scholarly journals A description of certain Belemnites, preserved, with a great proportion of their soft parts, in the Oxford clay at Christian Malford, Wilts

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 505-507
Keyword(s):  
Great Proportion ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Compound Shell ◽  
Mineral Substance

The author describes, in the present paper, specimens of Belemnite, discovered in the Oxford-clay at Christian Malford, Wilts, and which are remarkable for the preservation of many of the soft parts of the animal. After alluding to the various opinions promulgated by different authors respecting the nature and affinities of this extinct animal, he adverts more especially to the discovery of the ink-bag of the Belemnite, which was published in the Zoological Transactions, vol. ii., and in the Cyclopaedia of Anatomy and Physiology (Art. Cephalopoda). This discovery led him, on the strength of deductions from the physiological relations of this organ, to remove the Belemnite from the Polythalamacea of De Blainville, and place it in the higher order of the naked Cephalopods. The structure of the shell is next discussed, and the spathose dart, or guard, is proved to be the result of original organization, both by its microscopic structure and by the fact that the chambers of the phragmocone have not been infiltrated by mineral substance in any of the specimens described: the name phragmocone being applied to the chambered and siphonated conical division of the compound shell of the Belemnite; and the term alveolus being restricted, in the present paper, to the socket or cavity at the base of the guard, in which the phragmocone is lodged. A detailed description is given of the sheath of the phragmocone and of the structure of the chambers. The state of preservation of the present specimens has enabled the author to describe the form and extent of the mantle—its continuation over the exterior of the shell, and the arrangement of its muscular fibres. The animal is provided with two lateral fins of a semi-oval figure, which are attached to the middle of the mantle, in advance of the spathose dart.

scholarly journals II.—On the Nomenclature of Saurocephalus lanciformis of the British Cretaceous Deposits: with Description of a New Species (S. Woodwardii)

1878 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 254-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Davies
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
New Species ◽  
The State ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
Natural Size ◽  
Classical Work ◽  
A New Species ◽  
Louis Agassiz ◽  
Cretaceous Deposits

Dr. Mantell, in his classical work, the “Fossils of the South Downs,” figured two large compressed and lanciform teeth preserved in his collection and obtained from the Chalk at Lewes, as respectively the teeth, of an unknown fish and of a species of Squalus. Similar teeth, and from the same collection, were subsequently figured and described by Prof. Louis Agassiz, who, from external characters chiefly, considered them to have belonged to a Sphyrænoid fish, and he referred them to an American species founded by Dr. Harlan upon portions of jaws with teeth in situ found in a Cretaceous deposit in the State of New Jersey, but described by him as remains of a Saurian, and to which he gave the name of Saurocephalus lanciformis. At the time when Agassiz referred these teeth to Harlan's species, and determined their ichthyic character, he had not seen the American fossils; but he states that these conclusions were subsequently confirmed by Prof. Owen's description and drawings of the microscopic structure, and of teeth of the natural size of the Saurocephalus lanciformis, Harl., in his “Odontography,” p. 130, pl. 55. But Prof. Owen's researches were made upon a genuine tooth of the American fossil sent to him by Dr. Harlan, and not upon an English specimen.

SQUEEZING EFFECTS IN THE SUM AND DIFFERENCE OF THE FIELD AMPLITUDE IN THE RAMAN PROCESS

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (25) ◽  
pp. 1261-1276 ◽  
Author(s):  
DILIP KUMAR GIRI ◽  
P. S. GUPTA
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Field Amplitude ◽  
Frequency Mode ◽  
Difference Frequency ◽  
Field Mode ◽  
High Frequency Mode ◽  
Frequency Field ◽  
Raman Process

Sum and difference squeezing of the field amplitude are higher-order squeezing effects. These effects are studied in the Raman process under the short-time approximation based on a fully quantum mechanical approach. It is shown that for uncorrelated modes, the normal squeezing in the sum and difference-frequency field depends on the sum and difference squeezing of input field modes respectively, which can generate normal squeezing in the sum and difference-frequency field mode. All the possibilities for obtaining sum and difference squeezing in two modes and its dependence on squeezing of individual field modes are investigated. We have also shown that if the high-frequency mode is in a coherent state and the low-frequency mode is squeezed, the field state will be difference squeezed if the amplitude of the high-frequency mode is large enough; otherwise the state may or may not be difference squeezed. If both modes are squeezed, then the state may or may not be difference squeezed. These higher-order squeezing effects are useful in the production of squeezing in the Raman process.

scholarly journals Higher-order learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Evdokimov ◽  
Umberto Garfagnini
Keyword(s):  
Public Information ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Base Rate ◽  
The State ◽  
Base Rate Neglect ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Unknown State ◽  
The World ◽  
Higher Order Learning

AbstractWe design a novel experiment to study how subjects update their beliefs about the beliefs of others. Three players receive sequential signals about an unknown state of the world. Player 1 reports her beliefs about the state; Player 2 simultaneously reports her beliefs about the beliefs of Player 1; Player 3 simultaneously reports her beliefs about the beliefs of Player 2. We say that beliefs exhibit higher-order learning if the beliefs of Player k about the beliefs of Player $$k-1$$ k - 1 become more accurate as more signals are observed. We find that some of the predicted dynamics of higher-order beliefs are reflected in the data; in particular, higher-order beliefs are updated more slowly with private than public information. However, higher-order learning fails even after a large number of signals is observed. We argue that this result is driven by base-rate neglect, heterogeneity in updating processes, and subjects’ failure to correctly take learning rules of others into account.

scholarly journals Multi-Agent Abstract Argumentation Frameworks With Incomplete Knowledge of Attacks

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Herzig ◽  
Antonio Yuste Ginel
Keyword(s):  
Epistemic Logic ◽  
Partial Information ◽  
Common Knowledge ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Dynamic Epistemic Logic ◽  
Second Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Incomplete Knowledge ◽  
Abstract Argumentation ◽  
Multi Agent

We introduce a multi-agent, dynamic extension of abstract argumentation frameworks (AFs), strongly inspired by epistemic logic, where agents have only partial information about the conflicts between arguments. These frameworks can be used to model a variety of situations. For instance, those in which agents have bounded logical resources and therefore fail to spot some of the actual attacks, or those where some arguments are not explicitly and fully stated (enthymematic argumentation). Moreover, we include second-order knowledge and common knowledge of the attack relation in our structures (where the latter accounts for the state of the debate), so as to reason about different kinds of persuasion and about strategic features. This version of multi-agent AFs, as well as their updates with public announcements of attacks (more concretely, the effects of these updates on the acceptability of an argument) can be described using S5-PAL, a well-known dynamic-epistemic logic. We also discuss how to extend our proposal to capture arbitrary higher-order attitudes and uncertainty.

scholarly journals CONTRAST SENSITIVITY AS A METHOD OF EARLY DETECTION OF REFRACTIVE DISORDERS OF SCHOOLCHILDREN OF VARIOUS AGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (3) ◽  
pp. 39-47
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Plyska ◽  
Larisa Kharchenko ◽  
Mykhailo Hrusha ◽  
Irina Kondratok ◽  
Igor Shkrobanets
Keyword(s):  
Contrast Sensitivity ◽  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Adaptive System ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
The State ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Clinically Significant

The aim of the study was to correlate the state of the refractive and adaptive systems and indicators of contrast sensitivity of schoolchildren of different age groups. The scheme of age periodization of a person, which takes into account anatomical, physiological and social factors, is used in the work. Visual acuity has been studied using GolovinSivtsev Tables. Contrast optotype tables have been used to determine contrast sensitivity. It is established that with age there is an increase in the frequency of clinically significant cases of myopia in both girls and boys. The frequency of its detection (33.74%; n = 251) in schoolchildren who participated in our study is almost twice as high as frequency of detection of hyperopia (17.20%; n = 128). The general trends in the deterioration of contrast sensitivity generally corresponded to changes in the state of the refractory apparatus in groups of female and male schoolchildren and were identical in nature. It has been found that the group of persons with index of contrast sensitivity in the range of 0–2 includes 73.04% of the total number of females and 72.0% of the total number of males belonging to different age groups in which the refractive error was found. Thus, there is a statistically significant increase in the frequency of clinically significant cases of deterioration of the refractive and adaptive system during the transition among female and male schoolchildren from younger to older age groups. At the same time with age there is an increase in the number of hyperopia in girls without such a trend in boys. A similar trend has been found in these age groups of schoolchildren in the analysis of the state of contrast sensitivity of vision using a table of contrast optotypes. The similarity of trends in the increase in the frequency of clinically significant cases of disorders of contrast sensitivity and refractive and adaptive system suggests that tables of contrast optotypes can be used as an early method of preclinical diagnosis of refractive errors in school-aged children. In this case, the study of contrast sensitivity of schoolchildren can be conducted by teachers, nurses during lessons on human anatomy and physiology, physics, ecology using a screening method. At the same time, the issues of application of this technique by teachers remain uncertain with which it is possible to easily and quickly investigate and assess the functional state of students’ visual analyzer.

scholarly journals Lagrangian for Circuits with Higher-Order Elements

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdenek Biolek ◽  
Dalibor Biolek ◽  
Viera Biolkova
Keyword(s):  
Variational Principle ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Even Order ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
State Functions

The necessary and sufficient conditions of the validity of Hamilton’s variational principle for circuits consisting of (α,β) elements from Chua’s periodical table are derived. It is shown that the principle holds if and only if all the circuit elements lie on the so-called Σ-diagonal with a constant sum of the indices α and β. In this case, the Lagrangian is the sum of the state functions of the elements of the L or +R types minus the sum of the state functions of the elements of the C or −R types. The equations of motion generated by this Lagrangian are always of even-order. If all the elements are linear, the equations of motion contain only even-order derivatives of the independent variable. Conclusions are illustrated on an example of the synthesis of the Pais–Uhlenbeck oscillator via the elements from Chua’s table.

scholarly journals Theoretical foundations of the institutional support for the innovative development of tourist sports and entertainment destinations

2021 ◽  
Vol 291 ◽  
pp. 06005
Author(s):  
Ksenia Derevianko ◽  
Irina Obraztsova ◽  
Victoria Orlovskaya ◽  
Inga Filippova
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Support ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Innovative Development ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The article examines the essence of tourism and sports as independent socio-economic systems and as subsystems of a higher order - the economy of the state, and on this basis, the authors’ concept of institutional approaches to the formation of the system structures of organizational and economic models of their development is proposed, taking into account the sectoral clustering in the creation of tourist sports and entertainment destinations and recreational complexes.

scholarly journals Substantive Conditions of Adoption Regarding the Adopting Person or Family

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 205-210
Author(s):  
Cristian-Sorin Stănciulescu ◽  
Paul-Augustin Puşcaş
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
General Principle ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Phenomenon

Abstract This article analyzes the substantive conditions imposed by the Romanian legislator on persons wishing to adopt, the legal circumstances considered to be essential and indispensable for a person or a family to be able to adopt. From a historical point of view, the adoption has been permanently subject to conditions, imposed by the interests of the child without parental protection, of the state or of a logic common sense. The existence of conditions regarding the situation, attributes or aptitudes of the adopter does not contradict the general principle of non-discrimination, recognized and guaranteed by both national and international law. The regulation of restrictions on the possibility of adoption does not amount to discrimination against any citizen, as long as such restrictions or conditions are motivated by interests of a higher order than private ones and apply to all persons in a certain situation. Adoption is a complex social phenomenon due to the emotional implications on those involved in this process.

scholarly journals PR_22_0642603_Chipscale_NLO

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shayan Mookherjee
Keyword(s):  
Signal Processing ◽  
Nonlinear Optics ◽  
Quantum Optics ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Optical Signal Processing ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Optical Signal ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Disorder Effects

Multi-microresonator photonic circuits can improve the conversion efficiency of nonlinear optics, realize higher-order, implement programmable filters, and other advances in optical signal processing. However, such structures are challenging to realize in practice. Through a deeper understanding of disorder effects in photonics, we have greatly advanced the state-of-the-art in CROW structures and their applications in linear, nonlinear and quantum optics.

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