scholarly journals Observations on certain cases of elliptic polarization of light by reflection

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 436-437
Keyword(s):  
General Result ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Experimental Examination ◽  
Intermediate Point ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Elliptic Polarization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reflection Of Light ◽  
Polarization Of Light ◽  
Curious Property

The author, by way of introduction, passes in review the labours of various inquirers on the subject of the elliptic polarization of light, and notices more particularly those of Sir David Brewster, who first discovered this curious property, as recorded in the Philosophical Transactions for 1830; of Mr. Airy, in the Cambridge Transactions for 1831 and 1832; and of Professor Lloyd, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1840, and in the Reports of the British Association for 1841. He then proceeds to give an account of his own experimental examination of the phenomena of elliptic polarization in the reflection of light from various surfaces, by observing the modifications of the polarized rings under different conditions, both of surface and of incidence, and by endeavouring to ascertain both the existence and amount of ellipticity, as shown by the dislocation of those rings, and to determine its peculiar chataracter, as indicated by the direction in which the dislocation takes place; the protrusion of the alternate quadrants appearing it certain cases, in one direction, and in others in the opposite. These observations are reducible to two classes; first, those designed to contribute to the inquiry, what substances possess the property of elliptic polarization, by examining the light reflected from bodies; and second, those made on certain cases on of films of several kinds, including those formed on metals by oxidation or other action upon the metal itself, as well as by extraneous deposition. The author found the general result, in all these cases, to be, that from any one tint to another, through each entire order of tints, the form of the rings in the reflected light undergoes certain regular changes, passing from a dislocation in one direction to that in the opposite, through an intermediate point of no dislocation, or of plane polarization; and thus exhibiting a dark and a bright centred system alternately, as long as the order of tints are preserved pure. These changes in the form of the rings, he observes, are precisely those expressed by successive modifications of Mr. Airy's formula, corresponding to the increments in the retardation which belong to the periodical colours of the films. The remaining portion of the paper is occupied by a description of the apparatus and mode of conducting the experiments; and of the observations made on mica, on decomposed glass, plumbago, daguerreotype, and other metallic plates, and on the coloured films produced on steel and on copper by the action of heat, and of voltaic electricity. The author gives, in conclusion, an analytical investigation of Mr. Airy’s general formula.

scholarly journals X. On the elliptic polarization of light by reflexion from metallic surfaces

1845 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 269-282 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Metallic Surface ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Elliptic Polarization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Polarization Of Light

In a former paper, inserted in the Philosophical transactions, 1843, Part I., I detailed observations on some phenomena of elliptic polarization by reflexion from certain metallic surfaces; but with reference only to one class of comparative results. From these I have been led to pursue the subject into other relations besides those at first contemplated; but, from various causes, have only been able tat this interval to submit to the results to the Royal Society as a sequel to my former observations. The changes in the degree of ellipticity, investigated in my former paper, correspond to certain changes in the thickness of metallic films . If we now consider the case of reflexion from a simple polished metallic surface , and admit that in this case it may be supposed to take place by the penetration of the ray to a certain minute depth, or to some action of a thin transparent lamina of the metal, then, in like manner, —dependent on the law of metallic retardation, —the effect would vary with a difference in the effective thickness of the lamina, produced by changing the inclination of the incident ray; and that this is the case in general is well known, viz. that as the incidence is increased, the ellipticity increases up to a maximum, which occurs for most metals at an incidence between 70° and 80°, beyond which it decreases up to 90°.

scholarly journals On the elliptic polarization of light by reflexion from metallic surfaces

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 557-557
Keyword(s):  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Elliptic Polarization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law ◽  
Comparative Results ◽  
Polarization Of Light

In a former paper, published in the Philosophical Transactions for 1843, the author gave an account of the observations he had made on the phænomena of elliptic polarization by reflexion from certain metallic surfaces, but with reference only to one class of comparative results. He has since pursued the inquiry into other relations besides those at first contemplated, and the present paper is devoted to the details of these new observations, obtained by va­rying the inclination of the incident rays, and the position of the plane of analysation, and by employing different metals as the re­flecting surfaces. By the application of the undulatory theory of light to the circumstances of the experiments and the resulting phænomena, the law of metallic retardation is made the subject of ana­lytic investigation. A polariscope of peculiar construction, of which a description is given at the conclusion of the paper, was employed in the experiments: and tables are subjoined of the numerical re­sults of the observations.

scholarly journals 2. Memorandum on the Intensity of Reflected Light and Heat

1845 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 254-258
Author(s):  
Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Reflected Light ◽  
Direct Experiment ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reflection Of Light

“At the meeting of the Society on the 4th February, I remarked, on the occasion of Professor Kelland's paper on the Intensity of Reflected Light, that it was almost without a parallel in science, that a quantitative physical law like that of the intensity of the reflection of light at different angles, should have first been divined by the rare sagacity of Fresnel, and confirmed by the very different but elaborate mathematical investigations which Mr Green of Cambridge and Professor Kelland have applied to the subject, whilst scarcely any attempt has been made towards its verification by direct experiment.

scholarly journals III. On the Plane and Angle of Polarization of Light Reflected at the surface of a Crystal

1844 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-65
Author(s):  
P. Kelland
Keyword(s):  
Polarized Light ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Polarization Of Light

The present Memoir is, to a certain extent, a continuation of one which the author presented to the Society in December 1838, and which has since been published in the thirteenth volume of the Transactions. Other motives, however, than the desire of completing the subject, have influenced him in producing the following analysis. A very important point in the hypothetical conditions which Fresnel assumed to hold with respect to polarized light, has, of late, been warmly combated in various quarters. Fresnel supposed that light polarized in a given plane consists of vibrations of such a nature that the motion is perpendicular to that plane. Neumann and other writers contend that the very opposite is the fact. We hope to be able to offer evidence of some little weight in favour of the former view; at the same time we do not pretend to shew the actual impossibility of the truth of the latter.

scholarly journals IV. Comparison of some recently determined refractive indices with theory

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 199-204
Keyword(s):  
General Result ◽  
Dispersive Media ◽  
Refractive Indices ◽  
Numerical Comparison ◽  
Great Problem ◽  
Extensive Range ◽  
Complete Form ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dispersive Power

In a series of papers inserted in the Philosophical Transactions (1835,1836,1837), and afterwards, in a more correct and complete form, in my Treatise ‘On the Undulatory Theory applied to the Di­spersion of Light’ (1841), I endeavoured to investigate the great problem of the explanation of the unequal refrangibility of light on the principles of the undulatory theory, as proposed by M. Cauchy about 1830, by numerical comparison with the indices observed, more especially in cases of the most highly dispersive media then examined. The general result then arrived at was, that while the theory applied perfectly through an extensive range of media of low and moderate dispersive power, it did not apply well to those of higher; and to the highest in the scale (which of course formed the true test of the theory) it did not apply within any allowable limits of accuracy. Since that time little has been done towards prosecuting the subject.

scholarly journals Experimental researches on the elliptic polarization of light

1843 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 394-394
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Polarized Light ◽  
Tabular Form ◽  
Metallic Surfaces ◽  
Analytical Results ◽  
Elliptic Polarization ◽  
Polarization Of Light ◽  
Experimental Researches

This paper contains an experimental investigation of the phenomena of elliptic polarization resulting from the reflexion of polarized light from metallic surfaces, and the theory on which they are explicable; the analytical results being given in a tabular form, and applied to the cases of the experiments themselves.

XIX.—On the Composition of Milk as affected by Increase of the Amount of Calcium Phosphate in the Rations of Cows

1915 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lauder ◽  
T. W. Fagan
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
General Result ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
General Consensus ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Mineral Constituents

The various factors which are supposed to influence the composition of milk have already been the subject of numerous investigations. The general result of these has been to show that within very wide limits the composition of milk is very little affected by the nature of the food supplied. As regards the mineral constituents the results of some of the investigations are rather conflicting, and while there is a general consensus of opinion that the composition and amount of the mineral constituents are independent of the food-supply, certain investigators claim to have been able to increase both the calcium and phosphoric acid in the milk by slight amounts.

On the diathermancy of Antimonite

1903 ◽  
Vol 13 (62) ◽  
pp. 342-347
Author(s):  
A. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Cleavage Surface ◽  
Direct Sunlight ◽  
Orthorhombic System ◽  
Elliptic Polarization ◽  
Polarization Of Light

A determination of the constants of elliptic polarization of light reflected from a fresh cleavage surface of antimonite enabled Professor P. Drude to calculate two of the indices of refraction of this substance as 5.17 and 4.49 respectively. Instead, however, of the symmetry-axes of the crystal, regarded as belonging to the orthorhombic system, coinciding with the principal vibration directions in the plane (010), he found that the latter were inclined to the former lines at angles which varied in different observations between 2.6° and 15.4°. These observations, which indicate that the symmetry of antimonite is of the oblique or anorthie type, stand in opposition to those of Professor O. Mügge, who found that exceedingly thin flakes of antimonite placed between crossed nicols in direct sunlight transmitted sufficient light of a deep red colour to enable him to determine the extinction as straight.

scholarly journals IV. On repulsion resulting from radiation.—Part VI

1879 ◽  
Vol 170 ◽  
pp. 87-134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
General Character ◽  
Experimental Examination ◽  
Present Part ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Residual Gas ◽  
At Will ◽  
Thin Mica

387. Although the general character of the reactions which cause repulsion under the influence of radiation is now understood, much light may he thrown on the subject by an experimental examination of the direction and strength of the lines of pressure inside the case of a radiometer on which light is allowed to fall. Radiation will pass almost unimpeded through a very thin, colourless and transparent substance such as mica, but molecular pressure or stress is arrested by such a body (232). By introducing fixed or movable screens in various parts of the case of a radiometer, the direction of pressure can be determined at will, and its force can be modified in many ways, whilst all the other conditions of the experiment remain unchanged. In the present Part I propose to give the results of a long series of experiments on the action of thin mica screens in modifying the movements of the fly of a radiometer; I shall examine the action of the residual gas, the action of the sides of the glass case, and the applicability of the information so afforded to the construction of instruments of greatly increased sensitiveness for the purposes of research and illustration; and I shall also describe other experiments which have been tried from time to time during the last few years—experiments which at the time were isolated in their bearings, but which now fit into their places.

scholarly journals IV.—On the Amount of Sand brought up by Lobworms to the Surface

1891 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 489-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Davison
Keyword(s):  
General Result ◽  
Charles Darwin ◽  
Short Stay ◽  
The Subject

Ten years ago Charles Darwin published his last work, the result of more than forty years' observations on the habits of earthworms and the rate at which they bring up soil to the surface. To ascertain this rate, he made use of two methods. In the first place he measured the rate at which layers of lime or cinders were covered over by the spread-out castings of worms; and, later, he collected and weighed all the castings thrown up over a definite area within a given time. As is well known, the general result of his investigation was greatly to exalt our ideas of the importance of earthworms and of the work they do upon the surface of the land.The work performed by lobworms on the surface of tidal sands seeming not less worthy of study, I made some observations on the subject during a short stay in Holy Island last August.

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