scholarly journals IX. On a new form of voltaic battery

1884 ◽  
Vol 37 (232-234) ◽  
pp. 141-142
Keyword(s):  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Sodium Batteries ◽  
New Form ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Soda Solution ◽  
A Current

The battery which I have the honour to bring under the notice of the Royal Society is one of high electromotive force, namely, about two and three quarter volts, and a single cell consequently decomposes water; it is very light and portable, and convenient for many purposes. The electro-positive element is sodium, the electro-negative element is either carbon, spongy platinum,copper, or other metallic gauze; no fluid is used in which to immerse the plates, but the atmospheric air which is always impregnated with more or less hygrometric moisture serves to set up the action of the battery by giving up sufficient moisture to wet the surface of the sodium, so that a very thin film of fluid (a solution of soda), is thus interposed between the sodium and electro-negative element, and the internal resistance is very small in consequence of the thinness of the film of fluid. The sodium is used in the form of plates, conveniently about a quarter of an inch thick, and the plates of carbon, of which one is placed on each side of the sodium, a little longer and about the same thickness as the sodium; these plates, carbon, sodium, carbon, are kept together by means of vulcanised rubber bands, and suspended vertically, a vessel being placed underneath to receive the soda solution as it forms. A battery composed of plates 10 inches long and ½ an inch wide gives a current of 0·122 ampére at first starting, but as polarisation takes place, after five minutes, only 0·079 ampère. The cost of a battery of this size is 0·40 fr. (4 d . about), it remains in action for six days without the renewal of the sodium. Batteries of larger dimensions, as for example 10 inches long and 15/8 inches wide, last four weeks, because the action is chiefly on the edges of the sodium plate, and the broader the plate the longer the sodium lasts without renewal.

scholarly journals How chimpanzees cooperate in a competitive world

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (36) ◽  
pp. 10215-10220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Suchak ◽  
Timothy M. Eppley ◽  
Matthew W. Campbell ◽  
Rebecca A. Feldman ◽  
Luke F. Quarles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Partner Choice ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Entire Group ◽  
Controlled Experiments ◽  
Ample Opportunity ◽  
Enforcement Mechanisms ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

Our species is routinely depicted as unique in its ability to achieve cooperation, whereas our closest relative, the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), is often characterized as overly competitive. Human cooperation is assisted by the cost attached to competitive tendencies through enforcement mechanisms, such as punishment and partner choice. To examine if chimpanzees possess the same ability to mitigate competition, we set up a cooperative task in the presence of the entire group of 11 adults, which required two or three individuals to pull jointly to receive rewards. This open-group set-up provided ample opportunity for competition (e.g., freeloading, displacements) and aggression. Despite this unique set-up and initial competitiveness, cooperation prevailed in the end, being at least five times as common as competition. The chimpanzees performed 3,565 cooperative acts while using a variety of enforcement mechanisms to overcome competition and freeloading, as measured by (attempted) thefts of rewards. These mechanisms included direct protest by the target, third-party punishment in which dominant individuals intervened against freeloaders, and partner choice. There was a marked difference between freeloading and displacement; freeloading tended to elicit withdrawal and third-party interventions, whereas displacements were met with a higher rate of direct retaliation. Humans have shown similar responses in controlled experiments, suggesting shared mechanisms across the primates to mitigate competition for the sake of cooperation.

scholarly journals Acceptability of remote prescribing and postal delivery services for contraceptive pills and treatment of uncomplicated Chlamydia trachomatis

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjsrh-2020-200687
Author(s):  
Tom Nadarzynski ◽  
Ynez Symonds ◽  
Robert Carroll ◽  
Jo Gibbs ◽  
Sally Kidsley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Home Delivery ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sti Testing ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Remote Management ◽  
Delivery Services ◽  
The Cost ◽  
To Receive

ObjectivesThe digitalisation of sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services offers valuable opportunities to deliver contraceptive pills and chlamydia treatment by post. We aimed to examine the acceptability of remote prescribing and ‘medication-by-post’ in SRH.Study designAn online survey assessing attitudes towards remote management was distributed in three UK SRH clinics and via an integrated sexually transmitted infection (STI) postal self-sampling service. Logistic regressions were performed to identify potential correlates.ResultsThere were 1281 participants (74% female and 49% <25 years old). Some 8% of participants reported having received medication via post and 83% were willing to receive chlamydia treatment and contraceptive pills by post. Lower acceptability was observed among participants who were: >45 years old (OR 0.43 (95% CI 0.23–0.81)), screened for STIs less than once annually (OR 0.63 (0.42–0.93)), concerned about confidentiality (OR 0.21 (0.90–0.50)), concerned about absence during delivery (OR 0.09 (0.02–0.32)) or unwilling to provide blood pressure readings (OR 0.22 (0.04–0.97)). Higher acceptability was observed among participants who reported: previously receiving medication by post (OR 4.63 (1.44–14.8)), preference for home delivery over clinic collection (OR 24.1 (11.1–51.9)), preference for home STI testing (OR 10.3 (6.16–17.4)), ability to communicate with health advisors (OR 4.01 (1.03–15.6)) and willingness to: register their real name (OR 3.09 (1.43–10.6)), complete online health questionnaires (OR 3.09 (1.43–10.6)) and use generic contraceptive pills (OR 2.88 (1.21–6.83)).ConclusionsPostal treatment and entering information online to allow remote prescribing were acceptable methods for SRH services and should be considered alongside medication collection in pharmacies. These methods could be particularly useful for patients facing barriers in accessing SRH. The cost-effectiveness and implementation of these novel methods of service delivery should be further investigated.

The Mitigation of the French Nuclear Option: New Industrial Realism and Technical Democracy

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominique Finon
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Electricity Markets ◽  
Social Preferences ◽  
Public Inquiry ◽  
The Future ◽  
Parliamentary Committee ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Phase Out

Nuclear phase-out policies and the European obligation to liberalise electricity markets could put the French nuclear option dramatically at risk by influencing social preferences or by constraining power producers' investment choices in the future. So far, the particular institutional set-up which has allowed the efficient build-up and operation of several series of standardised reactors preserves the stability of the main elements of the option. However, important adaptations to the evolving industrial and political environment occur and contribute to changing the option. Some institutional changes (such as local public inquiry, creation of a Parliamentary committee, independence of safety authorities) and divergence between industrial interests already allow debates on internal options such as reprocessing, type of waste management deposits, ordering of an advanced PWR. These changes improve the cost transparency, even if internalisation of nuclear externalities (cost of insurance, provisions for waste management) is still incomplete. However, when effective, this internalisation would not affect definitively the competitive position of the nuclear production because of the parallel internalisation of CO2 externalities from fossil fuel power generation in the official rationale. Consequently the real issue for the future of the nuclear option in France remains the preservation of social acceptability in the perception of nuclear risks.

Design for Variety: A Methodology for Understanding the Costs of Product Proliferation

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark V. Martin ◽  
Kosuke Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Design For Variety ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Market Coverage ◽  
Product Proliferation ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This paper further develops the previously introduced concept of Design for Variety (DFV). Our study seeks a tool that enables product managers to estimate the cost of introducing variety into their product line. This will help them to maximize market coverage while maintaining required profit margins. Variety incurs many indirect costs that are not always well understood or are difficult to capture. These costs are often not considered by people making the decision about introducing variety. Our DFV model attempts to capture these indirect costs through the measurement of three indices: commonality, differentiation point, and set-up cost. These indices will allow the decision makers to estimate some of the generally unmeasurable costs of providing variety. We conclude this paper by discussing our validation plans for testing the model in industry.

Overlapping positive and negative regulatory elements determine lens-specific activity of the delta 1-crystallin enhancer

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 5206-5215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y Kamachi ◽  
H Kondoh
Keyword(s):  
Mutational Analysis ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Positive Element ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Enhancer Activity ◽  
Negative Element ◽  
Positive Elements ◽  
Lens Cells ◽  
Specific Regulation

Lens-specific expression of the delta 1-crystallin gene is governed by an enhancer in the third intron, and the 30-bp-long DC5 fragment was found to be responsible for eliciting the lens-specific activity. Mutational analysis of the DC5 fragment identified two contiguous, interdependent positive elements and a negative element which overlaps the 3'-located positive element. Previously identified ubiquitous factors delta EF1 bound to the negative element and repressed the enhancer activity in nonlens cells. Mutation and cotransfection analyses indicated the existence of an activator which counteracts the action of delta EF1 in lens cells, probably through binding site competition. We also found a group of nuclear factors, collectively called delta EF2, which bound to the 5'-located positive element. delta EF2a and -b were the major species in lens cells, whereas delta EF2c and -d predominated in nonlens cells. These delta EF2 proteins probably cooperate with factors bound to the 3'-located element in activation in lens cells and repression in nonlens cells. delta EF2 proteins also bound to a promoter sequence of the gamma F-crystallin gene, suggesting that delta EF2 proteins are involved in lens-specific regulation of various crystallin classes.

Balqis restaurant: how to move on?

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Farzana Quoquab ◽  
Shazwani Binti Ahmad ◽  
Wan Nurul Syazwani Binti Wan Danial ◽  
Jihad Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Subject Area ◽  
Marketing Mix ◽  
Business Success ◽  
Strategic Decisions ◽  
Gradual Improvement ◽  
Content Type ◽  
To Come ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Subject area This case can be used in marketing management as well as consumer behaviour courses. Study level/applicability This case is suitable to use in advanced undergraduate levels, MBA and MSc in marketing courses that cover topics related to market segmentation and marketing mix strategies. Case overview This case highlights the dilemma of an entrepreneur and a manager of a restaurant who were to take a decision about the sustainability of their restaurant business. Balqis Restaurant was owned by Danny who was a retiree from Telekom Malaysia. He wanted to open a restaurant business after he came back from his long holiday trip. He conducted market research to find a suitable place to open his Arabic restaurant. He assigned Waleed Masood Abdullah as the manager of Balqis Restaurant. Finally, in June 2010, he opened his long awaited restaurant at Gombak, Kuala Lumpur. The restaurant was known as Qasar before the name was changed to Balqis in 2015 because of copyright issues related to Saba’ restaurant at Cyberjaya. The restaurant was well managed under Danny’s supervision for 4 years and successfully won customers’ hearts and loyalty before he decided to give full responsibility to Waleed in March 2014. Danny trusted Waleed because he taught and trained him. However, under Waleed’s management, Balqis started to lose its customers. Waleed also started to branch out the restaurant to different places in different states; one in Ipoh, and the other in Perak. He invested much money on renovation for all three branches, but one of the restaurants closed down in September 2014. This is because of the fact that they could no longer bear the cost of operations for the restaurant. However, he failed to learn from the mistake; they set up another restaurant, which was in Kuantan, in the same month. The sales were not that encouraging but it did show gradual improvement; yet, they once again sold it to another Arab businessman. Waleed realized his failure in managing the restaurant business in August 2015. He again opted to open another new branch which was questioned by Danny. He was in a rush to open it by the end of December 2015 to ensure that the additional profits from the current restaurants could cover the variables costs if the new restaurants were launched. Based on that, the owner had to make a decision about whether a new branch should be opened or whether they should just retain their restaurant in Gombak. Expected learning outcomes The learning objectives of using this case are as follows. 1. Knowledge enhancement: to help students in understanding the problems faced by a restaurant in expanding its market; to make students aware that a properly blended marketing mix is the key to business success and to broaden students’ views and understanding in targeting the proper market segment in formulating an effective marketing strategy. 2. Skills building: to be able to identify the best marketing strategic decisions to manage the restaurant business for its survival and to develop students’ ability to analyse the existing situation to come up with a viable and effective solution. 3. Attitudinal: to help the students to have intellectual openness in accepting different ways of finding solutions for a particular problem and to assist students in making the right move at the right time. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email [email protected] to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 8: Marketing.

XXXVIII.—Observations with a Current Meter in Loch Ness

1909 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 619-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Wedderburn ◽  
W. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Investigation ◽  
Fixed Point ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Large Lake ◽  
Deep Lakes ◽  
Small Lake ◽  
Stormy Weather ◽  
Set Up ◽  
A Current ◽  
Made In

One of the authors having made an experimental investigation on the currents produced in a trough of water by a blast of air driven along the surface of the water, it was desired to test the correctness of his deductions by actual observations in a large lake. Loch Ness was chosen on account of its length and uniformity of basin, as it was thought that the length and narrowness of the loch would lead to clearly defined currents being set up in the lake. The sequel showed, as in the case of observations on seiches, that it would have been better to confine attention to a smaller lake, for a twofold reason, (1) because in a large lake the difficulties of observations are much greater than in a small lake during stormy weather, and in very deep lakes the difficulties in the way of obtaining a fixed point from which to use the current meter are formidable, and (2) because it would seem from a few observations made in Loch Garry (Ness Basin) that currents are more defined and more regular in small than in great lakes.

GAIN Premix Facility: An Innovative Approach for Improving Access to Quality Vitamin and Mineral Premix in Fortification Initiatives

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (4_suppl3) ◽  
pp. S381-S389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Guinot ◽  
Vincent Jallier ◽  
Alessandro Blasi ◽  
Christophe Guyondet ◽  
Marc Van Ameringen
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Private Industry ◽  
Target Groups ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Standards And Guidelines ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost

Background Vitamin and mineral premix is one of the most significant recurring input costs for large-scale food fortification programs. A number of barriers exist to procuring adequate quality premix, including accessing suppliers, volatile prices for premix, lack of quality assurance and monitoring of delivered products, and lack of funds to purchase premix. Objective To develop and test a model to procure premix through a transparent and efficient process in which an adequate level of quality is guaranteed and a financial mechanism is in place to support countries or specific target groups when there are insufficient resources to cover the cost of premix. Methods Efforts focused on premixes used to fortify flour, such as wheat or maize (iron, zinc, B vitamins, and vitamin A), edible oils (vitamins A and D), and other food vehicles, such as fortified complementary foods, complementary food supplements, and condiments. A premix procurement model was set up with three distinct components: a certification process that establishes industry-wide standards and guidelines for premix, a procurement facility that makes premix more accessible to countries and private industry engaged in fortification, and a credit facility mechanism that helps projects finance premix purchases. Results After three years of operation, 15 premix suppliers and 29 micronutrient manufacturers have been certified, and more than US$23 million worth of premix that met quality standards has been supplied in 34 countries in Africa, Central and Southern Asia, and Eastern Europe, reaching an estimated 242 million consumers. Conclusions The Premix Facility demonstrated its effectiveness in ensuring access to high-quality premixes, therefore enabling the success of various fortification programs.

An Increasing Role for Trabectedin in Gynecological Cancers: Efficacy in Uterine Sarcomas

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supp 1) ◽  
pp. S3-S5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Ray-Coquard
Keyword(s):  
Phase Ii ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Uterine Leiomyosarcoma ◽  
Uterine Sarcomas ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Phase Ii Studies ◽  
Prospective Phase ◽  
Pretreated Patients ◽  
To Receive ◽  
A Current

Trabectedin is indicated for patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma after failure of treatment with anthracyclines and ifosfamide or for patients who are unsuited to receive these agents. The agent has shown activity in patients with advanced uterine leiomyosarcoma, with an acceptable safety profile. Thus, the results of phase II studies have shown that treatment with trabectedin results in 30% progression-free survival at 6 months. More than 50% of these pretreated patients were alive at 1 year. The response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival compared favorably with other single agents (eg, doxorubicin, ifosfamide, and gemcitabine), with clinical benefit in 50% of patients in second-line treatment. These results are being confirmed in a current prospective phase II study in first-line uterine leiomyosarcoma combining trabectedin with doxorubicin.

scholarly journals Development controller and feedback of Chiang Mai automated external defibrillation trainer and manikin for basic life support training

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
W Laosuksri ◽  
◽  
B Chenthanakij ◽  
K Sutham ◽  
W Rangsri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Basic Life Support ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Feedback System ◽  
Point Scale ◽  
Chiang Mai ◽  
Automated External Defibrillation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Depth Compression

Objectives Basic Life Support (BLS) should be taught to everyone; however, there is a lack of Automated External Defibrillation (AED) trainers in Thailand due to the cost of the imported equipment. An AED trainer, manikin, and manikin controller system was locally developed which can display training results to help reduce the cost. Methods This is a descriptive study of a locally developed controller and feedback system, the Chiang Mai AED trainer and manikin. The controller was examined by 5 BLS instructors using a 10-point scale questionnaire consisting of 3 questions to evaluate the efficacy of the device. Correlation among BLS instructors was also calculated. Results The controller and feedback system for the Chiang Mai AED trainer and manikin worked appropriately as intended. The instructor set up either a ‘shock advised’ or a ‘no shock advised’ scenario for 2 two-minute chest compressions. The AED trainer responded promptly when the electrode pads were attached to the manikin. The controller was also able to display compression depth, compression speed, chest recoils, rescue breaths, and time to first defibrillation. Evaluation of the controller using a 10-point scale resulted in a median of 27 (interquartile range 26-29) out of 30. Intraclass correlation was 0.97 (95% confidence interval 0.90-0.99, p < 0.001). Conclusions The controller for the Chiang Mai AED trainer and manikin is effective for use in BLS training. Chiang Mai Medical Journal 2021;60(1):87-98. doi 10.12982/CMUMEDJ.2021.08

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