scholarly journals Parallel evolution and ecological selection: replicated character displacement in spadefoot toads

2009 ◽  
Vol 276 (1676) ◽  
pp. 4189-4196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber M. Rice ◽  
Aaron R. Leichty ◽  
David W. Pfennig
Keyword(s):  
Resource Competition ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Population History ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Ecological Selection ◽  
Spadefoot Toads ◽  
Repeated Evolution

Ecological character displacement—trait evolution stemming from selection to lessen resource competition between species—is most often inferred from a pattern in which species differ in resource-use traits in sympatry but not in allopatry, and in which sympatric populations within each species differ from conspecific allopatric populations. Yet, without information on population history, the presence of a divergent phenotype in multiple sympatric populations does not necessarily imply that there has been repeated evolution of character displacement. Instead, such a pattern may arise if there has been character displacement in a single ancestral population, followed by gene flow carrying the divergent phenotype into multiple, derived, sympatric populations. Here, we evaluate the likelihood of such historical events versus ongoing ecological selection in generating divergence in trophic morphology between multiple populations of spadefoot toad ( Spea multiplicata ) tadpoles that are in sympatry with a heterospecific and those that are in allopatry. We present both phylogenetic and population genetic evidence indicating that the same divergent trait, which minimizes resource competition with the heterospecific, has arisen independently in multiple sympatric populations. These data, therefore, provide strong indirect support for competition's role in divergent trait evolution.

Asymmetric frequency shift in advertisement calls of sympatric frogs

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Jansen ◽  
Martin Plath ◽  
Francisco Brusquetti ◽  
Michael Joseph Ryan
Keyword(s):  
Resource Competition ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Simultaneous Action ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Reproductive Character Displacement ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Spectral Parameters ◽  
Advertisement Calls

Character displacement is commonly observed when species occur in secondary contact zones and traits related to resource competition or reproduction diverge in sympatry. However, few studies have considered the factors determining and delimiting the direction of character evolution in this context. We studied displacement in advertisement calls in two species of hylid frogs from allopatric and sympatric populations, both of which call with similar frequencies but differ substantially in temporal parameters. We found asymmetrical character displacement in sympatry, as only Scinax madeirae (but not S. fuscomarginatus) repeatedly showed displacement. Instead of diverging in already existing differences in temporal characters, S. madeirae showed character displacement for frequency-related characters. We explored possible reasons for this specific pattern concerning the displaced characters and tested if socio-functional constraints in specific call parameters are responsible for the shift of only spectral parameters in that species. Finally, we argue that the simultaneous action of ecological and reproductive character displacement, or alternatively, a short-term behavioral response for the same reason (avoidance of hybridization) could explain the pattern. The present study identifies a set of new hypotheses that will stimulate future research on mechanisms of mate recognition and behavioral responses.

Genetic diversity of the extremely rare Habenaria dentata and the rare Habenaria linearifolia (Orchidaceae) in South Korea: implications for population history and conservation

2018 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-60
Author(s):  
Mi Yoon Chung ◽  
Hoa Thi Quynh Le ◽  
Sungwon Son ◽  
Huai Zhen Tian ◽  
Myong Gi Chung
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Population History ◽  
Population Variation ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Allozyme Diversity ◽  
Glacial Origin

Background and aims – Since historical events often leave an indelible mark on levels of genetic diversity of plant populations, one may indirectly infer their evolutionary history with the help of current patterns of genetic diversity. The terrestrial orchid Habenaria dentata, an element of warm-temperate/subtropical vegetation, reaches its northernmost limits in the Korean Peninsula, and thus it is extremely rare there. As H. dentata was absent from the Peninsula during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), it is likely to be of post-glacial origin having arrived from either a single refugium or multiple refugia. However, its rare, temperate/boreal congener H. linearifolia might have persisted in situ in either macrorefugia or microrefugia on the Peninsula during the LGM.Methods – To test which hypothesis is most appropriate for each species, we investigated levels of allozyme-based (17 loci) genetic diversity and population genetic structure in the two only known populations of H. dentata and in 12 populations of H. linearifolia.Key results – No allozyme diversity was found in H. dentata (He = 0.000), whereas H. linearifolia exhibited low within-population variation (He = 0.060) and high among-population differentiation (FST = 0.237). We found little association between populations in relation to their geographic location; several populations presented individuals belonging to different clusters.Conclusions – Our results suggest that H. dentata likely originated from a single ancestral population (perhaps from southern Japan or southern China) through post-glacial dispersal, whereas H. linearifolia probably survived the LGM in situ in microrefugia situated at low to mid-elevated regions. We further suggest that separate conservation strategies for each species should be employed, given that the two taxa have different ecological and demographic traits and harbour different levels of genetic diversity.

Adaptive Diversification Due to Resource Competition in Asexual Models

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Doebeli
Keyword(s):  
Resource Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Ecological Character ◽  
Ecological Character Displacement ◽  
Phenotypic Diversification ◽  
Established Species

This chapter focuses on evolutionary branching in niche position due to frequency-dependent competition. When the majority phenotype of a population is competing for one type of resource, selection may favor minority phenotypes that consume different types of resources, which could result in phenotypic differentiation and divergence. The idea of divergence due to competition is also the basis for the well-known concept of ecological character displacement, although here the focus is not so much on the origin of diversity arising in a single species, but rather on the evolutionary dynamics of existing diversity between different and already established species. Ecological character displacement embodies the possibility that competition between species can drive divergence in characters determining resource use. However, there are alternative evolutionary scenarios for phenotypic diversification. In the context of resource competition, one such alternative is that individuals diversify their diet by evolving a wider niche.

No character displacement for reproductive isolation between Drosophila bipectinata and Drosophila malerkotliana

Genome ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 849-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. N. Singh ◽  
Sujata Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Isolation ◽  
Sexual Isolation ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Drosophila Bipectinata ◽  
Isolation Index ◽  
Drosophila Malerkotliana

To test whether character displacement for reproductive isolation between Drosophila bipectinata and Drosophila malerkotliana exists, the degree of sexual isolation was measured between their sympatric and allopatric populations. Although the isolation indices vary in different crosses, the average isolation index for sympatric populations is very close to that for allopatric populations. This shows no difference in the degree of sexual isolation between sympatric and allopatric populations of D. bipectinata and D. malerkotliana. Thus there is no evidence for the existence of character displacement for sexual isolation between these two closely related sympatric species.Key words: Drosophila bipectinata, Drosophila malerkotliana, sexual isolation, sympatric and allopatric populations.

Factors affecting individual body weight in field populations of the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Morrisey
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Sediment Type ◽  
Sympatric Populations ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hydrobia Ulvae ◽  
Native Sediment ◽  
Individual Body ◽  
Average Body

Differences in average body size among allopatric and sympatric populations of hydrobiid mudsnails have been interpreted as the consequence of interspecific competitive interactions. Recently, however, doubts have been expressed concerning the certainty with which size differences can be ascribed simply to character displacement. Other environmental factors are known to influence body size in hydrobiids. In the present study one of these, sediment type, was investigated.Average body weight of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant) living on fine mud was consistently higher than that of members of the same species living on adjacent muddy sand. Snails were transplanted from one sediment type to the other, confined within cages, and their growth rates compared with those of control animals caged on their native sediment. The results of this experiment suggested that substrate type is one factor controlling body size, but the inconclusive nature of the results indicate that others are also involved.

Resource Competition, Character Displacement, and the Evolution of Deep Corolla Tubes

2007 ◽  
Vol 170 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel A. Rodríguez‐Gironés ◽  
Luis Santamaría
Keyword(s):  
Resource Competition ◽  
Character Displacement

scholarly journals Genomic insights into the recent population history of Mapuche Native Americans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Vicuña ◽  
Anastasia Mikhailova ◽  
Tomás Norambuena ◽  
Anna Ilina ◽  
Olga Klimenkova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native American ◽  
Native Americans ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Genomic Data ◽  
Population History ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Southern Patagonia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Demographic Shifts

The last few years have witnessed an explosive generation of genomic data from ancient and modern Native American populations. These data shed light on key demographic shifts that occurred in geographically diverse territories of South America, such as the Andean highlands, Southern Patagonia and the Amazon basin. We used genomic data to study the recent population history of the Mapuche, who are the major Native population from the Southern Cone (Chile and Argentina). We found evidence of specific shared genetic ancestry between the Mapuche and ancient populations from Southern Patagonia, Central Chile and the Argentine Pampas. Despite previous evidence of cultural influence of Inca and Tiwanaku polities over the Mapuche, we did not find evidence of specific shared ancestry between them, nor with Amazonian groups. We estimated the effective population size dynamics of the Mapuche ancestral population during the last millennia, identifying a population bottleneck around 1650 AD, coinciding with a period of Spaniards invasions into the territory inhabited by the Mapuche. Finally, we show that admixed Chileans underwent post-admixture adaptation in their Mapuche subancestry component in genes related with lipid metabolism, suggesting adaptation to scarce food availability.

scholarly journals Phylogenomics of Monitor Lizards and the Role of Competition in Dictating Body Size Disparity

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian G Brennan ◽  
Alan R Lemmon ◽  
Emily Moriarty Lemmon ◽  
Daniel M Portik ◽  
Valter Weijola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Size Variation ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Comparative Methods ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Size Disparity ◽  
Multiple Orders ◽  
Monitor Lizards

Abstract Organismal interactions drive the accumulation of diversity by influencing species ranges, morphology, and behavior. Interactions vary from agonistic to cooperative and should result in predictable patterns in trait and range evolution. However, despite a conceptual understanding of these processes, they have been difficult to model, particularly on macroevolutionary timescales and across broad geographic spaces. Here, we investigate the influence of biotic interactions on trait evolution and community assembly in monitor lizards (Varanus). Monitors are an iconic radiation with a cosmopolitan distribution and the greatest size disparity of any living terrestrial vertebrate genus. Between the colossal Komodo dragon Varanus komodoensis and the smallest Australian dwarf goannas, Varanus length and mass vary by multiple orders of magnitude. To test the hypothesis that size variation in this genus was driven by character displacement, we extended existing phylogenetic comparative methods which consider lineage interactions to account for dynamic biogeographic history and apply these methods to Australian monitors and marsupial predators. Incorporating both exon-capture molecular and morphological data sets we use a combined evidence approach to estimate the relationships among living and extinct varaniform lizards. Our results suggest that communities of Australian Varanus show high functional diversity as a result of continent-wide interspecific competition among monitors but not with faunivorous marsupials. We demonstrate that patterns of trait evolution resulting from character displacement on continental scales are recoverable from comparative data and highlight that these macroevolutionary patterns may develop in parallel across widely distributed sympatric groups.[Character displacement; comparative methods; phylogenetics; trait evolution; Varanus.]

scholarly journals Sympatric speciation of wild emmer wheat driven by ecology and chromosomal rearrangements

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (11) ◽  
pp. 5955-5963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Wang ◽  
Huayan Yin ◽  
Chengzhi Jiao ◽  
Xiaojian Fang ◽  
Guiping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosomal Rearrangements ◽  
Sympatric Speciation ◽  
Wild Emmer Wheat ◽  
Emmer Wheat ◽  
Wild Emmer ◽  
Ancestral Population ◽  
Secondary Contact ◽  
Ros Scavenging ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Ecological Selection

In plants, the mechanism for ecological sympatric speciation (SS) is little known. Here, after ruling out the possibility of secondary contact, we show that wild emmer wheat, at the microclimatically divergent microsite of “Evolution Canyon” (EC), Mt. Carmel, Israel, underwent triple SS. Initially, it split following a bottleneck of an ancestral population, and further diversified to three isolated populations driven by disruptive ecological selection. Remarkably, two postzygotically isolated populations (SFS1 and SFS2) sympatrically branched within an area less than 30 m at the tropical hot and dry savannoid south-facing slope (SFS). A series of homozygous chromosomal rearrangements in the SFS1 population caused hybrid sterility with the SFS2 population. We demonstrate that these two populations developed divergent adaptive mechanisms against severe abiotic stresses on the tropical SFS. The SFS2 population evolved very early flowering, while the SFS1 population alternatively evolved a direct tolerance to irradiance by improved ROS scavenging activity that potentially accounts for its evolutionary fate with unstable chromosome status. Moreover, a third prezygotically isolated sympatric population adapted on the abutting temperate, humid, cool, and forested north-facing slope (NFS), separated by 250 m from the SFS wild emmer wheat populations. The NFS population evolved multiple resistant loci to fungal diseases, including powdery mildew and stripe rust. Our study illustrates how plants sympatrically adapt and speciate under disruptive ecological selection of abiotic and biotic stresses.

scholarly journals DNA fragility in the parallel evolution of pelvic reduction in stickleback fish

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 363 (6422) ◽  
pp. 81-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathleen T. Xie ◽  
Guliang Wang ◽  
Abbey C. Thompson ◽  
Julia I. Wucherpfennig ◽  
Thomas E. Reimchen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gasterosteus Aculeatus ◽  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Dinucleotide Repeats ◽  
Strand Breaks ◽  
Dna Structures ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Repeated Evolution ◽  
Enhancer Sequences

Evolution generates a remarkable breadth of living forms, but many traits evolve repeatedly, by mechanisms that are still poorly understood. A classic example of repeated evolution is the loss of pelvic hindfins in stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Repeated pelvic loss maps to recurrent deletions of a pelvic enhancer of the Pitx1 gene. Here, we identify molecular features contributing to these recurrent deletions. Pitx1 enhancer sequences form alternative DNA structures in vitro and increase double-strand breaks and deletions in vivo. Enhancer mutability depends on DNA replication direction and is caused by TG-dinucleotide repeats. Modeling shows that elevated mutation rates can influence evolution under demographic conditions relevant for sticklebacks and humans. DNA fragility may thus help explain why the same loci are often used repeatedly during parallel adaptive evolution.

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