scholarly journals IX. The electric conductivity of nitric acid

1898 ◽  
Vol 191 ◽  
pp. 365-398 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Reasonable Degree ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Artificial Illumination ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Deep Green

Of the commoner mineral acids the chemical changes of Nitric Acid, from their evident complexity, have formed the subject of numerous memoirs, while those of sulphuric acid, from their assumed simplicity, have been to some degree neglected; on the other hand, the physical properties of the latter have been studied with considerable elaboration, while those of the former have been passed over, doubtless on account of the corrosive nature of the acid and the difficulty of preparing and preserving it in a reasonable degree of purity. Further, with certain exceptions, the alterations in physical properties induced by the products of reduction, be they nitrogen peroxide or nitrous acid, either singly or conjointly, have attracted but little attention, though it is a common matter of observation that the current intensity of a Grove’s or other cell containing nitric acid remains constant, even though the fuming acid, originally colourless or red, has become of a deep green tint. It is more than probable that of the factors of Ohm’s law, both the E. M. F. and internal resistance are continually varying. At the earliest stages of the enquiry it was found that the passage of a few bubbles of nitric oxide gas into a considerable volume of nitric acid produced an alteration of one percent, in the resistance, and the same result could be effected to a less degree by exposure to sunlight, and to a still less degree by exposure to artificial illumination. Therefore, we determined to investigate the alterations of conductivity produced by changes of concentration and temperature in samples of acid purified with necessary precautions, more especially as former workers upon the subject have either used samples of acid confessedly impure, or have been silent as to any method of purification, or have adopted no special care in dealing with a substance so susceptible of polarisation.

scholarly journals On the expediency of assigning specific names to such functions of simple elements as represent definite physical properties; with the suggestion of a new term in mechanics; illustrated by an investigation of the machine moved by recoil, and also by some observations on the steam engine

1833 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 299-300
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Effective Action ◽  
The Other ◽  
Steam Engine ◽  
Similar Function ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
Elastic Bodies ◽  
General Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The author commences this paper by stating the necessity of distinguishing by separate appellations all such functions as measure the intensity of physical properties, which he considers rendered obvious by a reference to the controversy respecting motion. The subject of this controversy, he observes, was the measure of motion itself, it being contended on one hand that the motion of a body is always proportional to its weight multiplied by its velocity; this opinion being supported by reference to the properties of the common centre of gravity of systems, &c.; while on the other hand the affections of elastic bodies in collision, and the general law of the conservation of living or active forces, were adduced in support of the latter measure. No sooner, however, were the terms “momentum” and “impetus” introduced into the science of mechanics, than the opinions of the contending parties were reconciled by the removal of every ground of dispute. In the Bakerian lecture on the force of percussion, read to this Society in 1806, he observes, it is remarked, that neither impetus nor momentum are usually correct measures of the effective action of machines. The criterion of this is the force exerted, multiplied by the space through which it acts, and this measure numerically expressed has been denominated duty by Mr. Watt; and the raising of one pound one foot high has been by him made the dynamic unit; according to which estimate, the duty performed by one bushel of coals, of 84 pounds, has been found to vary from 30 to 50 millions of such units, according to the nature of the engine, and the mode of combustion. To the measure or function represented by the force applied, multiplied by the space through which it acts, the author, however, proposes to give the name efficiency, retaining the word duty for a similar function, indicative of the work performed; and by a comparison of these two functions, viz. the efficiency expended on, and the duty performed by, any machine, an exact measure of its intrinsic work will be obtained.

scholarly journals Sulphuric and Nitric Acid Concentrations and Spikes Along A 200 m Deep Ice Core at D 57 (Terre Adélie, Antarctica)

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Zanolini ◽  
Robert J. Delmas ◽  
Michel Legrand
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Volcanic Events ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Terre Adélie

D 57 station in Terre Adélie lies between the coast and the central Antarctic plateau. A 200 m ice core was recovered in summer 1980–81 at this location and analyzed by an electroconductometric method to detect exceptional acid levels linked to fallout from major volcanic eruptions. Several signals were indeed found. The corresponding ice-core sections were then analyzed for mineral acids (H2SO4 and HNO3). We detected several large volcanic events, in particular two eruptions identified as Tarabora (1815) and Galunggung (1822). The background concentration of sulphate was found to be relatively low (about 0.5 μeq 1−1). On the other hand nitrate values were higher than at coastal or central Antarctic locations (except for the Sauth Pole). Two spikes were found in the nitrate profile at depths of 140 and 148 m. It is thought that they could be either linked to the 1604 and 1572 supernovae Kepler and Tycho or correspond to epochs of particularly high solar activities. With the aid of these sulphate and nitrate exceptional events, a dating of the D 57 ice core can now be proposed which corresponds to a mean snow accumulation rate of 22 cm of ice equivalent per year over the last four centuries.

Fechner's Experimental Aesthetics and the Golden Section Hypothesis Today

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holger Höge
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Golden Section ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Experimental Aesthetics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Method Of Production ◽  
Psychophysical Approach

Gustav Theodor Fechner started his “aesthetics from below” with an investigation of the golden section hypothesis because he was fascinated by the fact that a mathematic proportion should directly correspond to pleasingness. Thus, the golden section hypothesis fitted in his psychophysical approach, assuming that there is a correspondence between physical properties of stimuli and the sensations they cause. However, Berlyne believed that even minute variations in instruction or experimental arrangements may cause differences in the proportions preferred [1, p. 300]. Different from many investigations in the field the experimental manipulation to be reported here was to give different verbal criteria to our subjects. One of our experiments followed Fechner's method of production—i.e., subjects had to draw rectangles—and the other one was done using the method of choice—i.e., subjects had to sort rectangles. The results show that different criteria lead to different proportions in the material produced and sorted, respectively. Thus, preference judgements seem to be the outcome of a process of information processing by using both sources of information: the physical arrangement of the stimuli and the cognitively represented concept of the subject. However, under both conditions no preference for the golden section was found.

scholarly journals Sulphuric and Nitric Acid Concentrations and Spikes Along A 200 m Deep Ice Core at D 57 (Terre Adélie, Antarctica)

1985 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 70-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Françoise Zanolini ◽  
Robert J. Delmas ◽  
Michel Legrand
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Acid ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Snow Accumulation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Background Concentration ◽  
Volcanic Events ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Terre Adélie

D 57 station in Terre Adélie lies between the coast and the central Antarctic plateau. A 200 m ice core was recovered in summer 1980–81 at this location and analyzed by an electroconductometric method to detect exceptional acid levels linked to fallout from major volcanic eruptions. Several signals were indeed found. The corresponding ice-core sections were then analyzed for mineral acids (H2SO4 and HNO3). We detected several large volcanic events, in particular two eruptions identified as Tarabora (1815) and Galunggung (1822). The background concentration of sulphate was found to be relatively low (about 0.5 μeq 1−1). On the other hand nitrate values were higher than at coastal or central Antarctic locations (except for the Sauth Pole). Two spikes were found in the nitrate profile at depths of 140 and 148 m. It is thought that they could be either linked to the 1604 and 1572 supernovae Kepler and Tycho or correspond to epochs of particularly high solar activities. With the aid of these sulphate and nitrate exceptional events, a dating of the D 57 ice core can now be proposed which corresponds to a mean snow accumulation rate of 22 cm of ice equivalent per year over the last four centuries.

scholarly journals On the forces acting between atoms and ions and the physical properties of matter in bulk

1938 ◽  
Vol 237 (774) ◽  
pp. 105-133 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Potential Energy ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Interatomic Distance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Empirical Knowledge ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Theoretical Investigations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Closed Shells

We consider a system, consisting of two atoms or ions, situated at a given distance, R from each other. Such a system is characterized by a certain potential energy F(R) , denoting the work required to decrease the interval between the two atoms or ions from oo to i? to R . The question of this potential energy has been the subject of numerous theoretical investigations, commencing with HEITLER’s and LONDON’s well-known papers (HEITLER and LONDON 1927; LONDON 1928 a , b ) on the reciprocal action of two atoms of hydrogen. On the other hand, we possess no further empirical knowledge concerning this potential energy F . The present paper is an attempt to analyse, by the aid of accessible experimental data, the question of the dependence of energy on the interatomic distance for atoms and ions with closed shells.

scholarly journals III. On a new method of substitution ; and on the formation of iodobenzoic, iodotoluylic, and iodanisic acids

1860 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 309-311
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Mother Liquor ◽  
Nitrous Acid ◽  
New Method ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Chlorobenzoic Acid ◽  
Yellow Colour ◽  
New Class ◽  
Mineral Acids

In a previous notice* I have pointed out the existence of a new class of nitrogenous acids which are generated by the action of nitrous acid on the amidic acids of the benzoic group, the change consisting in the substitution of one equivalent of nitrogen for three equivalents of hydrogen in two molecules of the amidic acid. C 28 H 14 N 2 O 8 +N O 3 = 3HO + C 28 H 11 N 3 O 3 Under the influence of various agents these new acids undergo remarkable changes, amongst which the transformation produced by the mineral acids deserves to be particularly noticed. If the acid C 28 H 11 N 3 O 8 be gently heated with strong hydrochloric acid, nitrogen gas is evolved, the yellow colour of the original acid disappears, and a red body separates, which may be separated by filtration and purified by treatment with animal charcoal. Both the physical properties and the analysis of the substance thus obtained, prove it to be pure chlorobenzoic acid. The hydrochloric mother-liquor on evaporation deposits crystals of the hydrochlorate of benzamic acid .

Golgi Apparatus and Melanogenesis: Ultrastructural Study of a Human Cellular Blue Nevus (Melanocytoma)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 380-381
Author(s):  
S.R. Allegra
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
The Other ◽  
Blue Nevus ◽  
Normal Complement ◽  
Golgi Vesicles ◽  
Golgi System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Cellular Blue Nevus

The respective roles of the ribo somes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and perhaps nucleus in the synthesis and maturation of melanosomes is still the subject of some controversy. While the early melanosomes (premelanosomes) have been frequently demonstrated to originate as Golgi vesicles, it is undeniable that these structures can be formed in cells in which Golgi system is not found. This report was prompted by the findings in an essentially amelanotic human cellular blue nevus (melanocytoma) of two distinct lines of melanocytes one of which was devoid of any trace of Golgi apparatus while the other had normal complement of this organelle.

“Channeling” the powers of God’s Word

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dorothea E. Schulz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Border Zone ◽  
Focus Attention ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
New Materials ◽  
God's Word ◽  
Audio Recordings ◽  
Heated Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

Starting with the controversial esoteric employment of audio recordings by followers of the charismatic Muslim preacher Sharif Haidara in Mali, the article explores the dynamics emerging at the interface of different technologies and techniques employed by those engaging the realm of the Divine. I focus attention on the “border zone” between, on the one hand, techniques for appropriating scriptures based on long-standing religious conventions, and, on the other, audio recording technologies, whose adoption not yet established authoritative and standardized forms of practice, thereby generating insecurities and becoming the subject of heated debate. I argue that “recyclage” aptly describes the dynamics of this “border zone” because it captures the ways conventional techniques of accessing the Divine are reassessed and reemployed, by integrating new materials and rituals. Historically, appropriations of the Qur’an for esoteric purposes have been widespread in Muslim West Africa. These esoteric appropriations are at the basis of the considerable continuities, overlaps and crossovers, between scripture-related esoteric practices on one side, and the treatment by Sharif Haidara’s followers of audio taped sermons as vessels of his spiritual power, on the other.

The problem of woman’s emansipation in the feuilleton “Amazonia: a very inept story” by Mykola Chirsky

2020 ◽  
pp. 71-76
Author(s):  
Iryna Rusnak
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Understanding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Literary Studies ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Compositional Structure ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Artistic Heritage

The author of the article analyses the problem of the female emancipation in the little-known feuilleton “Amazonia: A Very Inept Story” (1924) by Mykola Chirsky. The author determines the genre affiliation of the work and examines its compositional structure. Three parts are distinguished in the architectonics of associative feuilleton: associative conception; deployment of a “small” topic; conclusion. The author of the article clarifies the role of intertextual elements and the method of constantly switching the tone from serious to comic to reveal the thematic direction of the work. Mykola Chirsky’s interest in the problem of female emancipation is corresponded to the general mood of the era. The subject of ridicule in provocative feuilleton is the woman’s radical metamorphoses, since repulsive manifestations of emancipation becomes commonplace. At the same time, the writer shows respect for the woman, appreciates her femininity, internal and external beauty, personality. He associates the positive in women with the functions of a faithful wife, a caring mother, and a skilled housewife. In feuilleton, the writer does not bypass the problem of the modern man role in a family, but analyses the value and moral and ethical guidelines of his character. The husband’s bad habits receive a caricatured interpretation in the strange behaviour of relatives. On the one hand, the writer does not perceive the extremes brought by female emancipation, and on the other, he mercilessly criticises the male “virtues” of contemporaries far from the standard. The artistic heritage of Mykola Chirsky remains little studied. The urgent task of modern literary studies is the introduction of Mykola Chirsky’s unknown works into the scientific circulation and their thorough scientific understanding.

MUNDANE MIRACLES IN AWADH. ENCOUNTERS WITH THE REVEALED AND THE HIDDEN

2020 ◽  
pp. 130-140
Author(s):  
Maxim B. Demchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Local People ◽  
Natural Phenomena ◽  
Mughal Empire ◽  
The Public ◽  
British Raj ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Other World ◽  
Better Than

The sphere of the unknown, supernatural and miraculous is one of the most popular subjects for everyday discussions in Ayodhya – the last of the provinces of the Mughal Empire, which entered the British Raj in 1859, and in the distant past – the space of many legendary and mythological events. Mostly they concern encounters with inhabitants of the “other world” – spirits, ghosts, jinns as well as miraculous healings following magic rituals or meetings with the so-called saints of different religions (Hindu sadhus, Sufi dervishes),with incomprehensible and frightening natural phenomena. According to the author’s observations ideas of the unknown in Avadh are codified and structured in Avadh better than in other parts of India. Local people can clearly define if they witness a bhut or a jinn and whether the disease is caused by some witchcraft or other reasons. Perhaps that is due to the presence in the holy town of a persistent tradition of katha, the public presentation of plots from the Ramayana epic in both the narrative and poetic as well as performative forms. But are the events and phenomena in question a miracle for the Avadhvasis, residents of Ayodhya and its environs, or are they so commonplace that they do not surprise or fascinate? That exactly is the subject of the essay, written on the basis of materials collected by the author in Ayodhya during the period of 2010 – 2019. The author would like to express his appreciation to Mr. Alok Sharma (Faizabad) for his advice and cooperation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document