XIV. [Letter regarding the paper 'Diurnal variations of the wind and barometric pressure' by F. Chambers]

1879 ◽  
Vol 29 (196-199) ◽  
pp. 376-376
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Winter Half ◽  
Astronomical Time ◽  
The Hours

Dear Sir, I regret that in my paper on the “Diurnal Variations of the Wind and Barometric Pressure,” published in vol. xxv, p. 402, of the “Proceedings of the Royal Society,” I have inadvertently referred the Bermuda wind observations to civil time instead of to astronomical time. The correction of this error shows that the variation of the values of the hourly inequalities of the wind components at Bermuda is very much less during the hours when the sun is above the horizon than during, those when he is below it, especially in the winter half year.

scholarly journals The lunar and solar diurnal variations of water-level in a well at Kew observatory, Richmond

1918 ◽  
Vol 94 (663) ◽  
pp. 476-478
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Nearest Point ◽  
Similar Relation ◽  
Short Period ◽  
The Mean

In a paper communicated to the Royal Meteorological Society, it was shown that the experimental well at Kew Observatory responded to the lunar fortnightly oscillation of mean level in the River Thames, which is 300 yards from the Observatory at its nearest point. The sensitiveness of the water-level to barometric pressure has also been investigated, and the results have been given in a paper recently read before the Royal Society. The present paper deals with the effects of the short-period tides in the solar and lunar series, S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , S 4 , and M 1 , M 2 , M 3 , M 4 . Two-hourly measurements, both in lunar and solar time, were made on the traces obtained during the first two years, August, 1914-August, 1916, omitting days of very irregular movement. Monthly mean inequalities were then computed. Well marked solar and lunar diurnal variations were found in each month, taking the form of double oscillations with two maxima and two minima during the 24 hours. The range of movement was in each case found to be highly associated with the mean height of the water in the well, the correlation coefficients being 0·89 (lunar) and 0·90 (solar). A similar relation had been previously found to exist in the case of barometric pressure.

scholarly journals II. The diurnal variations of the wind and barometric pressure

1877 ◽  
Vol 25 (171-178) ◽  
pp. 402-411
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Self ◽  
Diurnal Wind ◽  
Wind Currents ◽  
Remarkable Manner

In a paper which was read before the Royal Society in 1873, and which was honoured with a place in the 'Philosophical Transactions' of that year, I discussed the diurnal variations of the wind and barometric pressure at Bombay, and deduced therefrom the fact that a system of diurnal wind-currents moves synchronally with the diurnal variation of barometric pressure. Reasons, were given for believing that that system of diurnal wind-currents is a universal phenomenon; and on that hypothesis I showed how the diurnal variations of the barometer could be explained as a result of those currents. I have lately examined closely the “Discussion of the Anemometrical Results furnished by the self-recording Anemometer at Bermuda,” which forms Appendix II. of the ‘Quarterly Weather-Report of the Meteorological Office, London,’ July to September 1872. Those results support the conclusions arrived at in my former paper in such a remarkable manner as to justify the readvancement of some of them in a form which will prominently exhibit their relation to the diurnal variation of the barometer.

XIV. On the meteorological observations made at the apartments of Royal Society during the years 1827, 1828, and 1829

1831 ◽  
Vol 121 ◽  
pp. 223-230
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Meteorological Observations

The phenomena which principally deserve attention connected with the science of meteorology, are: 1. The annual and diurnal variations of the barometer and thermometer, due to the action of the sun.

Time and The Royal Society

2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-27
Author(s):  
A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Frequency Standard ◽  
National Physical Laboratory ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Physical Laboratory ◽  
Astronomical Time ◽  
Rotation Of The Earth ◽  
Lord Kelvin ◽  
Atomic Time

Fellows of The Royal Society have been concerned with the definition and measurement of time from the first days of the Society. John Flamsteed, F.R.S., ‘Royal Astronomer’, showed that the rotation of the Earth was isochronous and that the length of the solar day varied with the season because the path of the Earth about the Sun was an ellipse inclined to the Equator of the Earth. In the 20th century, D.W. Dye, F.R.S., made quartz oscillators that replaced mechanical clocks, and L. Essen, F.R.S., brought into use at the National Physical Laboratory the first caesium beam frequency standard and advocated that atomic time should replace astronomical time as the standard. The Society supported the development of chronometers for use at sea to determine longitude, and Fellows used the electric telegraph to find longitude in India. Edmond Halley, F.R.S., estimated the age of the Earth from the saltiness of lakes and seas; Lord Kelvin, F.R.S., estimated the rate at which energy was being radiated from the Sun; and Lord Rutherford, F.R.S., showed how the ages of rocks and of the Earth could be found from decay of radioactive minerals in them.

scholarly journals X. Note on the lunar-diurnal variation of magnetic declination

1868 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 59-60
Keyword(s):  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Magnetic Equator ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Magnetic Declination ◽  
Royal Society Of London

I received late last night No. 91 of the Proceedings of the Royal Society, and desire to offer the following remarks on the abstract of a paper by Mr. Neumayer which I find therein (vol. xv. p. 414). Mr. Neumayer is evidently unacquainted with the Note by me, read to the Royal Society of London in 1861 (Proc. Roy. Soc. vol. x. p. 475), in which I stated as result of the discussions of five years’ observations at Trevandrum (near the magnetic equator) that the lunar-diurnal variation of magnetic declination became inverted, like the solar-diurnal variation, when the sun passed from one hemisphere to the other, both the solar- and lunar-diurnal variations depending on the position of the sun.

scholarly journals Improving Langley calibrations by reducing diurnal variations of aerosol Ångström parameters

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 6479-6492
Author(s):  
A. Kreuter ◽  
S. Wuttke ◽  
M. Blumthaler
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Aerosol Optical Depth ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Calibration Constant ◽  
Solar Noon ◽  
Sun Photometer ◽  
Photometer Calibration

Abstract. Errors in the sun photometer calibration constant lead to artificial diurnal variations, symmetric around solar noon, of the retrieved Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and the associated Ångström exponent α and its curvature γ. We show in simulations that within the uncertainty of state-of-the-art Langley calibrations, these diurnal variations of α and γ can be significant in low AOD conditions, while those of AOD are negligible. We implement a weighted Monte-Carlo method of finding an improved calibration constant by minimizing the diurnal variations in α and γ and apply the method to sun photometer data of a clear day in Innsbruck, Austria. The results show that our method can be used to improve the calibrations in two of the four wavelength channels by up to a factor of 3.6.

scholarly journals I.—Secular Earth-Creep

1909 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 145-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. H. L. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Diurnal Variation ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Special Design ◽  
Important Paper ◽  
Preliminary Results ◽  
Gravitational Pull ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Horizontal Pendulum

Dr. J. R. Sutton has recently read a most important paper to the Royal Society of South Africa on the diurnal variation of level at Kimberley. The paper gave the preliminary results of observations made during the course of three years upon the variation of the level of the ground as recorded by a large horizontal pendulum of a special design made for the author by the Cambridge Instrument Company. It appeared from the results that the movements in the surface of the ground, which set up corresponding movements in the pendulum, were very great. The maximum westerly elongation of the extremity of the pendulum occurred about 5.30 a.m., the maximum easterly about 4.15 p.m., the medium positions a little before 11 a.m. and 9.30 p.m. Geometrically these movements may be represented on the hypothesis that the hemisphere facing the sun bulges out, forming a sort of meniscus to the geosphere. The rise and fall of the surface of the ground which such a supposition would postulate is enormous, and the very magnitude has led Dr. Sutton to hesitate in giving the figures. There can, however, be very little doubt that some rise and fall in the earth's surface is occasioned by the sun's gravitational pull, although the present figures may have to be lessened by taking into consideration other causes which contribute to the disturbance of the pendulum.

scholarly journals XXXIV. On the transit of Venus in 1769. To the Right Honourable The Earl of Morton, President to the Council and Fellows of the Royal Society, this discourse is, with all humility, inscribed, by their humble servant, Thomas Hornsby

1765 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 326-344 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Theory Of Gravity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Made In

The observations of the late transit of Venus, though made with all possible care and accuracy, have not enabled us to determine with certainty the real quantity of the sun's parallax; since, by a comparison of the observations made in several parts of the globe, the sun's parallax is not less than 8" 1/2, nor does it seem to exceed 10". From the labours of those gentlemen, who have attempted to deduce this quantity from the theory of gravity, it should seem that the earth performs its annual revolution round the sun at a greater distance than is generally imagined: since Mr. Professor Stewart has determined the sun's parallax to be only 6', 9, and Mr. Mayer, the late celebrated Professor at Gottingen, who hath brought the lunar tables to a degree of perfection almost unexpected, is of opinion that it cannot exceed 8".

New Zealand, New Zealanders and the Royal Society

1994 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-281 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Foreign Born ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Society Islands ◽  
James Cook ◽  
Group Of Seven ◽  
New Zealand Flora ◽  
Natural Historian

On 5 May 1768 Lieutenant James Cook was chosen by the Admiralty to take command of a Royal Society expedition funded by George III on the ship Endeavour , the purpose being to sail to a suitable point (Tahiti) in the Southern Pacific from which to observe the transit of Venus across the Sun on 3 June 1769. It was thought that, by observing the transit from different points on Earth, it would be possible to determine the distance of the Earth from both Venus and the Sun. The Royal Society asked that Joseph Banks (then a young Fellow aged 25) and a group of seven be allowed to join. Among them were two artists, Alexander Buchan and Sydney Parkinson, who were employed to draw views and specimens of natural historical interest, and Daniel Carl Solander a distinguished Swedish natural historian. Banks’s enthusiasm ensured that the voyage was exceptionally well equipped to handle natural historical discoveries. Having observed the transit of Venus, Cook was secretly under orders from the Admiralty then to sail to 40° south in search of the supposed Great Southern Continent; if not encountered, he was then to head due west to find the east coast of New Zealand. Following these instructions, Cook arrived at New Zealand on 6 October 1769. He then initiated the first detailed geographical survey of New Zealand, and Banks and Solander began putting together their rich collections of New Zealand flora; Cook also observed the transit of Mercury in Mercury Bay. On his second voyage in 1772 Cook went further south, entered the Antarctic circle twice (to 71° 10' S) and ruled out the existence of a Great Southern Continent, and first defined Antarctica as we know it. He returned to London in 1775 to be promoted to Captain and elected to the Royal Society. Banks went on to be elected President in 1778, a post which he held for nearly 42 years. Three other ties between Cook and the Royal Society include the naming of the Society Islands after his sponsors, the testing of a new chronometer for them, and a report to the Society on scurvy, which was to have great consequences for the future health of seamen. The Royal Society was thus instrumental in making possible Cook’s voyages, the outcome of which was a set of pioneering geographical, botanical, geological and anthropological descriptions of New Zealand. Here we trace some aspects of the subsequent interactions between New Zealand and the Royal Society by outlining the careers of relevant Fellows, namely (a) those foreign-born Fellows (30 identified) who spent parts of their careers in New Zealand, and (b) those New Zealand-born scientists (34) who have been elected Fellows for their work, whether carried out in New Zealand or elsewhere.

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