scholarly journals Two-Round Ca 2+ transient in papillae by mechanical stimulation induces metamorphosis in the ascidian Ciona intestinalis type A

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1945) ◽  
pp. 20203207
Author(s):  
Maiki K. Wakai ◽  
Mitsuru J. Nakamura ◽  
Satoshi Sawai ◽  
Kohji Hotta ◽  
Kotaro Oka
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Mechanical Stimulation ◽  
Marine Invertebrate ◽  
Ciona Intestinalis ◽  
Type A ◽  
Early Event ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Invertebrate Larvae ◽  
Phase Phase

Marine invertebrate larvae are known to begin metamorphosis in response to environmentally derived cues. However, little is known about the relationships between the perception of such cues and internal signalling for metamorphosis. To elucidate the mechanism underlying the initiation of metamorphosis in the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis type A ( Ciona robusta ), we artificially induced ascidian metamorphosis and investigated Ca 2+ dynamics from pre- to post-metamorphosis. Ca 2+ transients were observed and consisted of two temporally distinct phases with different durations before tail regression which is the early event of metamorphosis. In the first phase, Phase I, the Ca 2+ transient in the papillae (adhesive organ of the anterior trunk) was coupled with the Ca 2+ transient in dorsally localized cells and endoderm cells just after mechanical stimulation. The Ca 2+ transients in Phase I were also observed when applying only short stimulation. In the second phase, Phase II, the Ca 2+ transient in papillae was observed again and lasted for approximately 5–11 min just after the Ca 2+ transient in Phase I continued for a few minutes. The impaired papillae by Foxg -knockdown failed to induce the second Ca 2+ transient in Phase II and tail regression. In Phase II, a wave-like Ca 2+ propagation was also observed across the entire epidermis. Our results indicate that the papillae sense a mechanical cue and two-round Ca 2+ transients in papillae transmits the internal metamorphic signals to different tissues, which subsequently induces tail regression. Our study will help elucidate the internal mechanism of metamorphosis in marine invertebrate larvae in response to environmental cues.

scholarly journals Involvement of NO in Antinociception of NSAIDS in Murine Formalin Hind Paw Assay

Drug Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (04) ◽  
pp. 145-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Noriega ◽  
Hugo F. Miranda ◽  
Juan Carlos Prieto ◽  
Ramón Sotomayor-Zárate ◽  
Fernando Sierralta
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Phase Phase

AbstractThere are different animal models to evaluate pain among them the formalin hind paw assay which is widely used since some of its events appear to be similar to the clinical pain of humans. The assay in which a dilute solution of formalin is injected into the dorsal hindpaw of a murine produces two ‘phases’ of pain behavior separated by a inactive period. The early phase (Phase I) is probably due to direct activation of nociceptors and the second phase (Phase II) is due to ongoing inflammatory input and central sensitization. Mice were used to determine the potency antinociceptive of piroxicam (1,3,10,and 30 mg/kg), parecoxib (0.3, 1,3,10 and 30 mg/kg), dexketoprofen (3,10,30 and 100 mg/kg) and ketoprofen (3,10,30 and 100 mg/kg). Dose-response for each NSAIDs were created before and after 5 mg/kg of L-NAME i.p. or 5 mg/kg i.p. of 7-nitroindazole. A least-squares linear regression analysis of the log dose–response curves allowed the calculation of the dose that produced 50% of antinociception (ED50) for each drug. The ED50 demonstrated the following rank order of potency, in the phase I: piroxicam > dexketoprofen > ketoprofen > parecoxib and in the phase II: piroxicam > ketoprofen > parecoxib > dexketoprofen. Pretreatment of the mice with L-NAME or 7-nitroindazol induced a significant increase of the analgesic power of the NSAIDs, with a significant reduction of the ED50. It is suggested that NO may be involved in both phases of the trial, which means that nitric oxide regulates the bioactivity of NSAIDs.

GERDA results and the future perspectives for the neutrinoless double beta decay search using 76Ge

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (09) ◽  
pp. 1843004 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
M. Agostini ◽  
A. M. Bakalyarov ◽  
M. Balata ◽  
I. Barabanov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Beta Decay ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Liquid Argon ◽  
Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay ◽  
Double Beta Decay ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Inverted Hierarchy ◽  
Phase Phase

The GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) is a low background experiment at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) of INFN designed to search for the rare neutrinoless double beta decay ([Formula: see text]) of [Formula: see text]Ge. In the first phase (Phase I) of the experiment, high purity germanium diodes were operated in a “bare” mode and immersed in liquid argon. The overall background level of [Formula: see text] was a factor of ten better than those of its predecessors. No signal was found and a lower limit was set on the half-life for the [Formula: see text] decay of [Formula: see text]Ge [Formula: see text] yr (90% CL), while the corresponding median sensitivity was [Formula: see text] yr (90% CL). A second phase (Phase II) started at the end of 2015 after a major upgrade. Thanks to the increased detector mass and performance of the enriched germanium diodes and due to the introduction of liquid argon instrumentation techniques, it was possible to reduce the background down to [Formula: see text]. After analyzing 23.2 kg[Formula: see text]⋅[Formula: see text]yr of these new data no signal was seen. Combining these with the data from Phase I a stronger half-life limit of the [Formula: see text]Ge [Formula: see text] decay was obtained: [Formula: see text] yr (90% CL), reaching a sensitivity of [Formula: see text] yr (90% CL). Phase II will continue for the collection of an exposure of 100 kg[Formula: see text]yr. If no signal is found by then the GERDA sensitivity will have reached [Formula: see text] yr for setting a 90% CL. limit. After the end of GERDA Phase II, the flagship experiment for the search of [Formula: see text] decay of [Formula: see text]Ge will be LEGEND. LEGEND experiment is foreseen to deploy up to 1-ton of [Formula: see text]Ge. After ten years of data taking, it will reach a sensitivity beyond 10[Formula: see text] yr, and hence fully cover the inverted hierarchy region.

scholarly journals Stress, Coping Strategies, Quality of Life and Lived Experiences of Women with Pregnancyinduced Hypertension

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randhir Puri ◽  
A Raddi Sudha ◽  
S Nayak Baby ◽  
Prakash Ratna ◽  
MC Metgud
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
World Health ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Quality Of Life Scale

ABSTRACT Objectives To explore and assess the levels of stress and its manifestation and different stressors in women with pregnancy-induced hypertension and to identifying the coping strategies used by women with PIH in response to stress. Methods The research approach for the first phase of study was corelational and the subjects were selected by convenience sampling technique and for the second phase qualitative using phenomenology to study the lived experiences. The study comprised of 65 women with PIH, in the Phase I and 6 women with PIH in the Phase II, who were admitted in antenatal wards of KLES Hospital and Medical Research Centre and District Hospital Belgaum. The data on coping strategies was collected using a standardized tool, the Jalowiec coping scale and data on quality of life of women with PIH was collected using another standardized tool — the World Health Organization Quality of Life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). The qualitative data was collected using a semistructured interview schedule and the audiotaping of the verbatum of lived experiences. Results In the Phase I it was found that majority (64.61%) of women had moderate stress levels. The finding indicated that there was no correlation between levels of stress and use and effectiveness of coping strategies. (r1 (65) = 0.1226, P > 0.05, r2 (65) = 0.1805, P > 0.01). The association between levels of stress and quality of life of women with PIH showed that quality of life was independent of levels of stress. The chi-square value (l2effect =12.137) between age and effectiveness of coping strategies was significant which showed that effectiveness of coping strategies were dependent on the age of the women with PIH. In the Phase II based on the analysis of data four themes emerged from the women's perspective of the phenomenon under study. Theme 1 Impact of bed rest. Theme 2 Unaware of PIH and its effect on self and unborn child. Theme 3 Fear of outcome of pregnancy. Theme 4 Psychological impact of symptoms of PIH. Conclusion All these four dimensions depict the importance of holistic and comprehensive care.

Current Status of Horonobe URL Project in Construction Phase

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironobu Abe ◽  
Koichiro Hatanaka
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Fiscal Year ◽  
Geological Environment ◽  
Tunnel Wall ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Disturbed Zone ◽  
Phase Phase

The Horonobe URL project has been pursued by JAEA (Japan Atomic Energy Agency) to establish and demonstrate site characterization methodologies, engineering technologies, and safety assessment methodologies for HLW geological disposal in relevant geological environment with sedimentary rock and saline groundwater distributing in the Horonobe area, Hokkaido, Japan. In the Horonobe URL project, surface-based investigation phase (Phase I) has already completed in the fiscal year 2005, and then construction phase (Phase II) has initiated in the same year. Currently, construction of the underground facilities such as shafts/galleries which were designed in Phase I, investigations of the geological environment in the excavated shafts/galleries and confirmation of applicability of engineering technologies have been alternately carried out as Phase II activities of the project. During the construction so far, monitoring for the construction safety such as convergence measurements, tunnel wall observation, sampling of groundwater and rock, investigations for evaluating excavation damaged/disturbed zone (EDZ/EdZ) along shafts/galleries were carried out. In addition, a shotcrete construction test and a grout injection test by using low alkaline cement material were carried in the horizontal galleries. In this paper, status of the URL construction and research activities mentioned above are outlined as the current achievement of the Horonobe URL project.

scholarly journals Pathways of peroxynitrite oxidation of thiol groups

1997 ◽  
Vol 322 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia QUIJANO ◽  
Beatriz ALVAREZ ◽  
Reynaldo M. GATTI ◽  
Ohara AUGUSTO ◽  
Rafael RADI
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Thiol Group ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Slow Phase ◽  
Acidic Ph ◽  
Fast Phase ◽  
Rate Of Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Phase Phase

Peroxynitrite mediates the oxidation of the thiol group of both cysteine and glutathione. This process is associated with oxygen consumption. At acidic pH and a cysteine/peroxynitrite molar ratio of ≤ 1.2, there was a single fast phase of oxygen consumption, which increased with increasing concentrations of both cysteine and oxygen. At higher molar ratios the profile of oxygen consumption became biphasic, with a fast phase (phase I) that decreased with increasing cysteine concentration, followed by a slow phase (phase II) whose rate of oxygen consumption increased with increasing cysteine concentration. Oxygen consumption in phase I was inhibited by desferrioxamine and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide, but not by mannitol; superoxide dismutase also inhibited oxygen consumption in phase I, while catalase added during phase II decreased the rate of oxygen consumption. For both cysteine and glutathione, oxygen consumption in phase I was maximal at neutral to acidic pH; in contrast, total thiol oxidation was maximal at alkaline pH. EPR spin-trapping studies using N-tert-butyl-α-phenylnitrone indicated that the yield of thiyl radical adducts had a pH profile comparable with that found for oxygen consumption. The apparent second-order rate constants for the reactions of peroxynitrite with cysteine and glutathione were 1290ŷ30 M-1ƃs-1 and 281ŷ6 M-1ƃs-1 respectively at pH 5.75 and 37 ŶC. These results are consistent with two different pathways participating in the reaction of peroxynitrite with low-molecular-mass thiols: (a) the reaction of the peroxynitrite anion with the protonated thiol group, in a second-order process likely to involve a two-electron oxidation, and (b) the reaction of peroxynitrous acid, or a secondary species derived from it, with the thiolate in a one-electron transfer process that yields thiyl radicals capable of initiating an oxygen-dependent radical chain reaction.

The case for a West Saxon minuscule

1997 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Crick
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Fixed Points ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Type A ◽  
Viking Age ◽  
British Isles ◽  
Type B

Julian Brown's famous analysis of what he termed the Insular system of scripts marked out a number of routes, now well trodden, through the debris of undated and unlocalized manuscript material from the pre-Viking-Age British Isles. Ever since, the best hope for students of palaeography seeking to date and localize examples of early Insular minuscule has been to follow Brown's classification and identify them as Type A or B, Northumbrian or Southumbrian, and Phase I or II. Brown's schema, however, offered orientation rather than a map. As with any typology, it depends on a very few fixed points, themselves unusual because of their lack of anonymity: gospelbooks from Ireland and Northumbria dated by the survival of rare colophons, manuscripts connected with St Boniface which show the operation of a unique editorial mind. Although Brown's system has been successfully applied to the output of scriptoria whose influences, practices, connections, even locations remain mostly unknown, complications inevitably arise. This article concerns one of them, the recycling in Phase II of a type of minuscule displaying the cursiveness and capriciousness characteristic of Phase I: Type B minuscule as illustrated by the script of St Boniface.

DYPIC - Dynamic Positioning in Ice: Second Phase of Model Testing

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Haase ◽  
Peter Jochmann
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Development Project ◽  
Model Testing ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Dynamic Positioning ◽  
Station Keeping ◽  
Level Ice ◽  
Ice Field ◽  
Ice Model

DYPIC - Dynamic Positioning in Ice is a European research and development project where the main goal is to customize a dynamic positioning (DP) system for model testing in an ice model basin. To achieve this objective numerous ice model tests are performed. Overall they are divided into two main phases — DYPIC Phase I in 2011 and DYPIC Phase II in 2012. The first phase is documented and presented in [1]. This paper addresses the description of the second phase and the presentation of a selection of results. As the main goal of Phase II is to test the DP system developed in Phase I the trials of the second phase are mainly performed in DP mode, while very few tests that serve separate sub goals within the project are performed in the so called fixed mode where the model is towed through the tank. For the DP mode different configurations of the test setup itself are tested. In order to simulate station keeping the vessel travels either in front or behind the main carriage trying to hold its position relatively to the carriage. The relative motion is captured by optical cameras on the carriage and markers on the vessel. In addition real station keeping tests are performed while the model stayed in the middle of the ice basin and different ice field types are pushed along. The ice features tested in DYPIC Phase II include managed ice fields of different kinds and level ice.

Some Empirical Findings on Nations and their Behavior

1969 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Rummel
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
National Data ◽  
Dimensions Of Variation ◽  
Phase Phase ◽  
Cross National

With The growing academic and governmental interest in quantitative research on nations, it is becoming increasingly important to separate substantive findings from the technical arcana in which they are embedded. In recognition of this need, this report extracts and consolidates the major results of the Dimensionality of Nations (DON) project.The Don project (6) has been in existence since 1962 and is now in its second phase. Phase I of DON defined the major dimensions of variation among all nations for the mid-1950's and the grouping of nations on these dimensions. During this phase much of the methodological underbrush surrounding the use on cross-national data of its major mathematical model—factor analysis—was cleared away, and some measure of control was developed over problems of error and noncomparability in the data.

scholarly journals Phase Formation Sequence In The Pd-Gaas System

1985 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Sands ◽  
V. G. Keramidas ◽  
A. J. Yu ◽  
K. M. Yu ◽  
R. Gronsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Formation ◽  
Ternary Phase ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Large Angle ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Morphological Aspects ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Phase Phase

ABSTRACTThe morphological aspects of ternary phase formation during the Pd-GaAs reaction have been studied by application of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rutherford backscattering (RBS) techniques. The TEM images show that the first product phase, “phase I”, forms during deposition of Pd onto (100) GaAs and exhibits the preferred orientation [0001]I ∼ // [011]GaAs. In the presence of unreacted Pd, the second phase, “phase II”, nucleates at large-angle grain boundaries in the phase I film as the annealing temperature increases above ∼ 250°C Energy dispersive analysis of x-rays and RBS suggest that both phases I and II have nominal compositions in the range of Pd3GaAs to Pd4GaAs.

Characteristic features of polytypism in compounds with the La18W10O57-type structure

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 740-749
Author(s):  
Nataliya E. Novikova ◽  
Timofei A. Sorokin ◽  
Alexander M. Antipin ◽  
Nadezhda B. Bolotina ◽  
Olga A. Alekseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Type Structure ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Unit Cells ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Two Phases

Crystals with the La18W10O57-type structure (6H and 5H polytypes) were obtained by a self-flux method from high-temperature solutions. Some of the crystal samples were studied by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The diffraction patterns indicated that two phases co-exist in each sample. The hexagonal lattices have a common period of a ≈ 9.0 Å and are non-equal in length but have equally oriented superstructure periods 6c (phase I) and 5c (phase II), c ≈ 5.4 Å. The structures of phases I and II were solved in the symmetry groups P\overline{6}2c and P321, respectively, based on the X-ray data for crystals I and II, with predominant content of the first and second phase. The motif of isolated WO6 prisms with W atoms on the cell edges is common to both phases. WO6 octahedra, both isolated and joined by faces, are distributed along the c axis within the unit cells. Phase I contains extra layers of isolated WO6 octahedra compared to phase II. Tungsten sites in joined octahedra are disordered and partially occupied. Disordering is more expressed in phase II, which in return contains rather more W and O per atom of La. The refined chemical compositions are La18W10O57 for I and La15W8.5O48 for II.

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