scholarly journals New experimental researches on some of the leading doctrines of Ca­loric ; particularly on the relation between the elasticity, tempera­ture, and latent heat of different vapours; and thermometric admeasurement and capacity

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 97-98
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sources Of Error ◽  
Historical View ◽  
Experimental Researches

This paper is divided into three sections. In the first the author, after taking an historical view' of the different experiments under­ taken by Robinson, Watt, Dalton, Biot, and some others, relating to the elastic force of vapours arising from different bodies at dif­ferent temperatures, and after pointing out the sources of error and imperfection to which they are liable, proceeds to describe the ap­paratus which he employed, wdiieh is further illustrated by an an­nexed drawing. The space which contains the vapour for experiment is about half an inch of a barometer tube, against which the oblong bulb of a delicate thermometer rests so as to indicate the true tem­perature. The contrivance is such, that though the liquid and in­ cumbent vapour are restricted to the summit of the tube, its pro­gressive range of elasticity may be measured from 0° to 200° above the boiling point of wrater, or from an elasticity of 0'07 inch to that capable of sustaining 36 feet of mercury, without heating the mer­curial column itself. In this section of the paper are several tables of results, showing the elastic force of the vapour of water in inches of mercury, at temperatures between 24° and 312° ; and also that of alcohol, ether, oil of turpentine, and naphtha. The second section of Dr. Ure’s paper relates to thermometric admeasurement, and to the doctrine of capacity. He does not consider the thermometer liable to the uncertainties which are supposed to belong to it by Mr. Dal­ton, but that it is an equable measure of heat, in consequence of its possessing an increasing rate of expansion, and w'hich is compensated for by a quantity of the quicksilver getting out of the bulb into the tube, and consequently out of the action of the heat, the bulb being the only part heated in all ordinary cases. In the third section, relating to the latent heat of different vapours, Dr. Ure details experiments made to ascertain the caloric existing in different vapours, and the temperatures at which they respectively acquire the same elastic force.

XVIII. New experimental researches on some of the leading doctrines of caloric; particularly on the relation between the elasticity, temperature, and latent heat of different vapours; and on thermometric admeasurement and capacity

1818 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 338-394 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Elastic Forces ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Elastic Fluids ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Experimental Researches

1. On the elastic force of vapours, with new formula to determine it at any temperature; and a review of those given by Dalton and Biot. The phenomena attending the conversion of liquids into elastic fluids, were first accurately investigated by Dr. Black. He observed in the rising of vapour, and melting of ice, a beautiful system of relations, connecting and modifying the grandest operations of nature, while they were destined to afford new principles for the advancement of the arts. If it be the prerogative and characteristic of genius, to discover in the most familiar, or, as some would say, vulgar phenomena, that mystic chain of causation, which had eluded all other eyes, unquestionably, the doctrines of latent heat entitle their author to rank in the first class of philosophers. Dr. Black directed his attention principally to the establishment of the general laws, which he placed on an immoveable basis; leaving to his pupils, the subordinate task of investigating their individual applications. Hence, the elastic forces of the vapours, arising from different bodies, at different temperatures, seem to have occupied him very little, if at all. This subject was examined, however, with great ability, by two of his most distinguished friends, Professor Robison and Mr. Watt. The investigations of the former were published in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, article steam ; while we have still to regret our ignorance of those executed by the latter philosopher, with probably a more complete apparatus, and more extensive views. We are indebted to him, indeed, for some curious observation on the latent heat of steam, at different temperatures, which make us lament more, the want of those on the elastic forces themselves.

Cromwell Mortimer, F. R. S. ( c . 1698-1752) and the invention of the metalline thermometer for measuring high temperatures

1969 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-135 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Fourth Degree ◽  
The Third ◽  
Upper Limit

Although the liquid-in-glass thermometer came into use either in the last decade of the sixteenth or during the early years of the seventeenth century (1), it was not until the eighteenth century that reproducible scales of temperature were established, arising from the work of Fahrenheit (2), Reaumur (3) and Celsius (4). So far as eighteenth-century chemists were concerned, the upper limit of temperature to which the liquid-in-glass thermometer could be used was set by the boiling point of mercury, at that time assumed to be 600 °F (5). In the latter half of the seventeenth century any temperatures attained in chemical operations could be indicated only by reference to a scale comprising some seven ‘degrees of heat’. In the middle to upper ranges, for example, to quote from Glaser’s The Compleat Chymist , the third ‘degree’ was that of hot ashes; the fourth ‘degree’ was that of hot sand, and the fifth that of hot iron filings; the sixth ‘degree’ was attained in the closed reverberatory charcoal fire, and the seventh and highest ‘degree’ was the ‘Flaming-Fire or Fire of Fusion’, made with wood or charcoal (6).

DISPERSION OF CHEMICALLY TREATED CRUDE OIL IN NORWEGIAN OFFSHORE WATERS

1983 ◽  
Vol 1983 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer G. Lichtenthaler ◽  
Per S. Daling
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Chromatographic Technique ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Initial Boiling Point ◽  
The Third ◽  
Control Water

ABSTRACT In May and July 1982, two series of dispersant research oil spills were carried out off the Norwegian coast. The May series comprised three discharges of 2,000 liters of Statfjord topped crude oil (initial boiling point 150 °C). Two of the slicks were treated with dispersants (A and B) from a boat while the third untreated slick served as control. The July series comprised four discharges of 2,000 liters of Statfjord crude oil, with the application of three dispersants (A, B, and C), and one untreated slick as control. Water samples were collected from under the slicks and analyzed for total petroleum using a gas chromatographic technique. Chemical analyses showed six percent dispersion of the oil for dispersant A, and 17 percent for dispersant ? in the May series. Effectiveness of dispersants in the July series was found to be 19 percent for dispersant A and 22 percent and two percent for dispersants ? and C, respectively. Gas chromatographic analyses showed in several cases the presence of dispersants (up to two ppm) in water samples without the presence of petroleum at all. The highest oil contents found in water samples were 10 ppm at a one meter depth. The variations in the effectiveness of the three dispersants tested in the field were later confirmed in laboratory tests.

Curvature Expressions for the Large Displacement Analysis of Planar Beam Motions

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinhuan Zheng ◽  
Ahmed A. Shabana ◽  
Dayu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Geometry ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Beam Element ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Large Displacement ◽  
Displacement Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Shear Deformable Beam ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
Shear Deformable

While several curvature expressions have been used in the literature, some of these expressions differ from basic geometry definitions and lead to kinematic coupling between bending and shear deformations. This paper uses three different elastic force formulations in order to examine the effect of the curvature definition in the large displacement analysis of beams. In the first elastic force formulation, a general continuum mechanics approach (method 1) based on the nonlinear strain–displacement relationship is used. The second approach (method 2) is based on a classical nonlinear beam theory, in which a curvature expression consistent with differential geometry and independent of the shear deformation is used. The third elastic force formulation (method 3) employs a curvature expression that depends on the shear angle. In order to examine numerically the effect of using different curvature definitions, three different planar beam elements are used. The first element (element I) is the fully parameterized absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF) shear deformable beam element. The second element (element II) is an ANCF consistent rotation-based formulation (CRBF) shear deformable beam element obtained from element I by consistently replacing the position gradient vectors by rotation parameters. The third element (element III) is a low-order bilinear ANCF/CRBF finite element in which nonzero differential geometry-based curvature definition cannot be obtained because of the low order of interpolation. Numerical results are obtained using the three elastic force formulations and the three finite elements in order to shed light on the definition of bending and shear in the large displacement analysis of beams. The results obtained in this investigation show that the use of method 2, with a penalty formulation that restricts the excessive cross section deformation, can improve significantly the convergence of the ANCF finite element.

scholarly journals II. Experimental researches on the strength of pillars of cast iron

1857 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 318-321
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
The Third ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Experimental Researches

In a previous paper on this subject (Philosophical Transactions, 1840), I had shown,—1st, that a long circular pillar, with its ends flat, was about three times as strong as a pillar of the same length and diameter with its ends rounded in such a manner that the pressure would pass through the axis, the ends being made to turn easily, but not so small as to be crushed by the weight; 2nd, that if a pillar of the same length and diameter as the preceding had one end rounded and one flat, the strength would be twice as great as that of one with both ends rounded; 3rd, if, therefore, three pillars be taken, differing only in the form of their ends, the first having both ends rounded, the second one end rounded and one flat, and the third both ends flat, the strength of these pillars will be as 1—2—3 nearly. The preceding properties having been arrived at experimentally, are here attempted to be demonstrated, at least approximately.

scholarly journals On the application of liquids formed by the condensation of gases as mechanical agents

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Great Pressure ◽  
Very High ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

The elasticity of vapours, in contact with the liquids from which they are produced under high pressures in high temperatures, is known to increase in a higher ratio than the arithmetical one of the temperature; but the exact law is not determined, and the loss of latent heat in compression, and the re-absorption in expansion, renders the advantage of steam under great pressure and at very high temperatures doubtful in an economical view. No such doubt, however, exists in regard to those fluids which require very great compression for their existence, and where common temperatures are sufficient to produce an immense elastic force. Thus sulphuretted hydrogen, which condenses into a liquid under a pressure of 14 atmospheres at 3°, had its elastic force increased so as to equal a pressure of 17 atmospheres by raising its temperature to 47°. Liquid muriatic acid at 3° exerted an elastic force equal to the pressure of 20 atmospheres, at 25° = 25 atmospheres, and at 51° = 45 atmospheres. After some experimental illustrations of the expansibility of the vapour of sulphuret of carbon at different temperatures, the author adverts to the possible application of the difficultly compressible gases, as mechanical agents, and to their power of producing cold by the rapidity of their evaporation.

scholarly journals Higher-Order Approximate Periodic Solutions of a Nonlinear Oscillator with Discontinuity by Variational Approach

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Orhan Kaya ◽  
S. Altay Demirbağ ◽  
F. Özen Zengin
Keyword(s):  
Approximate Solution ◽  
Periodic Solutions ◽  
Relative Error ◽  
Variational Approach ◽  
Nonlinear Oscillator ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Force Term ◽  
The Third

He's variational approach is modified for nonlinear oscillator with discontinuity for which the elastic force term is proportional to sgn(u). Three levels of approximation have been used. We obtained 1.6% relative error for the first approximate period, 0.3% relative error for the second-order approximate period. The third approximate solution has the accuracy as high as 0.1%.

A Novel Cold Rotary Forging Method of Producing Multiple Racks Using One Set of Punch

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinghui Han ◽  
Yaxiong Hu ◽  
Lin Hua
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Transmission Ratio ◽  
Rotary Forging ◽  
The Third ◽  
Variable Transmission ◽  
Gear Rack ◽  
Cold Rotary Forging ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Orbital Forging

When producing racks by cold rotary forging, the top punch and the rack teeth definitely intervene and thus the top punch has to be amended, which makes the technical designing processes difficult and complex (Han et al., 2016, “Cold Orbital Forging of Gear Rack,” Int. J. Mech. Sci., 117(10), pp. 227–242). In this study, a novel cold rotary forging method of producing racks is put forward to avoid the interventions between the top punch and the racks. Thus, the top punch need not be amended and the technical designing processes correspondingly become simple. In light of this presented method, a novel idea for cold rotary forging of producing multiple racks using one set of punch is motivated. The concrete researches are as follows: First, the mathematical models are developed and three kinds of key forging conditions in cold rotary forging of racks are calculated to avoid the interventions between the top punch and the racks. The first one is the condition that the top punch and the rack teeth do not intervene. The second one is the condition that the top punch and cylindrical surfaces of racks do not intervene. The third one is the condition that the top punch can be successfully constructed. On the basis of these three kinds of key forging conditions, the workpiece is optimized and the cold rotary forging processes of racks with constant and variable transmission ratio are examined using finite element (FE) simulations. The experimental researches are also conducted. The results show that for both racks with constant and variable transmission ratio, the obtained key forging conditions are effective and the presented cold rotary forging principles of producing multiple racks using one set of punch are feasible.

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