scholarly journals The shoot apical meristem: the dynamics of a stable structure

2002 ◽  
Vol 357 (1422) ◽  
pp. 737-747 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Traas ◽  
Teva Vernoux
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Apparent Contradiction ◽  
Cell Behaviour ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Meristem Identity ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kinase Pathway ◽  
Stable Network

The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a group of proliferating, embryonic–type cells that generates the aerial parts of the plant. SAMs are highly organized and stable structures that can function for years or even centuries. This is in apparent contradiction to the behaviour of their constituent cells, which continuously proliferate and differentiate. To reconcile the dynamic nature of the cells with the stability of the overall system the existence of elaborate signalling networks has been proposed. This is supported by recent work suggesting that the exchange of signals between cells, rather than a rigidly predetermined genetic program, is required for the establishment and functioning of an organized meristem. Together these interactions form a stable network, set up during embryogenesis, that assures the coordination of cell behaviour throughout development. Besides meristem–specific signalling cascades such as the CLAVATA receptor kinase pathway, which controls meristem size, these interactions involve plant hormones. In particular, cytokinins and auxins are implicated in the maintenance of meristem identity and phyllotaxis, respectively.

Combined SHOOT MERISTEMLESS and WUSCHEL trigger ectopic organogenesis inArabidopsis

Development ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 129 (13) ◽  
pp. 3207-3217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Luc Gallois ◽  
Claire Woodward ◽  
G. Venugopala Reddy ◽  
Robert Sablowski
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Cell Division ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Undifferentiated Cells ◽  
Activate Cell ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Differentiation Pathways ◽  
Shoot Meristemless

Almost all aerial parts of plants are continuously generated at the shoot apical meristem (SAM). To maintain a steady pool of undifferentiated cells in the SAM while continuously generating new organs, it is necessary to balance the rate of cell division with the rate of entrance into differentiation pathways. In the Arabidopsis meristem, SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and WUSCHEL (WUS) are necessary to keep cells undifferentiated and dividing. Here, we tested whether ectopic STM and WUS functions are sufficient to revert differentiation and activate cell division in differentiating tissues. Ectopic STM and WUS functions interacted non-additively and activated a subset of meristem functions, including cell division, CLAVATA1 expression and organogenesis, but not correct phyllotaxy or meristem self-maintenance. Our results suggest that WUS produces a non-cell autonomous signal that activates cell division in combination with STM and that combined WUS/STM functions can initiate the progression from stem cells to organ initiation.

scholarly journals The ERECTA receptor kinase regulates Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem size, phyllotaxy and floral meristem identity

Development ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 141 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-841 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Mandel ◽  
F. Moreau ◽  
Y. Kutsher ◽  
J. C. Fletcher ◽  
C. C. Carles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Floral Meristem ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Floral Meristem Identity ◽  
Meristem Size ◽  
Meristem Identity

scholarly journals An integrated analysis of cell-type specific gene expression reveals genes regulated by REVOLUTA and KANADI1 in the Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e1008661 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasthi Ram ◽  
Sudeep Sahadevan ◽  
Nittaya Gale ◽  
Monica Pia Caggiano ◽  
Xiulian Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Specific Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Type Specific

scholarly journals Galloping Stability and Wind Tunnel Test of Iced Quad Bundled Conductors considering Wake Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
Ming Zou ◽  
Chuan Wu ◽  
Mengqi Cai ◽  
Guangyun Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wind Tunnel ◽  
Transmission Lines ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Wind Tunnel Test ◽  
Aerodynamic Coefficients ◽  
Wake Effect ◽  
Aerodynamic Coefficient ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Three Degrees Of Freedom

A new quad bundle conductor galloping model considering wake effect is proposed to solve the problem of different aerodynamic coefficients of each subconductor of iced quad bundle conductor. Based on the quasistatic theory, a new 3-DOF (three degrees of freedom) galloping model of iced quad bundle conductors is established, which can accurately reflect the energy transfer and galloping of quad bundle conductor in three directions. After a series of formula derivations, the conductor stability judgment formula is obtained. In the wind tunnel test, according to the actual engineering situation, different variables are set up to accurately simulate the galloping of iced quad bundle conductor under the wind, and the aerodynamic coefficient is obtained. Finally, according to the stability judgment formula of this paper, calculate the critical wind speed of conductor galloping through programming. The dates of wind tunnel test and calculation in this paper can be used in the antigalloping design of transmission lines.

scholarly journals Sample preparation for laser-microdissection of soybean shoot apical meristem

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chui E. Wong ◽  
Mohan B. Singh ◽  
Prem L. Bhalla
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Laser Microdissection ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Legume Crop ◽  
Continuous Formation ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Specialized Equipment

The shoot apical meristem houses stem cells responsible for the continuous formation of aerial plant organs including leaves and stems throughout the life of plants. Laser-microdissection in combination with high-throughput technology such as next generation sequencing permits an in-depth analysis of molecular events associated with specific cell type of interest. Sample preparation is the most critical step in ensuring good quality RNA to be extracted from samples following laser-microdissection. Here, we optimized the sample preparation for a major legume crop, soybean. We used Farmer’s solution as a fixative and paraffin as the embedding medium for soybean shoot apical meristem tissue without the use of any specialized equipment. Shorter time for tissue fixation (two days) was found to be critical for the preservation of RNA in soybean shoot apical meristem. We further demonstrated the utility of this method for different tissues derived from soybean and rice. The method outlined here shall facilitate studies on crop plants involving laser-microdissection.

Somatic embryogenesis from Arabidopsis shoot apical meristem mutants

Planta ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 214 (6) ◽  
pp. 829-836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mordhorst ◽  
Marijke Hartog ◽  
Mazen El Tamer ◽  
Thomas Laux ◽  
Sacco de Vries
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Embryogenesis ◽  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem

scholarly journals Arabidopsis Argonaute10 Specifically Sequesters miR166/165 to Regulate Shoot Apical Meristem Development

Cell ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 145 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongliang Zhu ◽  
Fuqu Hu ◽  
Ronghui Wang ◽  
Xin Zhou ◽  
Sing-Hoi Sze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Apical Meristem ◽  
Apical Meristem ◽  
Meristem Development
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