scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity. Twenty-fifth series. On the magnetic and diamagnetic condition of bodies

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 995-997
Keyword(s):  
Physical Condition ◽  
Internal Surface ◽  
The Other ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
The One ◽  
Magnetic Poles ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
Different Gases ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

As the author could find no polarity in diamagnetic bodies when under magnetic influence (a result described in the 23rd Series of these Researches), he endeavoured to discover some other physical condition of them, and of magnetic bodies, by which he might obtain an insight into their respective natures, and establish the true place of the magnetic zero; and considering the power with which a magnetic body moves, or tends to move, from weaker to stronger places of action, and that of a diamagnetic body to pass from stronger to weaker places of action, he hoped to obtain some results of condensation with the first class, and of expansion with the second, when they were subjected to very strong magnetic action; the respective bodies being selected from the class of gaseous substances, in which change of volume can be easily produced and measured. In the first place, therefore, a ray of light was passed over the surface of powerful magnetic poles surrounded by different gases, and the place of its source carefully examined by telescopes, micrometers, and other means, to ascertain whether the layer of air in contact with the poles was affected in its refracting force; but though the experiment was made in oxygen, nitrogen, and other gases, not the slightest effect was visible. Resigning this process, therefore, two air-tight chambers were made, in which the magnetic poles formed the chief part of the internal surface of the chamber. The one was formed by bringing the flat ends of the two poles to within 1/60th of an inch of each other, with a frame all round to form the sides; and the other by cutting away the central parts of an iron cylinder so as to give it the form of an hour-glass, and then enclosing that part by an air-tight copper tube. Cocks were attached to these chambers for the introduction and removal of gases, and for the application of gauges, which were able to indicate a change of volume equal to the part of the contents of the chamber. When any given gas was introduced into the chamber, and the latter then placed between the poles of the electro-magnet, any possible alteration of volume would be shown by the gauge as soon as the magnet was rendered active; but whatever gas was employed, or whatever power of magnet used, not the slightest change was produced.

scholarly journals Experimental researches in electricity. Twenty-sixth series. On magnetic conducting power and atmospheric magnetism

1851 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 998-1000
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Differential Effect ◽  
Magnetic Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
Parallel Lines ◽  
Magnetic Action ◽  
Magnetic Poles ◽  
Experimental Researches ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Two Bodies

The remarkable results respecting oxygen and nitrogen described in the last Series, and the absence of any change of volume under strong magnetic action, led the author to apply for a time the idea of conducting power to the magnetic phenomena there described, meaning by that phrase the capability which bodies possess of affecting the transmission of the magnetic force without any reference to the process by which that transmission is effected; and assuming that two bodies are at the same time in the magnetic field, and that one displaces the other, he considers the result as a differential effect of their difference in conducting power. If a free portion of space be considered with lines of equal magnetic force passing across it, they will be straight and parallel lines. If a sphere of paramagnetic matter be placed in such a space, they will gather upon and in the sphere, being no longer parallel in their course, nor of equal intensity in every part; or if a sphere of diamagnetic matter replace the former sphere, the lines of force will open out where the sphere is, being again no longer parallel in direction nor uniform in force. When the field of magnetic force is formed between the opposite flat ends of two large magnetic poles, then these are affected, and the globes also, and there are mutual actions; a paramagnetic body, if a little elongated, points axially and tends to go to the iron walls of the field, whilst a similar diamagnetic body points equatorially, and tends to go to the middle of the field. Paramagnetic bodies repel each other, and so also do diamagnetic bodies; but one of each class being taken, they attract one another.

Marx, Silk Poems, and the Pretext of Qualities

2020 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-126
Author(s):  
Kathryn Crim
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Use Value ◽  
Working Day ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Karl Marx’s comments on silk manufacture in “The Working Day” chapter of Capital, volume 1, demonstrate how “quality”—usually associated with “use value”—has been mobilized by capital to naturalize industrialized labor. Putting his insight into conversation with a recent multimedia poetic project, Jen Bervin’s Silk Poems (2016–17), this essay examines the homology between, on the one hand, poetry’s avowed task of fitting form to content and, on the other, the ideology of labor that fits specific bodies to certain materials and tasks.

Recent progress in the freeze-etching technique

1971 ◽  
Vol 261 (837) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
High Vacuum ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Etching Technique ◽  
Structural Distortions ◽  
Shadow Casting ◽  
Structural Details ◽  
Freeze Etching ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

The freeze-etching technique must be improved if structures at the molecular size level are to be seen. The limitations of the technique are discussed here together with the progress made in alleviating them. The vitrification of living specimens is limited by the fact that very high freezing rates are needed. The critical freezing rate can be lowered on the one hand by the introduction of antifreeze agents, on the other hand by the application of high hydrostatic pressure. The fracture process may cause structural distortions in the fracture face of the frozen specimen. The ‘double-replica’ method allows one to evaluate such artefacts and provides an insight into the way that membranes split. During etching there exists the danger of contaminating the fracture faces with condensable gases. Because of specimen temperatures below —110 °C, special care has to be taken in eliminating water vapour from the high vacuum. An improvement in coating freeze-etched specimens has resulted from the application of electron guns for evaporation of the highest melting-point metals. If heat transfer from gun to specimen is reduced to a minimum, Pt, Ir, Ta, W and C can be used for shadow casting. Best results are obtained with Pt-C and Ta-W . With the help of decoration effects Pt-C shadow castings give the most information about the fine structural details of the specimen.

Hegel’s Account of Christianity and Religious Alienation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Jon Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Religion ◽  
The Other ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

In his Lectures on the Philosophy of Religion, Hegel argues that the development of the religions of the world leads up to and culminates in Christianity, which is the one true religion. One key element which separates Christianity from the other religions, according to Hegel, concerns the issue of alienation. He argues that the previous religions all contain some form of alienation, which can be found in their conceptions of the divine. In this paper, I wish to examine Hegel’s view that Christianity alone overcomes religious alienation. What is it that makes Christianity so special in this regard? This is a particularly important issue given that the question of alienation is so central in the post-Hegelian thinkers such as Feuerbach, Bauer, and Marx, who all insist that, far from overcoming alienation, Christianity is guilty of causing it. I wish to argue that this issue provides new insight into the old criticism of Hegel as a thinker of abstraction.

Dziedzictwo dawnej Rzeczypospolitej w języku pierwszego polskiego przekładu poematu „Metai” Kristijonasa Donelaitisa

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-400
Author(s):  
Jolanta Mędelska
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Journalism ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Influence Of Substrate ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

The author analysed the language of the first Polish translation of the eighteenth-century poem “Metai” [The Seasons] by Kristijonas Donelaitis, a Lithuanian Lutheran pastor. The translation was made in 1933 by a socialist activist and close associate of Józef Piłsudski, Kazimierz Pietkiewicz. The analysis showed that the language of the translation is peculiar. On the one hand, this peculiarity consists in refraining from archaizing the translation and the use of elements that are close to the translator’s style of social-political journalism (e.g., dorobkiewicz [vulgarian], feministka [feminist]), on the other hand, the presence at all levels of language of peculiarities characteristic for Kresy Polish language in both its territorial variations. These are generally old features of common Polish, the retention of which in the eastern areas of the Polish Rzeczpospolita was supported by the influence of substrate languages, later also Russian, or by borrowing. This layer was natural in the language of the translator, born in Ukraine, who spent part of his life in Vilnius, some in exile in Russia. This is the colourful linguistic heritage of the former Republic of Poland.

scholarly journals Applying Corpus Data to Define Needs in Web Localization Training

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 998-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel ángel Jiménez-Crespo ◽  
Maribel Tercedor
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Research ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrastive Study ◽  
Learner Corpus ◽  
Text Types ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
University Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Insight Into

Localization is increasingly making its way into translation training programs at university level. However, there is still a scarce amount of empirical research addressing issues such as defining localization in relation to translation, what localization competence entails or how to best incorporate intercultural differences between digital genres, text types and conventions, among other aspects. In this paper, we propose a foundation for the study of localization competence based upon previous research on translation competence. This project was developed following an empirical corpus-based contrastive study of student translations (learner corpus), combined with data from a comparable corpus made up of an original Spanish corpus and a Spanish localized corpus. The objective of the study is to identify differences in production between digital texts localized by students and professionals on the one hand, and original texts on the other. This contrastive study allows us to gain insight into how localization competence interrelates with the superordinate concept of translation competence, thus shedding light on which aspects need to be addressed during localization training in university translation programs.

6. Arrangement of the Metals in an Electro-Frictional Scale

1884 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 412-432
Author(s):  
A. Macfarlane
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
The One ◽  
Voltaic Cell ◽  
Made In

While, in recent years, the progress of the science of electricity has been very rapid, few investigations have been made in the old province of frictional electricity. It cannot be doubted, however, that the laws connecting electricity with friction, and with the nature of the substances rubbed, are of great importance; and the acquisition of more detailed knowledge in this department may throw some light on the still imperfect theory of the voltaic cell. Several electricians have expressed an opinion that the development of electricity by friction is only a modification of the development of electricity by contact–that friction is contact in which the number of points which come together is increased by sliding the one substance over the other. But whether friction is a form of contact, or contact a form of friction, or the two co-ordinate to one another, it is interesting to inquire whether the metals can be arranged in an electro-frictional series similar to the electro-contact series; and if so, to observe the relation of the former to the latter.

Would You Like Some World Music with your Latte? Starbucks, Putumayo, and Distributed Tourism

2004 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANAHID KASSABIAN
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Public Spaces ◽  
World Music ◽  
The Other ◽  
Retail Stores ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
The One ◽  
Coffee Shops ◽  
Insight Into

Through an examination of the labels Hear Music and Putumayo and their place in coffee shops and retail stores on the one hand, and of world music scholarship on the other, I argue that listening to world music in public spaces demands new theoretical perspectives. The kinds of tourism that take place in listening to world music inattentively suggest a kind of bi-location. Borrowing from quantum mechanics, I suggest that the term ‘entanglement’ might offer some insight into this bi-location and the ‘distributed tourism’ that I argue is taking place.

scholarly journals Geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 358-367
Author(s):  
Nikolai V. Belenov
Keyword(s):  
Original Composition ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
The Other ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
The One ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
First Time ◽  
Source Materials ◽  
Made In

Introduction. The article presents the results of research of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect, one of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara region, common among Erzya population of Shilan village in Krasnoyarsk region. The dialect belongs to rare Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region that were formed in the region since the middle of the XIX century, and therefore its research is of extra interest. Materials and Methods. The research methods are determined by the purpose and objectives of the study. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect is carried out with the involvement of relevant items made in other Mordovian dialects of Samara region, adjacent territories of neighboring regions, as well as other territories of settlement of the Mordovians. Data on geographical vocabulary of the dialect introduced into research for the first time. The main source materials for the article is based on field studies in Silane village during the field seasons in 2017 and 2020, as well as in other Erzya-Mordovian and Moksha-Mordovian villages of Samara region and adjacent territories in 2015 – 2020. Results and Discussion. The study showed that the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect of the Erzya-Mordovian language is significantly different from the corresponding lexical clusters in other dialects of the Mordovian region, which can be explained by natural geographical conditions surrounding Shilan village and the original composition of this lexical cluster of Erzya immigrants who founded this village. Conclusion. The analysis of the geographical vocabulary of the Shilan dialect allowed, on the one hand, to identify specific features of this cluster that distinguish it from the corresponding materials of other Mordovian dialects of the region, and, on the other hand, to identify common isoglosses between it and a number of the Erzya-Mordovian dialects of the Samara Volga region.

Responsibility, Freedom and Determinism

Philosophy ◽  
1938 ◽  
Vol 13 (51) ◽  
pp. 276-287
Author(s):  
John Bourke
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Original Question ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

There may in general be said to be two ways in which progress may be made in the understanding and towards the solution of a problem. The one is that of the continual development of it in the form originally given to it, by confirming this and rejecting that point in the light of fresh evidence, by clarification of concepts, and by detecting and resolving ambiguities and inconsistencies. Here it is assumed that the standpoint from which the problem has been approached is relevant and adequate. The other is entered upon when an “impasse” has been reached which can only be avoided by the realization that the original question was asked in a way which was either partially or wholly false or misleading. This is the more radical way of partial or total reformulation of the problem to be solved.

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