Drug inhibition of memory formation in chickens II. Short-term memory

1. Memory in day-old-chickens during the first few hours after learning can be made to decline by the prior intracranial injection of two classes of drugs. 2. Sodium pump inhibitors in increasing doses cause increasingly rapid loss of memory. 3. Protein synthesis inhibitors in increasing doses attain a maximum potency in causing memory decline and the rate may not be further accelerated by higher doses. 4. Adding a sodium pump inhibitor to the inhibition of protein synthesis increases memory loss. 5. Adding a protein synthesis inhibitor to a sodium pump inhibitor causes no further loss. 6. Therefore within a few minutes of learning a short-term memory of limited time span but independent of protein synthesis becomes supplemented and eventually replaced by a long-term storage requiring protein synthesis. The amount of long-term store is set by the amount of short-term memory. 7. The short-term store could be directly dependent on post-activation enhancement of Na + extrusion from neurons. Some physiological mechanisms by which this could be achieved and how this might activate protein synthesis are discussed.

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Maternal Food Memories in Lin Cheng-sheng's 27°C: Loaf Rock and Eric Khoo's Recipe: A Film on Dementia

Gastronomica The Journal of Food and Culture ◽

10.1525/gfc.2018.18.4.26 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 26-40 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Michelle E. Bloom

Keyword(s):

Cultural Memory ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Chinese Language ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Culinary Arts ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Individual Memory

Elderly mothers pick pineapple in Taiwanese fields and cook curry rice in a Singaporean hawker stand in Lin Cheng-sheng's biopic, 27°C: Loaf Rock, and Eric Khoo's telefilm, Recipe: A Film on Dementia, respectively. Both 2013 Chinese language films employ flashbacks to portray maternal food memories. Lin and Khoo depict food as comforting and possessing a unique ability to stimulate long-term memory to counter the short-term memory loss symptomatic of this form of dementia. The gustatory and the olfactory act directly upon the limbic brain, which houses emotions. In depicting Alzheimer's sufferers and their responses to food, 27°C and Recipe fight for causes. Lin calls attention to the marginalized in his portrayal of the mother succumbing to the disease from the perspective of her son—a character based on contemporary Taiwanese baker Wu Pao-chun, who overcame the adversity of impoverishment to win the world famous Master's de la Boulangerie and found prestigious eponymous bakeries. Parallel to its role in individual memory, food preserves cultural memory. Analogous to culinary arts, cinema, which is made for consumption, combines art and science, embodies culture, and incorporates tradition and innovation, as I show in this comparative study.

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Rapid, Labile, and Protein Synthesis– Independent Short-Term Memory in Conditioned Taste Aversion

Learning & Memory ◽

10.1101/lm.6.1.37 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 37-46 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Thomas A. Houpt ◽

RoseAnn Berlin

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Taste Aversion ◽

Conditioned Taste Aversion ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Low Doses ◽

Central Administration ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory

Short-term memory is a rapid, labile, and protein-synthesis-independent phase of memory. The existence of short-term memory in conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning has not been demonstrated formally. To determine the earliest time at which a CTA is expressed, we measured intraoral intake of sucrose at 15 min, 1 hr, 6 hr, or 48 h after contingent pairing of an intraoral infusion of 5% sucrose (6.6 ml over 6 min) and toxic lithium chloride injection (76 mg/kg). Rats were implanted with intraoral catheters to allow presentation of taste solutions at arbitrary times. Intraoral intake was measured under conditions of long-delay, single-trial learning typical of CTA. Rats decreased intraoral intake of sucrose at 15 min after contingent pairing of sucrose and LiCl, but not after noncontingent LiCl or sucrose. Thus CTA learning can be expressed rapidly. To determine if short-term CTA memory is labile and decays in the absence of long-term memory, we measured intraoral intake of sucrose after pairing sucrose with low doses of LiCl. Rats received an intraoral infusion of 5% sucrose (6 ml/6 min); 30 min later LiCl was injected at three different doses (19, 38, or 76 mg/kg). A second intraoral infusion of sucrose was administered 15 min, 1 hr, 3 hr, 4.5 hr, 6 hr, or 48 hr later. The formation of long-term CTA memory was dependent on the dose of LiCl paired with sucrose during acquisition. Low doses of LiCl induced a CTA that decayed within 6 hr after pairing. Central administration of the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide prior to LiCl injection blocked long-term CTA expression at 6 and 48 hr, but not short-term CTA expression at 1 hr. Thus, short-term memory for CTA learning exists that is acquired rapidly and independent of protein synthesis, but labile in the absence of long-term memory formation.

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Long-term neurological, visual, and endocrine outcomes following transnasal resection of craniopharyngioma

Journal of Neurosurgery ◽

10.3171/jns.2005.102.4.0650 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 102 (4) ◽

pp. 650-657 ◽

Cited By ~ 134

Author(s):

Indro Chakrabarti ◽

Arun P. Amar ◽

William Couldwell ◽

Martin H. Weiss

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Gh Deficiency ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Magnetic Resonance Images ◽

Endocrine Function ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Content Type ◽

Fine Print

Object. The authors report on a cohort of patients with craniopharyngioma treated principally through transnasal (TN) resection and followed up for a minimum of 5 years. More specifically, they evaluate the role of the TN approach in the management of craniopharyngioma. Methods. Between 1984 and 1994, 68 patients underwent TN resection of craniopharyngiomas at the University of Southern California. The tumor was at least partially cystic in 88% of cases. Four tumors were purely intrasellar, 53 had intra- and suprasellar components, and 11 were exclusively suprasellar. During the same period, 18 patients underwent transcranial (TC) resection of purely suprasellar craniopharyngiomas. Long-term neurological, visual, and endocrine outcomes were reviewed for all patients. In 61 (90%) of 68 patients in the TN group, total resection was achieved, according to 3-month postoperative magnetic resonance images, although four patients suffered a recurrence. Three (43%) of the seven tumors that had been partially resected were enlarged on serial imaging. Fifty-four (87%) of 62 patients with preoperative visual loss experienced improvement in one or both eyes, but two patients (3%) with exclusively suprasellar tumors experienced postoperative visual worsening in one or both eyes. New instances of postoperative endocrinopathy (that is, not present preoperatively) occurred as follows: hypogonadism (eight of 22 cases), growth hormone (GH) deficiency (four of 18 cases), hypothyroidism (11 of 49 cases), hypocortisolemia (nine of 52 cases), and diabetes insipidus (DI; four of 61 cases). One case each of hypocortisolemia and hypothyroidism resolved after surgery. Hyperphagia occurred in 27 (40%) of 68 patients. One patient had short-term memory loss. Postoperative complications included one case of cerebrospinal fluid leak. Among the 18 patients in the TC group, 11 had complete resections. In one case (9%) the tumors recurred. Three (43%) of the seven subtotally resected tumors grew during the follow-up interval. Vision improved in 11 (61%) of 18 cases and worsened in three (17%) as a result of surgery. New instances of postoperative endocrinopathy occurred as follows: hypogonadism (one of six cases), GH deficiency (four of seven cases), hypothyroidism (11 of 14 cases), hypocortisolemia (eight of 15 cases), and DI (nine of 16 cases). No instance of preoperative endocrinopathy was corrected through TC surgery. Four patients (22%) exhibited short-term memory loss and 11 (61%) had hyperphagia after surgery. When compared with those in the TC group, patients in the TN group had shorter hospital stays. Conclusions. Use of the TN approach can render good outcomes in properly selected patients with craniopharyngioma, particularly when the tumor is cystic. Even in mostly suprasellar cases, an extended TN approach can afford complete resection. Note that endocrine function often worsens after surgery and that postoperative obesity can be a significant problem.

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Uncovering long-term existence of a silent short-term memory trace

10.1101/2021.05.08.443276 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maha E. Wally ◽

Masanori Nomoto ◽

Kareem Abdou ◽

Kaoru Inokuchi

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Memory Trace ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Aspartate Receptor ◽

Hippocampal Ca1 ◽

Term Functions

Active recall of short-term memory (STM) is known to last for a few hours, but whether STM has long-term functions is unknown. Here we show that, STM can be optogenetically retrieved at a time point during which natural recall is not possible, uncovering the long-term existence of a silent STM engram. Moreover, re-training within 3 days led to natural long-term recall, indicating facilitated consolidation. Calcium imaging revealed hippocampal CA1 reactivations of the STM trace during post-learning sleep. Inhibiting offline CA1 activity, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activity, or protein synthesis after first exposure to the STM-forming event impaired the future re-exposure-facilitated consolidation, which highlights a role of protein synthesis and sleep in storing a silent STM trace. These results provide evidence that STM is not completely lost within hours and demonstrates a possible two-step STM consolidation, first storage as a silent engram, then transformation into an active state by recurrence within 3 days.

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Lateral ventricle injection of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin impairs long-term memory in a spatial memory task

Brain Research ◽

10.1016/s0006-8993(97)01528-x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 789 (1) ◽

pp. 48-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Noam Meiri ◽

Kobi Rosenblum

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Spatial Memory ◽

Lateral Ventricle ◽

Memory Task ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Protein Synthesis Inhibitor ◽

Synthesis Inhibitor ◽

Term Memory ◽

Spatial Memory Task

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Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome: A Common Yet Elusive Diagnosis

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71095-8 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 24 (S1) ◽

pp. 1-1

Author(s):

N. Madeira ◽

T. Santos ◽

J.L. Pio-Abreu

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Common Cause ◽

Clinical Vignettes ◽

Korsakoff Syndrome ◽

Amnesic Syndrome ◽

Nosological Entity

In 1897, Murawieff proposed that a common cause was responsible for the two syndromes previously described by Carl Wernicke and Sergei Korsakoff. More than 100 years afterwards, the neuropsychiatric nosological entity known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome remains one of the most significant, yet under-recognized, consequences of long-term alcohol abuse.Prompt recognition and treatment of Wernicke's encephalopathy with parenteral thiamine can prevent permanent cognitive impairment, involving severe short-term memory loss - Korsakoff's amnesic syndrome. Such condition has devastating consequences for patients, not infrequently demanding long-term institutionalization.Based on two clinical vignettes, the authors review some epidemiological, clinical and neuropathological features of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, besides issues concerning differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis.

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Clinical Features and Therapeutic Effects of Anti-leucine-rich Glioma Inactivated 1 Encephalitis: A Systematic Review

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2021.791014 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Yuou Teng ◽

Ting Li ◽

Zhizhong Yang ◽

Mingwan Su ◽

Jingnian Ni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Features ◽

Short Term Memory ◽

Psychiatric Symptoms ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Term Treatment ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Short Term ◽

Term Memory ◽

Long Term Treatment

Background: Clinical presentations and treatment programs about anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) encephalitis still remain incompletely understood.Objective: This study analyzed the clinical features and therapeutic effects of anti-LGI1 encephalitis.Methods: PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library were searched to identify published English and Chinese articles until April 2021. Data were extracted, analyzed, and recorded in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.Results: A total of 80 publications detailing 485 subjects matched our inclusion criteria. Short-term memory loss (75.22%), faciobrachial dystonic seizures (FBDS) (52.53%), other seizures excluding FBDS (68.48%), psychiatric symptoms (57.67%), and sleep disturbances (34.30%) were the most frequently described symptoms in anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Hyponatremia (54.90%) was the most common hematologic examination change. The risk of incidence rate of malignant tumors was higher than in healthy people. The positive rate of anti-LGI1 in serum (99.79%) was higher than CSF (77.38%). Steroids (93.02%), IVIG (87.50%), and combined use (96.67%) all had a high remission rate in the initial visit. A total of 35 of 215 cases relapsed, of which 6/35 (17.14%) did not use first-line treatment, and 21 (60.00%) did not maintain long-term treatment. Plasma exchange (PE) could be combined in severe patients, immunosuppressant could be used for refractory patients or for recurrence and using an anti-epileptic drug to control seizures may benefit cognition.Conclusions: Short-term memory loss, FBDS, psychiatric symptoms, and hyponatremia were key features in identifying anti-LGI1 encephalitis. Serum and CSF antibody tests should be considered in diagnosis criteria. Steroids with IVIG should be recommended, PE was combined for use in severe patients, immunosuppressant therapy might improve outcomes if recurrence or progression occurred, and control seizures might benefit cognition. The useful ways to reduce relapse rate were early identification, clear diagnosis, rapid treatment, and maintaining long-term treatment. The follow-up advice was suggested according to the research of paraneoplastic syndrome, and concern about tumors was vital as well.

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High Hearing Memory Of Schoolchildren And Students And Factors Affecting It

The American Journal of Applied Sciences ◽

10.37547/tajas/volume02issue11-17 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 02 (11) ◽

pp. 88-95

Author(s):

M. M. Mamajanov ◽

◽

B. B. Turayev ◽

Keyword(s):

Short Term Memory ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Memory Loss ◽

Long Term Memory ◽

Short Term ◽

First Year Students ◽

Term Memory ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

8Th Grade

Non-regular mental and physical activity of schoolchildren and students, excessive use of mobile phones, harmful habits (smoking and snuff), iodine deficiency, poor diet, lack of sleep are the main reasons for memory loss decrease is observed. In our experiments, long-term memory volume was up to 37% and short-term memory volume was up to 51% in 6th grade students (13-year-olds); In 8th grade students (15-year-olds), long-term memory was up to 83% and short-term memory was up to 61%; In 10th grade students (17-year-olds), long-term memory volume was up to 83% and short-term memory volume was up to 57%; In first-year students (19-year-olds), we found that long-term memory decreased by 68% and short-term memory by 49%. Decreased memory, in turn, has a negative impact on the mastery performance of pupils and students.

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