scholarly journals The Croonian Lecture. On the irritability of nerves

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 33-35
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Annular Ligament ◽  
Living Body ◽  
First Case ◽  
Middle Aged Person ◽  
Aged Person ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Real State ◽  
Different Parts

Its object is principally to investigate the opinion hitherto entertained, that the nerves may be considered as chords that have no power of contraction within themselves, but only serve as a medium by means of which the influence of the brain may be communicated to the muscles, and the impressions made upon the different parts of the body may be conveyed to the brain. After pointing out the extreme difficulty of such an inquiry, owing to the few opportunities that offer for investigating the real state of the nerves in the living body, Mr. Home intimates that he resolved to avail himself of every opportunity that might offer of any operation in surgery performed upon nerves, either in a healthy state, or under the influence of disease, in order to elucidate this intricate point, without neglecting certain experiments he thought he could devise upon animal bodies, before they are wholly deprived of life. The first case, which explains some circumstances respecting the actions of the nerves when under the influence of disease, was that of a middle-aged person, who, having hurt his thumb by a fall, experienced long after an occasional swelling and convulsions in that part, attended with spasms, which at times extended in the direct course of the trunks of the radial nerve up to the head, the patient being at times afflicted with absolute insensibility. In order to put a stop to the progress of tips irritation, which seemed to constitute the disease, it was proposed to divide the nerve as it passes from under the annular ligament of the wrist. This operation was accordingly performed, but not altogether with the desired success, owing probably to the wound not healing by the first intention.

scholarly journals I. The Croonian Lecture. On the irritability of nerves

1801 ◽  
Vol 91 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Real ◽  
Living Body ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Real State ◽  
Different Parts

The nerves have been hitherto considered as chords that have no powers of contraction within themselves, but only serving as a medium, by means of which the influence of the brain may be communicated to the muscles, and the impressions made upon different parts of the body conveyed to the brain. The difficulties which attend every attempt to investigate the real state of the nerves in the living body, and the impossibility of acquiring any information upon this subject after death, may be urged in excuse for this opinion having been so universally received, since it will be found, from the following experiments and observations, to be void of foundation.

scholarly journals Brain in a Vat or Body in a World: Brainbound Versus Enactive View of Experience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Thompson ◽  
Diego Cosmelli
Keyword(s):  
Thought Experiment ◽  
The Body ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Living Body ◽  
The World ◽  
Neuronal Processes ◽  
Argument Proceeds ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Brain In A Vat ◽  
Embodied Agent

We argue that the minimal biological requirements for consciousness include a living body, not just neuronal processes in the skull. Our argument proceeds by reconsidering the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment. Careful examination of this thought experiment indicates that the null hypothesis is that any adequately functional “vat” would be a surrogate body, that is, that the so-called vat would be no vat at all, but rather an embodied agent in the world. Thus, what the thought experiment actually shows is that the brain and body are so deeply entangled, structurally and dynamically, that they are explanatorily inseparable. Such entanglement implies that we cannot understand consciousness by considering only the activity of neurons apart from the body, and hence we have good explanatory grounds for supposing that the minimal realizing system forconsciousness includes the body and not just the brain. In this way, we put the brain-in-a-vat thought experiment to a new use, one that supports the “enactive” view that consciousness is a life-regulation process of the wholeorganism interacting with its environment.

scholarly journals THE DEAD TEACHING THE LIVING – BODY WORLDS

Obiter ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Slabbert ◽  
Bonnie Venter
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
The Body ◽  
Chess Player ◽  
Dead Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Body Worlds ◽  
The Masses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Full Body

The Body Worlds exhibition takes the visitor through a journey of more than 200 specimens. These various skinless full body plastinates are posed in different positions to display how the human body works; they vary from the chess player with his brain split open to display the brain “in action”, the runner with his muscles falling off the bones to display the working of the muscles in athletics and the controversial pregnant woman with her womb cut open to show her eight month old foetus. Von Hagens the creator of Body Worlds believes his exhibition is educational – educating the masses. Since the first exhibition of Body Worlds there has been rigorous debate on whether the display is a violation of human dignity or not. This aspect is discussed in the article. In conclusion the process regarding donating a complete dead body in South Africa is highlighted and the question is answered whether a South African citizen could legally donate his or her body to a Body Worlds display.

Penfield’s Homunculus and Other Grotesque Creatures from the Land of If

Nuncius ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudio Pogliano
Keyword(s):  
Functional Organization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Medical Texts ◽  
Montreal Neurological Institute ◽  
Surgical Ablation ◽  
Cortical Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Mcgill University ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

The neurosurgeon Wilder Graves Penfield (1891-1976) helped to develop a surgical treatment for epilepsy and used his results to investigate the functional organization of the brain. He was instrumental in founding the Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University, which he directed from 1934 to 1960. There he studied, with his collaborators, the effects of stimulation and surgical ablation on different parts of the brain in order to localize their somatosensory functions. To visualize the results of this research, Hortense Pauline Cantlie drew images of a homunculus whose proportions reflected the extent of the cortical areas controlling different parts of the body. These images were published by Penfield in 1937; a modified version followed in 1950, opening the way for such developments as the diagrams of mammalian brains drawn by the neurophysiologist Clinton N. Woolsey in 1958. This article will reconstruct the history of Penfield’s map of the human brain, which was utilized in medical texts for many decades, but which eventually would be severely criticized.

scholarly journals V. The Croonian Lecture. Microscopical observations on the following subjects. On the brain and nerves; showing that the materials of which they are composed exist the blood. On the discovery of valves in the branches of the vas breve, lying between the villous and muscular coats of the stomach. On the structure of the spleen

1821 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 25-46 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Animal Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Medullary Substance ◽  
The Brain

The Croonian Lectures for the three preceding years, contain Mr. Bauer's microscopical observations on the blood. That fluid we find is made up of a greater number of ingredients than it was known to contain; indeed we find in it materials ready prepared, for the formation of most of the structures of an animal body. In the present Lecture, the brain and nerves form the first subject of investigation. Having found upon a former occasion that the retina is perfectly transparent in the living body, and is only rendered visible by coagulation after death, this, the only expansion of medullary substance in the body with which I am acquainted, was examined by Mr. Bauer in the microscope.

scholarly journals Determination of Tumor Boundaries in FLAIR Sequence MR Image with Different Image Segmentation Algorithms

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-42
Author(s):  
Muhammet Usame Ozic ◽  
Cansu Gunes ◽  
Ahmet Avci
Keyword(s):  
Brain Structures ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mr Image ◽  
Flair Sequence ◽  
Segmentation Algorithms ◽  
Tumor Region ◽  
Treatment And Diagnosis ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts

Tumors are undesired tissue disorders that occur in many different parts of the body. These disorders can be either benign or malignant depending on their type. Brain tumors are non-brain structures that are frequently encountered in neurology. These structures negatively affect daily life by disrupting the functional centers of the person with respect to their region in the brain. Determining certain boundaries of tumor areas in radiology is an important parameter for treatment and diagnosis. In this study, segmentation of the tumor region on FLAIR sequence MR image taken from the BRATS database has been tried with seven different image processing algorithms. Segmentation performances of algorithms have been determined by using dice and jaccard indexes.

scholarly journals The Internal Senses in Nemesius, Plotinus and Galen: the Beginning of an Idea

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umar Faruque
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sense Perception ◽  
Sense Organs ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Localization Theory ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
The Way

This study traces the notion of the internal senses in three ancient authors, namely Nemesius, Plotinus and Galen. It begins with Nemesius, and then by going backward ends with Galen. The textual evidence investigated in this study shows clearly that Galen, after acknowledging the Platonic tripartite soul, locates the various dunameis of the soul in the brain. The “localization” theory of Galen plays a crucial role in paving the way for the foundation of the internal senses, which both Plotinus and Nemesius adapted. Just as with the external senses one can locate various sense-organs in different parts of the body, viz., touch, smell, sight etc., so too with the internal senses, thanks to Galen, one is able to locate them in various organs of the body. Thus philosophers are able to explain the role of all these different (internal) senses in their account of sense-perception.

scholarly journals Sensorimotor Subjectivity and the Enactive Approach to Experience

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Self Regulation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Enactive Approach ◽  
Sensorimotor Activity ◽  
Bodily Activity ◽  
Sensorimotor Coupling ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
The Explanatory Gap ◽  
The Brain

The enactive approach offers a distinctive view of how mental life relates to bodily activity at three levels: bodily self-regulation, sensorimotor coupling, and intersubjective interaction. This paper concentrates on the second level ofsensorimotor coupling. An account is given of how the subjectively lived body and the living body of the organism are related (the body-body problem) via dynamic sensorimotor activity, and it is shown how this account helps to bridge the explanatory gap between consciousness and the brain. Arguments by O’Regan, Noë, and Myin that seek to account for the phenomenal character of perceptual consciousness in terms of ‘bodiliness’ and ‘grabbiness’ are considered. It is suggested that their account does not pay sufficient attention to two other key aspects of perceptual phenomenality: the autonomous nature of the experiencing self or agent, and the pre-reflective nature of bodily self-consciousness.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN KEMAMPUAN BERFIKIR KRITIS PERAWAT DALAM PEMBERIAN ASUHAN KEPERAWATAN

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Afrina Sahira Purba
Keyword(s):  
Critical Thinking ◽  
Treatment Process ◽  
The Body ◽  
Nursing Process ◽  
Standard Practice ◽  
Essential Component ◽  
Effective Care ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
The Brain

Critical thinking is an essential component of nursing by using knowledge of nursing as a whole in order to provide effective care. The nursing process is a method used by a nurse to help solve a patient's problem. Thinking is one of the functions of the brain and this function in running well if the body is in a healthy state and the environment that provides stimulation. This is his hope as a nurse to have a healthy brain. To carry out the treatment process nurses are required to perform cognitive activities in critical thinking, which required several components including: Knowledge, Experience, Competence, and Standards of critical thinking in the nursing process starting from the stage of Assessment, Nursing Diagnostics, Implementation and Evaluation all of which are standard practice professional nursing. Nurses in fulfilling comprehensively, using crisis and professional skills so that the services provided are quality for both patients and nurses themselves.

scholarly journals Puberty: Your Brain on Hormones

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Kabotyanski ◽  
Leah H. Somerville
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Made In ◽  
The Way

As humans grow from children into adults, they pass through a stage called adolescence. Adolescence is a time of major social, environmental, and biological change in a person’s life. The start of puberty, which often happens around the teenage years, is an important period of human physical and emotional development. In addition to the more obvious bodily changes that happen during this time, an adolescent’s brain also goes through changes that may not be as visible. These changes are directed by chemicals called hormones. Hormones help our bodies become taller, change shape, and even grow hair. Although hormones act on different parts of the body (like bones, muscles, or skin), several crucial hormones for puberty are actually made in the brain. Scientists are learning more about the ways hormones affect how the brain grows and changes, and in turn, the way that changes how you act and feel!

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