scholarly journals On the application of liquids formed by the condensation of gases as mechanical agents

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 193-193
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Muriatic Acid ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Great Pressure ◽  
Very High ◽  
Sulphuretted Hydrogen

The elasticity of vapours, in contact with the liquids from which they are produced under high pressures in high temperatures, is known to increase in a higher ratio than the arithmetical one of the temperature; but the exact law is not determined, and the loss of latent heat in compression, and the re-absorption in expansion, renders the advantage of steam under great pressure and at very high temperatures doubtful in an economical view. No such doubt, however, exists in regard to those fluids which require very great compression for their existence, and where common temperatures are sufficient to produce an immense elastic force. Thus sulphuretted hydrogen, which condenses into a liquid under a pressure of 14 atmospheres at 3°, had its elastic force increased so as to equal a pressure of 17 atmospheres by raising its temperature to 47°. Liquid muriatic acid at 3° exerted an elastic force equal to the pressure of 20 atmospheres, at 25° = 25 atmospheres, and at 51° = 45 atmospheres. After some experimental illustrations of the expansibility of the vapour of sulphuret of carbon at different temperatures, the author adverts to the possible application of the difficultly compressible gases, as mechanical agents, and to their power of producing cold by the rapidity of their evaporation.

scholarly journals Gaseous combustion at high pressures. —Part X. The co-volume corrections, maximum temperatures and dissociation of steam and carbon dioxide in explosions

1928 ◽  
Vol 119 (782) ◽  
pp. 464-480
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Internal Energy ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Systematic Survey ◽  
Explosion Method ◽  
Maximum Temperatures ◽  
Very High

During the researches upon high-pressure explosions of carbonic oxide-air, hydrogen-air, etc., mixtures, which have been described in the previous papers of this series, a mass of data has been accumulated relating to the influence of density and temperature upon the internal energy of gases and the dissociation of steam and carbon dioxide. Some time ago, at Prof. Bone’s request, the author undertook a systematic survey of the data in question, and the present paper summarises some of the principal results thereof, which it is hoped will throw light upon problems interesting alike to chemists, physicists and internal-combustion engineers. The explosion method affords the only means known at present of determining the internal energies of gases at very high temperatures, and it has been used for this purpose for upwards of 50 years. Although by no means without difficulties, arising from uncertainties of some of the assumptions upon which it is based, yet, for want of a better, its results have been generally accepted as being at least provisionally valuable. Amongst the more recent investigations which have attracted attention in this connection should be mentioned those of Pier, Bjerrum, Siegel and Fenning, all of whom worked at low or medium pressures.

scholarly journals On a formula for the elastic force of vapour at different temperatures

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 738-740
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Low Temperatures ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
French Academy ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Better Than

The author adopts as the basis of his formula the first series of experiments at high temperatures made by the French Academy, and those of Magnus at low temperatures. For the Academy’s experiments, he adopts the indications of the smaller thermometer in the steam in preference to those of the larger thermometer in the water. Of Dr. Young’s sort of formulae, he notices that of the Aca­demy and several others with exponents varying from 5 to 7. From the elasticity at freezing, as given by Magnus, compared with four of the Academy’s experiments, he shows that for the range of observation the number 6 is preferable to 5 as an exponent; but, as he states, no formula of this sort with a constant index can be found to agree with the observations throughout. The formula of Magnus he finds to agree with these observations better than any of the others; but being adapted to the air-thermo­meter, and therefore not convenient for ordinary use, he gives his own formula adapted to the mercurial thermometer, t = 500 + 225 log A / 5 - log A, t being the temp. Cent., and A the elasticity in atmospheres of 0 m .76 at zero, or 30 inches at 58° Fahr.; the temperature being given, the formula becomes log A = 5 - 1625 / 225 + t .

The application of small porous particles, high temperatures, and high pressures to generate very high resolution LC and LC/MS separations

2007 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1158-1166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Plumb ◽  
Jeff R. Mazzeo ◽  
Eric S. Grumbach ◽  
Paul Rainville ◽  
Michael Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Porous Particles ◽  
Very High

Research at very high pressures and high temperatures

1977 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 461-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis P. Bundy
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Very High

scholarly journals On the behaviour of barnacles. IV: The influence of temperature On cirral activity and survival of some warm-water species

1962 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Southward
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
The North ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Balanus Eburneus ◽  
North Atlantic Area ◽  
Brackish Water Species ◽  
Atlantic Area ◽  
Water Species ◽  
Very High

SUMMARYThe range of temperatures over which the cirri were active and the frequency of beating at different temperatures were measured in four species of barnacles collected on the southern and south-western coasts of France. The extremes of high temperature at which the animal remained irritable or could survive were assessed in these species and in a further group of species from Trinidad, West Indies.The results are discussed in comparison with previous evidence for species of more northern distribution, and related to the geographical range of the species and the ecological niche occupied. For example, the brackish water species, Balanus eburneus and B. improvisus, have similar patterns of cirral activity, but the greater tolerance of high temperatures shown by the former is obviously connected with its more tropical distribution. Differences in temperature tolerances of varieties of JB. amphitrite from Europe and Trinidad, possibly related to differences in the tide levels at which they live, tend to reinforce their separation on morphological grounds. More pronounced differences between Chthamalus depressus and C. stellatus confirm the separation of these two species which were formerly regarded as varieties. The relatively lower rate of beating of C. depressus which is not found north of the Mediterranean and its greater tolerance of high temperatures compared with C. stellatus, may be related to its more southern distribution and its ability to live at very high levels on the shore. These two species and C. fragilis from Trinidad all show greater tolerance of high temperatures than the species of Balanus and Tetraclita, which are found at lower levels on the shoreIt is concluded that in the North Atlantic area there may be only two main distributional groups of species of acorn barnacles, Arctic and Tropical, overlapping in the Temperate regions, with few or no intermediate forms, and that there is as yet no evidence for the existence of physiological races in these species.

XVIII. New experimental researches on some of the leading doctrines of caloric; particularly on the relation between the elasticity, temperature, and latent heat of different vapours; and on thermometric admeasurement and capacity

1818 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 338-394 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Latent Heat ◽  
Elastic Force ◽  
Great Ability ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Elastic Forces ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Elastic Fluids ◽  
New Formula ◽  
Experimental Researches

1. On the elastic force of vapours, with new formula to determine it at any temperature; and a review of those given by Dalton and Biot. The phenomena attending the conversion of liquids into elastic fluids, were first accurately investigated by Dr. Black. He observed in the rising of vapour, and melting of ice, a beautiful system of relations, connecting and modifying the grandest operations of nature, while they were destined to afford new principles for the advancement of the arts. If it be the prerogative and characteristic of genius, to discover in the most familiar, or, as some would say, vulgar phenomena, that mystic chain of causation, which had eluded all other eyes, unquestionably, the doctrines of latent heat entitle their author to rank in the first class of philosophers. Dr. Black directed his attention principally to the establishment of the general laws, which he placed on an immoveable basis; leaving to his pupils, the subordinate task of investigating their individual applications. Hence, the elastic forces of the vapours, arising from different bodies, at different temperatures, seem to have occupied him very little, if at all. This subject was examined, however, with great ability, by two of his most distinguished friends, Professor Robison and Mr. Watt. The investigations of the former were published in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, article steam ; while we have still to regret our ignorance of those executed by the latter philosopher, with probably a more complete apparatus, and more extensive views. We are indebted to him, indeed, for some curious observation on the latent heat of steam, at different temperatures, which make us lament more, the want of those on the elastic forces themselves.

Phase Equilibrium in the System MgO-H2O at High Temperatures and Very High Pressures

1970 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 179-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHINOBU YAMAOKA ◽  
OSAMU FUKUNAGA ◽  
SHINROKU SAITO
Keyword(s):  
Phase Equilibrium ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Very High

Steam Piping for High Pressures and High Temperatures

1951 ◽  
Vol 164 (1) ◽  
pp. 324-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. Bailey
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
High Pressures ◽  
Austenitic Steels ◽  
Operating Pressure ◽  
Working Stress ◽  
Economical Design ◽  
Pipe Line ◽  
Distribution Of Stress ◽  
Very High

Consideration of the following matters is made important by recent progress to high operating steam pressures and temperatures: the changing and more favourable distribution of stress in a pipe, the accompanying creep, and their application to the rational and economical design of steam piping; the determination of permissible working stress; differences in American and British procedures and consequent differences in stress magnitudes; the influence of operating fluctuations of pressure and temperature and the choice of a design temperature at rated pressure to provide for them; tentative considerations of behaviour of ferritic and austenitic steels; the action of creep at operating pressure and temperature in reducing and removing the initial thermal expansion loading of a pipe-line, and in imposing it fully when cold. In these connexions some consideration should be paid to bolted, or otherwise removable, joints at terminal or other special positions; the problem of making a joint between ferritic and austenitic steel piping and components; the factors of materials and corrosion; promised adequacy of existing ferritic steels for present requirements, and application of the principles operative at very high temperatures to piping for less advanced conditions, and economy arising therefrom.

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