scholarly journals XV. On the influence of atmospheric pressure upon some of the phenomena of combustion

1862 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 366-372 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Atmospheric Air

The author has concluded his experiments upon this subject ; and, in addition to the details of the results which have already been briefly mentioned in the ‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society’, com­municates the following :— Although the rate of burning of candles and other similar combustibles, whose flames depend upon the volatilization and ignition of combustible matter in contact with atmospheric air, is not per­ceptibly affected by the pressure of the supporting medium, yet this is not true of all combustibles.

scholarly journals On a new method of determining the vapour pressures of solutions

1898 ◽  
Vol 62 (379-387) ◽  
pp. 376-385 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
New Method ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Full Account ◽  
Boiling Points ◽  
Previous Occasion

On a previous occasion I gave some boiling points of salt solutions under atmospheric pressure. As the dimensions of that abstract made a full account of the experimental method impossible, I have been given this opportunity, by the courtesy of the Council of the Royal Society, of describing the apparatus and procedure by which those results were obtained.

A reevaluation of the atmospheric pressure dependence of secondary cosmic-ray neutrons in the context of Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jannis Weimar ◽  
Paul Schattan ◽  
Martin Schrön ◽  
Markus Köhli ◽  
Rebecca Gugerli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmic Rays ◽  
Hydrogen Content ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Galactic Cosmic Rays ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Neutron Intensity ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Primary Cosmic Rays

<p><span>Secondary cosmic-ray neutrons may be effectively used as a proxy for environmental hydrogen content at the hectare scale. These neutrons are generated mostly in the upper layers of the atmosphere within particle showers induced by galactic cosmic rays and other secondary particles. Below 15 km altitude their intensity declines as primary cosmic rays become less abundant and the generated neutrons are attenuated by the atmospheric air. At the earth surface, the intensity of secondary cosmic-ray neutrons heavily depends on their attenuation within the atmosphere, i.e. the amount of air the neutrons and their precursors pass through. Local atmospheric pressure measurements present an effective means to account for the varying neutron attenuation potential of the atmospheric air column above the neutron sensor. Pressure variations possess the second largest impact on the above-ground epithermal neutron intensity. Thus, using epithermal neutrons to infer environmental hydrogen content requires precise knowledge on how to correct for atmospheric pressure changes.</span></p><p><span>We conducted several short-term field experiments in saturated environments and at different altitudes, i.e. different pressure states to observe the neutron intensity pressure relation over a wide range of pressure values. Moreover, we used long-term measurements above glaciers in order to monitor the local dependence of neutron intensities and pressure in a pressure range typically found in Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing. The results are presented along with a broad Monte Carlo simulation campaign using MCNP 6. In these simulations, primary cosmic rays are released above the earth atmosphere at different cut-off rigidities capturing the whole evolution of cosmic-ray neutrons from generation to attenuation and annihilation. The simulated and experimentally derived pressure relation of cosmic-ray neutrons is compared to those of similar studies and assessed in the light of an appropriate atmospheric pressure correction for Cosmic-Ray Neutron Sensing.</span></p>

scholarly journals Selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural into 2,5-diformylfuran over VPO catalysts under atmospheric pressure

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (25) ◽  
pp. 14242-14246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinhua Lai ◽  
Kai Liu ◽  
Shuolin Zhou ◽  
Du Zhang ◽  
Xianxiang Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Oxidation ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Air Pressure ◽  
Vanadium Phosphate ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Vpo Catalysts

Vanadium phosphate oxide (VPO) heterogeneous catalysts with different V/P molar ratios were prepared. VPO exhibited highly selective oxidation of HMF. The highest DFF yield of 83.6% was obtained under atmospheric air pressure.

scholarly journals VIII.—Note as to the Dynamical Equivalent of Temperature in Liquid Water, and the Specific Heat of Atmospheric Air and Steam, being a Supplement to a Paper On the Mechanical Action of Heat

1853 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-193
Author(s):  
William John Macquorn Rankine
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Specific Heat ◽  
Liquid Water ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Constant Pressure ◽  
Mechanical Action ◽  
Numerical Results ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Apparent Specific Heat

(33*.) In my paper on the Mechanical Action of Heat, published in the 1st Part of the 20th Volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, some of the numerical results depend upon the dynamical equivalent of a degree of temperature in liquid water. The value of that quantity which I then used, was calculated from the experiments of De la Roche and Bérard on the apparent specific heat of atmospheric air under constant pressure, as compared with liquid water.The experiments of Mr Joule on the production of heat by friction, give, for the specific heat of liquid water, an equivalent about one-ninth part greater than that which is determined from those of De la Roche and Bérard. I was formerly disposed to ascribe this discrepancy in a great measure to the smallness of the differences of temperature measured by Mr Joule, and to unknown causes of loss of power in his apparatus, such as the production of sound and of electricity; but, subsequently to the publication of my paper, I have seen the detailed account of Mr Joule's last experiments in the Philosophical Transactions for 1850, which has convinced me, that the uncertainty arising from the smallness of the elevations of temperature, is removed by the multitude of experiments (being forty on water, fifty on mercury, and twenty on cast iron); that the agreement amongst the results from substances so different, shews that the error by unknown losses of power is insensible, or nearly so; and that the necessary conclusion is, that the dynamical value assigned by Mr Joule to the specific heat of liquid water, viz.:—772 feet per degree of Fahrenheit, does not err by more than two or at the utmost, three feet; and therefore, that the discrepancy originates chiefly in the experiments of De la Roche and Bérard.

scholarly journals XXVII. The Bakerian Lecture.-On radiant matter spectroscopy: The detection and wide distribution of Yttrium

1883 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
pp. 891-918 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Induction Coil ◽  
Great Intensity ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Negative Pole ◽  
Dark Space ◽  
Residual Gas ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Appearance Changes

In March, 1881, I sent to the Royal Society a preliminary notice of some results I had obtained when working on the molecular discharge in high vacua. When the spark from a good induction coil traverses a tube having a flat aluminium pole at each end, the appearance changes according to the degree of exhaustion. Supposing atmospheric air to be the gas under exhaustion, at a pressure of about 7 millims. a narrow black space is seen to separate the luminous glow and the aluminium pole connected with the negative pole of the induction coil. As the exhaustion proceeds this dark space increases in thickness, until, at a pressure of about 0.02 millim. (between 20 and 30M.), the dark space has swollen out till it nearly fills the tube. The luminous cloud showing the presence of residual gas has almost disappeared, and the molecular discharge from the negative pole begins to excite phosphorescence on the glass where it strikes the side. There is great difference in the degree of exhaustion at which various substances begin to phosphoresce. Some refuse to glow until the exhaustion is so great that the vacuum is nearly non-conducting, whilst others begin to become luminous when the gauge is 5 or 10 millims. below the barometric level. The majority of bodies, however, do not phosphoresce till they are well within the negative dark space. This phosphorogenic phenomenon is at its maximum at about 1M., and, unless otherwise stated, the experiments now about to be described were all tried at this high degree of exhaustion. Under the influence of this discharge, which I have ventured to call radiant matter, a large number of substances emit phosphorescent light, some faintly and others with great intensity. On examining the emitted light in the spectroscope most bodies give a faint continuous spectrum, with a more or less decided concentration in one part of the spectrum, the superficial colour of the phosphorescing substance being governed by this preponderating emission in one or other part of the spectrum.

scholarly journals Dutch Skies, Global Laws

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Achbari ◽  
F. van Lunteren
Keyword(s):  
Wind Direction ◽  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
Local Rule ◽  
Rule Of Thumb ◽  
The World ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Current

This essay examines the transformation of a local rule of thumb into a widely acknowledged meteorological law, generally known as Buys Ballot’s law. This law relates wind direction to atmospheric pressure. From 1857 to 1867, Christophorus Buys Ballot (1817–1890) actively lobbied in the international arena for his wind rule, which he regarded as a promising basis for a system of storm warnings. At the same time he was reluctant to generalize his rule beyond the Dutch boundaries or to make strong claims about its predictive nature. Initially he failed to interest foreign meteorologists in his work, partly because of a widespread scepticism with regard to meteorological predictions, and partly because some of his foreign colleagues favored competing theories. One of his main rivals in this respect was Robert Fitzroy, director of the British Meteorological Office, who had set up his own warning system. This practice provoked the wrath of the Royal Society, as its members regarded Fitzroy’s theories and the resulting predictions as unscientific. After his death the Society took the British Meteorological Office under its control and abolished the practice of storm warnings. The resulting wave of protests from people who felt they had benefitted from the warnings landed the Society in an awkward predicament. The warnings could only be reintroduced without losing face if they had a “scientific” basis, and therefore finding a sound basis for storm predictions became a matter of urgency. At last Buys Ballot found a willing ear for his campaign. A rapid verification of his wind rule in Britain sufficed for the introduction of the unprecedented expression “Buys Ballot’s law” in the Royal Society reports. From these authoritative reports the designation rapidly spread all over the world, thus becoming a current expression.

scholarly journals XI. Experimental researches on the movement of atmospheric air in tubes

1856 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 466-475
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Cylindrical Tube ◽  
Vertical Tube ◽  
The Other ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Open Atmosphere ◽  
Experimental Researches

In the year 1847, the author of this paper made numerous experiments for the purpose of ascertaining what are the conditions under which atmospheric air is placed with regard to motion or rest, when within a vertical tube having one extremity communicating within the interior of a building, and the other in the open atmosphere. The paper now submitted to the Royal Society contains the results of investigations undertaken in the year 1853 and continued to the present time, to ascertain whether the ordinary state of atmospheric air contained in a vertical cylindrical tube, open at both ends, and placed in the still atmosphere of a closed room, is one of rest or of motion; and if of motion, to investigate the influences of certain changes in the condition of the atmosphere which either produce, promote, retard, or arrest the movement.

scholarly journals III. On the chemical phenomena of human respiration while air is being re-breathed in a closed vessel

1891 ◽  
Vol 49 (296-301) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Carbonic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Closed Vessel ◽  
Human Respiration ◽  
Series Of Experiments

In June, 1889, I had the honour of communicating a paper to the Royal Society, which appeared subsequently in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1890. In this paper it was shown that the volumes of air breathed to form in the body and expire a given weight of carbonic acid exhibited a distinct tendency to fall with a local subsidence of atmospheric pressure, and vice versã . Since then an additional series of experiments, to which my present assistant, Mr. E. Russell, kindly submitted, confirmed this result. Fifteen experiments were made from 0 to 2 hours after a meal, and fifteen also from 2 to 4 hours after a meal.

scholarly journals On the spectrum of the more volatile gases of atmospheric air, which are not condensed at the temperature of liquid hydrogen.—Preliminary notice

1901 ◽  
Vol 67 (435-441) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Pressure ◽  
Low Pressure ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Royal Institution

In August last some tubes were filled at low pressure by an im­proved process with the more volatile gases of the atmosphere.* The air was liquefied directly from that above the roof of the Royal Institution by contact at atmospheric pressure with the walls of a vessel cooled below - 200° C. When about 200 c. c. of liquid had condensed, communication with the outer air was closed by a stop­ cock.

William Brownrigg's papers on fire-damps

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie Tomory
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Heterogeneous Mixture ◽  
Gaseous State ◽  
Atmospheric Air ◽  
Elastic Fluid ◽  
State Of Matter ◽  
Elastic Fluids

In 1741–42, William Brownrigg prepared five papers on fire-damps for the Royal Society in which he articulated a theory of a gaseous state of matter, argued that different sorts of elastic fluid existed, and claimed that atmospheric air was a heterogeneous mixture of various elastic fluids with different properties that had only their elasticity in common. Although these papers were never published, there is a strong possibility that they influenced the later development of pneumatic chemistry, because Henry Cavendish was very probably aware of a good portion of their contents.

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