scholarly journals Extreme vulnerability of smallholder farmers to agricultural risks and climate change in Madagascar

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1639) ◽  
pp. 20130089 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celia A. Harvey ◽  
Zo Lalaina Rakotobe ◽  
Nalini S. Rao ◽  
Radhika Dave ◽  
Hery Razafimahatratra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Agricultural System ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The Tropics

Across the tropics, smallholder farmers already face numerous risks to agricultural production. Climate change is expected to disproportionately affect smallholder farmers and make their livelihoods even more precarious; however, there is limited information on their overall vulnerability and adaptation needs. We conducted surveys of 600 households in Madagascar to characterize the vulnerability of smallholder farmers, identify how farmers cope with risks and explore what strategies are needed to help them adapt to climate change. Malagasy farmers are particularly vulnerable to any shocks to their agricultural system owing to their high dependence on agriculture for their livelihoods, chronic food insecurity, physical isolation and lack of access to formal safety nets. Farmers are frequently exposed to pest and disease outbreaks and extreme weather events (particularly cyclones), which cause significant crop and income losses and exacerbate food insecurity. Although farmers use a variety of risk-coping strategies, these are insufficient to prevent them from remaining food insecure. Few farmers have adjusted their farming strategies in response to climate change, owing to limited resources and capacity. Urgent technical, financial and institutional support is needed to improve the agricultural production and food security of Malagasy farmers and make their livelihoods resilient to climate change.

scholarly journals Factors Associated with Seasonal Food Insecurity among Small-Scale Subsistence Farming Households in Rural Honduras

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 706
Author(s):  
Warren Dodd ◽  
Marvin Gómez Cerna ◽  
Paola Orellena ◽  
Sally Humphries ◽  
Margaux L. Sadoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Negative Binomial Regression Model ◽  
Subsistence Agriculture ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
The Relationship

In the context of climate change, a nutritional transition, and increased pressures to migrate internally and internationally, this study examined the relationship between seasonal food insecurity and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors among small-scale subsistence farmers in rural northern Honduras. Anchored by a partnership with the Fundación para la Investigación Participativa con Agricultores de Honduras (FIPAH) and the Yorito Municipal Health Centre, a cross-sectional household survey was administered in Yorito, Honduras, in July 2014. The study population included 1263 individuals from 248 households across 22 rural communities. A multivariate mixed effects negative binomial regression model was built to investigate the relationship between the self-reported number of months without food availability and access from subsistence agriculture in the previous year (August 2013–July 2014) and demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production variables. This study found a lengthier ‘lean season’ among surveyed household than previously documented in Honduras. Overall, 62.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): [59.52, 64.87]) of individuals experienced at least four months of insufficient food in the previous year. Individuals from poorer and larger households were more likely to experience insufficient food compared to individuals from wealthier and smaller households. Additionally, individuals from households that produced both maize and beans were less likely to have insufficient food compared to individuals from households that did not grow these staple crops (prevalence ratio (PR) = 0.83; 95% CI: [0.69, 0.99]). Receiving remittances from a migrant family member did not significantly reduce the prevalence of having insufficient food. As unpredictable crop yields linked to climate change and extreme weather events are projected to negatively influence the food security and nutrition outcomes of rural populations, it is important to understand how demographic, socioeconomic, and agricultural production factors may modify the ability of individuals and households engaged in small-scale subsistence agriculture to respond to adverse shocks.

scholarly journals Corona Virus, Climate Change, and Food Security

2021 ◽  
pp. 563-579
Author(s):  
Nkiru Theresa Meludu ◽  
Toyin Abolade
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Food Shortage ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Improve Food Security

AbstractCoronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) is a current pandemic causing lockdown of cities and countries. The nature of this disease and the global cases are still considered as deadly all over the world. Analogous was drawn between the current COVID-19 pandemic and some of the other contemporary crises of the world as regards to climate change in addition to food shortage. Also, Survey Monkey instrument was used to generate emperical evidences from 514 respondents on covid-19 awareness and the effect on food security. Effects of diseases on climate change, such as the increasing frequency and strength of extreme weather events or the expanding range and spread of diseases was considered. Then, the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and climate change was investigated. Prior to the pandemic, climate change already had adverse effects on agriculture and vice versa, which led to food insecurity. The need for fruits as well as leafy and root vegetables in peri-urban and urban areas is increasing, as well as the food shortage. A drop in agricultural production will be expected in the future if the pandemic continues for a few more months. The perception and adherence to the preventive measures for this pandemic were determined to reduce its spread and lessen its effect on agricultural production as well as to improve food security

scholarly journals THE EFFECT OF ADAPTATION PRACTICES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION BY FARMING HOUSEHOLD. A CRITICAL LITERATURE REVIEW

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
James Kimani
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Adaptation Strategies ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Crop Diversification ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Farming Household ◽  
Adaptation Practices

Purpose: Climate change can disrupt food availability, reduce access to food, and affect food quality.  Projected increases in temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may all result in reduced agricultural productivity. Increases in the frequency and severity extreme weather events can also interrupt food delivery, and resulting spikes in food prices after extreme events are expected to be more frequent in the future.  Increasing temperatures can contribute to spoilage and contamination. The general objective of the study was to establish the effect of Adaptation practices to climate change and its impact on agricultural production by farming household.    Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps. Findings: The study found out the locals households prefer multiple adaptation strategies to counter the effects of climate variability and change. The current local adaptation strategies include crop, diversification, shifting planting dates, off farm jobs and diversifying from farm to non – farm activities. However majority of the respondents employ crop diversification as the main adaptation strategy. For the locals’ crop diversification does, to an extent, guarantees good harvests although there are years in which farmers report total crop losses Recommendations: The study recommends that policy efforts should be directed at enforcing  adaptation measures of climate change in order to boost agricultural  production

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on Population Dynamics and Herbicide Resistance in Kochia (Bassia scoparia (L.) A. J. Scott)

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1700
Author(s):  
Jinyi Chen ◽  
Erin Burns ◽  
Margaret Fleming ◽  
Eric Patterson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Management ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Concentration ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Climate Forecasts

Climate change has greatly impacted agronomy. Climate forecasts for the coming years predict increases in global temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and extreme weather events. These changes will continue to influence agricultural production by altering abiotic stress on plants, including crops and weeds. Kochia, one of the most common weeds in North America, is a C4 plant exceptional for its drought tolerance. Kochia has also demonstrated rapid adaption and evolution to the abiotic stress of herbicide application, particularly glyphosate. Abiotic stresses from both climate change and herbicides impact the distribution and expansion of kochia. Being aware of the features and properties of kochia, especially those resulting from herbicide resistance, will help anticipate how kochia responds or migrates under future climate change, and help create proper strategies for kochia weed management.

Urban Population Knowledge of Climate Change in Costa Rica and Nicaragua

2013 ◽  
pp. 55-76
Author(s):  
Sergio A. Molina Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Urban Population ◽  
Public Understanding ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
International Policies ◽  
General Concern

Most scenarios indicate that people in developing countries are more vulnerable and less capable of adapting to climate change. Since our public understanding of risk toward climate change in developing countries is limited, this article presents results from Costa Rica and Nicaragua, two countries which are socio-economically distinct, but which are expected to suffer similar extreme weather events. From October of 2008 until May 2010, a total of 1,047 respondents were surveyed in cities of both countries. The main results indicate that climate change is a widely known concept but other notions such as “carbon footprint” are foreign to most respondents. Despite the general concern with its negative consequences, respondents’ foremost concern is linked to their socioeconomic situation, and how it will be impacted by climate change in such aspects as poverty and social security. The results presented here contribute to advance national and international policies aiming to support mitigation or adaptation strategies in developing countries.

Governing climate change for sustainable food production: A case study of emerging markets

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Robert Ddamulira
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Sustainable Food ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Future Success ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Change Impact ◽  
Document Review

This article addresses three research questions: How does climate change impact food production? What are the governance challenges associated with managing such impacts? What are the conditions for future success in managing the impacts of climate change on food production? To answer these questions, the researcher undertook a document review and analysis to address these various aspects with a major focus on East Africa. The study finds that climate change affects food production largely through its physical impacts on precipitation and increased the frequency of extreme weather events. Within a context of weak governance; climate change further challenges governance institutional structures and mechanisms. The study concludes that specific aspects of the prevailing climate change governance regime require major reforms (particularly the role of the state, corporations and civil society) while other climate governance mechanisms need to be completely overhauled (for example through establishment of a new World Environment Organization).

scholarly journals Affrontare il cambiamento climatico è una ‘missione possibile’

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 154-160
Author(s):  
Roberto Buizza
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Ice Melting ◽  
Greenhouse Gases Emissions ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Change Impact

Climate change is real, and we, humans, are responsible for it. Its impact is already evident, both on the Earth system (global warming, sea-level rise, sea-ice melting, more intense and frequent extreme weather events such as heat waves and fires) and on people (famines, health issues, migrations, political tensions and conflicts). We need immediate and concrete mitigation actions aiming to reduce greenhouse gases emissions, and adaptation actions to be able to cope with the increasing changing climate. We have to reach zero-net greenhouse gases emissions as soon as possible, by reducing emissions by at least 5% a year, starting from now. Otherwise the climate change impact will become more and more severe: it will induce more injustice, and it will have a major impact on people health. We have the resources and the technologies to deal with it: we must have the courage to change and transform and deal with it. Addressing climate change is not impossible: to the contrary, it is a ‘possible mission’.

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