Division of labour in the honeybee community

1952 ◽  
Vol 140 (898) ◽  
pp. 32-43 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Important Method ◽  
Honeybee Colony ◽  
The Individual

Newly emerged bees in a colony were individually marked, and their foraging activities were studied by subsequent observations at the hive entrance. A few individuals gathered pollen throughout their foraging lives; a considerable number gathered none at all. Most of the bees gathered pollen at some time, but there was great diversity in the part of the foraging life at which this occurred. There was considerable variation in the age at which different bees, emerging on the same day and living in the same colony, commenced foraging; this age ranged from 9 to 35 days. This variation was produced not only by altering the duration of the various hive duties, but also by omitting some of these duties. Such variation indicates that the division of labour is not determined by the age of the available workers. It is controlled, instead, by the requirements of the colony. The ages of the bees in the colony play a subsidiary role, in that the duties of any individual are the resultant of the requirements of the colony and age of that individual. The requirements of the colony are determined by its food supply, and they are appreciated by the individual as a consequence of widespread food transmission. Food transmission is therefore the most primitive and the most important method of communication in the honeybee colony. The duration of foraging life was significantly shorter in those bees which commenced foraging at a later age. This result indicates that senility played a part in determining the longevity of these bees.

Division of Labour in the Honeybee Colony: A Review

Bee World ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 109-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Nowogrodzki
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Honeybee Colony

scholarly journals New approach to the study of division of labour in the honeybee colony (Apis mellifera L)

Apidologie ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 596-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Klaudiny ◽  
J. Kulifajová ◽  
K. Crailsheim ◽  
J. Šimúth
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Honeybee Colony

scholarly journals Is the choice of a farm’s commercial market an indicator of agricultural intensity? Conventional and short food supply chains in periurban farming systems

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosalia Filippini ◽  
Elisa Marraccini ◽  
Sylvie Lardon ◽  
Enrico Bonari
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Supply Chains ◽  
Market Orientation ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Farm Management ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
Agricultural Intensity ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Short Food Supply Chains

Short food supply chains (SFSCs) have been identified as an economic opportunity for agriculture under urban pressure, as well as drivers for more sustainable farming systems. However, few studies have focused on the intensity of periurban farms that participate in such SFSCs, compared with the performance of the other farms. In this paper, we examined the relationship between agricultural intensity and the market orientation in a representative sample of farms in the urban area of Pisa (Italy). We define <em>agricultural intensity</em> as the intensity of land use and its main drivers (<em>e.g</em>., farm management or the individual characteristics of farmers), and <em>market orientation</em> as the ratio of farm produce within conventional, short or mixed foodsupply chains. The results suggest that the market orientation of periurban farming systems is more correlated to the indicators of farm management and land use intensity than to the individual farmer’s characteristics. This result provides the first evidence that market orientation is a driver of intensity, and that individual farmer’s characteristics are not significantly different in the three groups of market orientation. These findings could be generalised to other urban areas and correlated with the main orientation of farming systems in order to support both the assessment of farming systems and the implementation of innovative urban food policies.

scholarly journals Major Evolutionary Transitions in Social Insects, the Importance of Worker Sterility and Life History Trade-Offs

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Bernadou ◽  
Boris H. Kramer ◽  
Judith Korb
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Insects ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Evolutionary Transitions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Individual Fitness ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Worker Sterility

The evolution of eusociality in social insects, such as termites, ants, and some bees and wasps, has been regarded as a major evolutionary transition (MET). Yet, there is some debate whether all species qualify. Here, we argue that worker sterility is a decisive criterion to determine whether species have passed a MET (= superorganisms), or not. When workers are sterile, reproductive interests align among group members as individual fitness is transferred to the colony level. Division of labour among cooperating units is a major driver that favours the evolution of METs across all biological scales. Many METs are characterised by a differentiation into reproductive versus maintenance functions. In social insects, the queen specialises on reproduction while workers take over maintenance functions such as food provisioning. Such division of labour allows specialisation and it reshapes life history trade-offs among cooperating units. For instance, individuals within colonies of social insects can overcome the omnipresent fecundity/longevity trade-off, which limits reproductive success in organisms, when increased fecundity shortens lifespan. Social insect queens (particularly in superorganismal species) can reach adult lifespans of several decades and are among the most fecund terrestrial animals. The resulting enormous reproductive output may contribute to explain why some genera of social insects became so successful. Indeed, superorganismal ant lineages have more species than those that have not passed a MET. We conclude that the release from life history constraints at the individual level is a important, yet understudied, factor across METs to explain their evolutionary success.

General Discussion

1952 ◽  
Vol 139 (895) ◽  
pp. 202-207 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Predominant Role ◽  
Individual Organism ◽  
Favourable Environment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Associated Species ◽  
Symbiotic Organisms

The first consideration which arises in any discussion of symbiosis is the connotation to be attached to the term. In what sense, if any, can the symbiotic organisms be regarded as constituting a unity? The ‘struggle for existence’ presupposes antagonism between organisms whether or no they belong to the same or diverse a species. On the other hand, the question remains whether associated species tend to provide for each other a favourable environment. The analysis of the relations between organisms has been dominated by the notion of ‘competition’ or ‘struggle’ and the converse notion of ‘co-operation’ has in consequence been disregarded. It should be remembered that even with regard to the unitary organism the notion of ‘struggle’ between organs has been seriously advocated. The data of ecology serve as a challenge to this view of the predominant role of ‘struggle’. It will be generally accepted that the individual organism represents a true unity, and the persistence of the species bears witness to this fact. In this case the unity of the organism and the transmission of this unity from generation to generation is achieved by a genetic mechanism; nevertheless, the uniformity of genetic constitution throughout the cells of a single individual permits of differentiation of the cells into tissues and organs with diverse physiological functions displaying a ‘division of labour’ between the various organs. The unity of the organism expressed and recognized in the persistence of form within the species thus embraces a diversity of functioning within the constituent parts; and thus the unity may be regarded as a ‘functional unity’ or ‘functional field’. Each organ by its activity provides factors essential for the activity of other organs. The recent advances in the study of hormones as regulating factors in development and coordination is only one aspect of this functional unity.

Miejsce pracy w Marksowskim humanizmie

Etyka ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 113-131
Author(s):  
Zbigniew Kuderowicz
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
A Value ◽  
Individual Personality ◽  
Free Development ◽  
Spontaneous Expression ◽  
Material Conditions ◽  
The Individual

The article deals with the attitude of Marx and Engels towards the appraisal of labour as a value, and the relation between labour and the implementation of the principle of universal development of the individual personality. First, the changes in their views on the appraisal of labour are discussed. In his Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts Marx understood labour as a spontaneous expression of human thought and the formation of a new environment in which man recognizes his own qualities. In that period Marx considered value to be an affirmation of human life and a requirement put to the individual and to society. In his later, mature works Marks refused to consider an act of labour as value and defined it as conquering nature. The act of labour was to Marx no longer a value but a process which is giving value to human products and, therefore, is a necessary condition of human existence in all social systems. Marx did not regard the act of labour as a postulate or an ideal. In his opinion, the act of labour acquired value depending on its effects for the universal development of all individuals. The Marxian ideal of a perfect man implied a series of postulates relating to the organization of labour. The author criticizes Raymond Aron’s interpretation of Marxian humanism. In the works of Marx, Aron perceives a contradiction between the postulate of universal labour and the postulate of leisure in the meaning of condition in which the idea of the perfect man is realized. According to the author, from the ideal of a perfect man results the postulate of obligatory labour for all members of the society, i.e., that everybody should contribute to the development of the productive forces in order to secure the material conditions for the development of their personality. The realization of Marxian humanism requires also the maintenance of definite proportions between labour determined by the social division of labour (necessary in this sense), and leisure which should imply not only resting but also activity towards a free development of various individual abilities. In the works of Marx there is no contradiction but a complementary relation between labour and leisure. Pobierz

Services and the employment prospects for women

2002 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Wagner
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Service Model ◽  
The Public ◽  
Paid Employment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level ◽  
Gender Specific

This contribution shows that the development of both female employment and the service sector is heavily influenced by social conditions and that politics can play a decisive role. A comparison between different pathways to the service society shows that the individual breadwinner and the public service models are conducive to a high level of female employment at relatively favourable working conditions, whereas in the market service model both quantity and quality are lower. Yet so far the integration of women into the labour market and the transformation of informal household work into paid employment seems to be reproducing the hierarchical gender-specific division of labour in new forms. Genuine gender equality and the reconciliation of career and family made necessary by increasing paid employment by women imply the need for a revision of the still predominant conception of ‘standard employment', particularly with regard to working time.

scholarly journals Developing sustainable food supply chains

2007 ◽  
Vol 363 (1492) ◽  
pp. 849-861 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Gail Smith
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Sustainable Manufacturing ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Food Supply Chains ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Social And Environmental Performance

This paper reviews the opportunities available for food businesses to encourage consumers to eat healthier and more nutritious diets, to invest in more sustainable manufacturing and distribution systems and to develop procurement systems based on more sustainable forms of agriculture. The important factors in developing more sustainable supply chains are identified as the type of supply chain involved and the individual business attitude to extending responsibility for product quality into social and environmental performance within their own supply chains. Interpersonal trust and working to standards are both important to build more sustainable local and many conserved food supply chains, but inadequate to transform mainstream agriculture and raw material supplies to the manufactured and commodity food markets. Cooperation among food manufacturers, retailers, NGOs, governmental and farmers’ organizations is vital in order to raise standards for some supply chains and to enable farmers to adopt more sustainable agricultural practices.

scholarly journals Multidimensionality of gender ideology and relationships with gendered practices: an exploratory analysis across Europe in 2002 and 2012

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heejung Chung ◽  
Pia S. Schober
Keyword(s):  
Gender Ideology ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Gender Ideologies ◽  
Social Survey ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Gender Culture ◽  
Country Level ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
International Social

Many researchers assume a one-dimensionality of gender ideology constructs and/or stability of dimensions across countries and time, yet these assumptions have rarely been tested. WE apply factor analyses on two waves of the International Social Survey Programme in 2002 and 2012, and comparable European countries to test this. Our results show that gender ideologies can be distinguished into distinctive domains that relate to mother’s employment, women’s work, men’s role in the family, and finally women’s breadwinning. These dimensions have be found to be relatively stable across countries and time. Results from regression models investigating different aspects of the gender division of labour suggest that distinguishing dimensions is less important when considering gender ideologies at the individual level but can make a big difference when examining gender culture at the country level.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document