang theory or massive crash. Basically, the moon is just a huge circle thing which is unable to shine its glow. The light that we experience in the evening is the reflection of the sun. However, thebeauty of the moonlight is undeniable as it has the significant light within the darkest night sky. Its light is not always the strongest, even it’s not always circle (full), every so often it is seemed only the half part of it or crescent moon.            The choreographer interpreted the moon that belongs in the highest as the goals that she wants to reach. Most of the time, the children songs (lullaby) that pick the moon as the main object that is desired to be reached, for example the song “Ambilkan Bulan, Bu”. The essential idea that is explored in this choreograph is the creational phase of the moon itself. It was started by way of visual reaction when the choreographer observed the moon, she interpret the moon’s phases as the phases in human’s life which are gone through to reaching their goals. Fall and recovery, passionate, and even sometimes they give it in, are interpreted from the moonlight. The full moon which has the brightest and the most perfect light is likened as the strong spirit. The crescent moon with its soft light is interpreted as low spirit and unconfident.             This in-group-choreograph is separated into two characters with 8 female dancers that are the symbolization of the moon and the other one female dancer symbolizes a human with aspire. With dramatic dance form, this choreograph is presented into five parts, including introduction part of Big Bang, Moon Happen in part one, Chasing Dream is part two, Dancing With The Moon in part three, Catch Your Dream in the ending part.

scholarly journals Gudernes rum og menneskenes univers. I de mayatalende lakandoneres verdenssyn

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie-Odile Marion
Keyword(s):  
Rain Forest ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Symbolic Representations ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cosmic Space ◽  
Celestial Bodies ◽  
The One

In their mythology, the Lacandons - Indians living in the rain forest of Chiapas, Mexico - conceptualise a tripartite space of heaven, earth, and the underworld. The Lacandons perceive themselves as placed by the gods in the middle of a cosmic space that is created, delimitated and controlled by the two great celestial bodies: the couple of sun and moon. Through a detailed analysis of the symbolic representations of the sun and the gods of wind and rain, it is shown how all the most important features of the Lacandon universe is thought of as the outcome of complex interactions between solar and lunar principles. On the one hand, the workings of the sun (male) and the moon (female) create and recreate the essential qualities of the meteorological, climatic, and ecological spaces that constrain the forms of productive life. On the other hand, the Indians conceptualise the opposition, the alternation, and the complimentarity that characterise the relations between sun and moon as homological to the social forms of Lacandon reproduction. The ambivalent, complex, and multifacetted dialectics of lunar and solar principles reveal that cosmic equilibrium centres round the male-female bipolarity. It is argued that although the male qualities of the sun are considered higher and dominant, it is in faet the mythic image of the moon that metaphorises stability, completeness and totality.

scholarly journals Light, water and physics in Monet painting

2020 ◽  
Vol 244 ◽  
pp. 01011
Author(s):  
Pierre Coullet ◽  
Yves Pomeau
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Continuous Change ◽  
Percolation Transition ◽  
Multiple Images ◽  
Light Water ◽  
Common Observation ◽  
The One ◽  
Reflecting Surface ◽  
Surface Angle

A common observation is the one of reflection of the Sun or the Moon by the slightly perturbed surface of water. In ”Impression, soleil levant”, now in Marmottant museum in Paris, Monet painted the luminous stripe resulting of this reflection when the source is low on the horizon. As we explain this stripe originates from the fluctuations of the angle of the reflecting surface when they are big enough to spread the multiple images to make them overlap, which requires that the fluctuations of the surface angle are of the same order as the angle of the Sun (or Moon) above the horizon. At higher angle the stripe become a set of non overlapping points representing each the reflected image of the source. This makes an interesting percolation transition by a continuous change of a parameter.

Derived Light and Eclipses in the Fifth Century

1968 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 114-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Brien
Keyword(s):  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The One ◽  
Principal Elements

In a study earlier in this volume, ‘The Relation of Anaxagoras and Empedocles’, pp. 93–113, I listed the ancient evidence to the effect that Anaxagoras first gave the correct explanation of an eclipse, and that he was followed in this by Empedocles. A more extensive examination of the evidence raises certain difficulties. For what are, or might appear to be, Anaxagoras' theories are attributed elsewhere to earlier thinkers.There are two principal elements in this contradiction, the one direct and the other indirect.1. There is a direct contradiction when Thales, Anaximenes and some Pythagoreans are said to have given the correct explanation of an eclipse, at least if we suppose the Pythagoreans in question to have been earlier than Anaxagoras.2. There has been thought to be an indirect contradiction when several thinkers before Anaxagoras are said to have derived the moon's light from the sun. For a theory of derived light for the moon has been thought, whether rightly or wrongly, to entail the correct explanation of an eclipse.In what follows I shall attempt to solve these, and some other incidental difficulties.

Cosmology

2018 ◽  
pp. 158-183
Author(s):  
Ian Richard Netton
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Virgin Mary ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The People ◽  
The One

This chapter introduces its subject by examining two early cosmological miracles, the standing of the sun at the command of Joshua in the Old Testament and the stilling of sunset and moonrise in the Islamic account by Joshua during the conquest of Jericho.The chapter then surveys and analyses in some depth two major cosmological miracles in the Christian and Islamic traditions:the Miracle of the Sun at Fatima in 1917 and the Splitting of the Moon in the Qur’an. Both miraculous events may be described as ‘proof-events’ designed to underline the truth of messages brought to three children at Fatima in Portugal by the Virgin Mary on the one hand, and by Muhammad to the people of Mecca on the other.

The Moon Tilt Illusion

Perception ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1229-1232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Schölkopf
Keyword(s):  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Moon Illusion ◽  
Tilt Illusion

Besides the familiar moon illusion [eg Hershenson, 1989 The Moon Illusion (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates)], wherein the moon appears bigger when it is close to the horizon, there is a less known illusion which causes the moon's illuminated side to appear turned away from the direction of the sun. An experiment documenting the effect is described, and a possible explanation is put forward.

scholarly journals The analysis of the 2019 annular solar eclipse with simple instruments for developing student worksheet

2021 ◽  
Vol 2098 (1) ◽  
pp. 012030
Author(s):  
C P Asmoro ◽  
A R Achmad
Keyword(s):  
Solar Eclipse ◽  
Angular Diameter ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Illumination Time ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Time Graph ◽  
Simple Instrument ◽  
Peak Event ◽  
Annular Solar Eclipse

Abstract The annular solar eclipse occurred when the Earth-Moon-Sun position aligned in the same line where the angular diameter of the moon is smaller than the angular diameter of the sun due to the moon is on the farthest distance with respect to the earth. The event was observed on 26 December 2019 at Siak Regency, Province of Riau, Indonesia. Based on that event observation, the sun is gradually covered by the moon until the peak event where the sun is completely covered and showing “ring of fire”. All stages of eclipse are captured as images from DSLR camera that been attached into telescope with specific filter as well as illumination determination from observation location using lux meter during the event. This study explained how to get the information from solar eclipse images available by using image-processing software namely ImageJ so it can be used as a student worksheet. The plotting of both pixel area-time graph and illumination-time graph of this study shows a similar trend. Therefore, the data acquired in this study is obtained well so it can be used as a student worksheet in the Astronomical Position lecture based on the actual phenomenon with a simple instrument for observation.

scholarly journals Lunar

JOGED ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewi Sinta Fajawati
Keyword(s):  
Full Moon ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Big Bang Theory ◽  
Essential Idea ◽  
Visual Reaction ◽  
Night Sky ◽  
The One

Bulan merupakan sumber inspiratif dalam penggarapan karya tari ini. Secara ilmu pengetahuan, Bulan adalah benda langit yang disebut satelit, satelit satu-satunya yang dimiliki Bumi dan tercipta secara alami. Banyak teori yang mengatakan tentang terbentuknya Bulan, salah satunya adalah teori Big bang atau dentuman besar. Pada dasarnya Bulan hanyalah sebuah Benda besar berbentuk bulat yang tidak bisa bercahaya, cahaya yang kita lihat pada malam hari merupakan refleksi dari cahaya matahari. Akan tetapi keindahannya memang tidak bisa dipungkiri, karena dia paling bercahaya diantara hamparan langit yang gelap. Cahayanya tidak selalu terang, bahkan tidak selalu bulat, terkadang hanya terlihat setengah atau terlihat seperti sabit..            Penata tari memetaforakan objek bulan yang berada di tempat yang sangat tinggi sebagai sebuah cita-cita yang ingin dicapai. Seringkali lagu anak-anak yang menjadi pengalaman auditif penata tari, menjadikan bulan sebagai objek yang ingin digapai, misal lagu ‘Ambilkan Bulan Bu’. Namun intisari yang akan dipakai dalam penggarapan koregrafinya adalah tentang fase bulan yang tercipta. Bersumber dari rangsang awal melihat bulan atau rangsang visual, penata tari menginterpretasikan fase-fase bulan yang terjadi sebagai fase kehidupan yang dijalani untuk menggapai sebuah cita-cita tersebut.            Koreografi diwujudkan dalam bentuk kelompok dengan membagi dua karate penari. Delapan penari merupakan simbolisasi Bulan, dan satu penari sebagai manusia yang bercita-cita. Dengan bentuk tari dramatik, penyajiannya dibagi menjadi 5 adegan, yaitu Introduksi Big bang, Adegan 1 Moon happen, Adegan 2 Mengejar Impian, Adegan 3 Dancing with Moon, dan Ending ‘Catch Your Dream’. The moon is the essential inspirations of this choreograph. Theoretically, the moon is a sky object which is called as satellite. The one and only naturally created satellite belongs to the planet Earth. There are many theories that explain how the moon was created. One of those theories is Big Bang theory or massive crash. Basically, the moon is just a huge circle thing which is unable to shine its glow. The light that we experience in the evening is the reflection of the sun. However, thebeauty of the moonlight is undeniable as it has the significant light within the darkest night sky. Its light is not always the strongest, even it’s not always circle (full), every so often it is seemed only the half part of it or crescent moon.            The choreographer interpreted the moon that belongs in the highest as the goals that she wants to reach. Most of the time, the children songs (lullaby) that pick the moon as the main object that is desired to be reached, for example the song “Ambilkan Bulan, Bu”. The essential idea that is explored in this choreograph is the creational phase of the moon itself. It was started by way of visual reaction when the choreographer observed the moon, she interpret the moon’s phases as the phases in human’s life which are gone through to reaching their goals. Fall and recovery, passionate, and even sometimes they give it in, are interpreted from the moonlight. The full moon which has the brightest and the most perfect light is likened as the strong spirit. The crescent moon with its soft light is interpreted as low spirit and unconfident.             This in-group-choreograph is separated into two characters with 8 female dancers that are the symbolization of the moon and the other one female dancer symbolizes a human with aspire. With dramatic dance form, this choreograph is presented into five parts, including introduction part of Big Bang, Moon Happen in part one, Chasing Dream is part two, Dancing With The Moon in part three, Catch Your Dream in the ending part.

The Moon Illusion: A Test of the Vestibular Hypothesis under Monocular Viewing Conditions

1977 ◽  
Vol 45 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1127-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S. Carter
Keyword(s):  
Depth Perception ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Monocular Viewing ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Moon Illusion ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Poor

The results of earlier monocular experiments on the moon illusion have been either negative or confounded. To test the role of vestibular function, 24 subjects made forced-choice distance comparisons between stimuli mounted in translucent tubes. The stimulus tube for standard distance could be positioned in three viewing angles (45° up, horizontal, and 45° down). A comparison tube adjustable for distance was mounted horizontally. There was a greater perception of depth in the downward looking condition. The relatively weak effects are discussed in terms of a two-hypothesis explanation of the real-life moon illusion and the poor cues for depth perception in monocular viewing.

El origen de la creación según los ch’oles

Tlalocan ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Augusto Gebhardt Dominguez
Keyword(s):  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Young Men ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Orange Tree ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The One

Gebhardt Domínguez, a native speaker of Ch'ol from Agua Azul, relates in Spanish a mélange of the stories he heard in his childhood about the origin of the creation, and the order in which the different beings that populate the earth came into existence. He begins with the story of how Ch'ujtat, the one with the big heart, was the only one who existed and how he pulled the umbilical cord from his heart to make the first orange tree and the earth. Then Ch'ujtat made the twelve "Chuntewinikes" (the forks or pilar men) so that they could carry the earth on their shoulders. It was then that Ch'ujtat pulled loose the umbilical cord that attached the earth to him so that it would be separate as it is now. Then he created the first plants.After the creation of the earth, the next part that Gebhardt describes is how Ch'ujtat created the first beings who turned the into monkeys after a flood because they had been too intelligent, and then how Ch'ujtat made two more children, but ones that were less intelligent so that they would have to learn as they grew into men. One of the young men married ixik, `woman', and they had two children. After recounting a number of other episodes, Gebhardt closes his story with the tale of how the woman, carrying a pet rabbit, and Ijts'in, the younger of her children, jumped into space, she to become the moon, now known asch'ujniá, while Ijts'in became the sun.

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