scholarly journals Probing astroglia with carbon nanotubes: modulation of form and function

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1654) ◽  
pp. 20130598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj K. Gottipati ◽  
Alexei Verkhratsky ◽  
Vladimir Parpura
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Chemical Modification ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Neural Prostheses ◽  
Biological Applications ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Insight Into

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have shown much promise in neurobiology and biomedicine. Their structural stability and ease of chemical modification make them compatible for biological applications. In this review, we discuss the effects that chemically functionalized CNTs, applied as colloidal solutes or used as strata, have on the morpho-functional properties of astrocytes, the most abundant cells present in the brain, with an insight into the potential use of CNTs in neural prostheses.

Bone Grafts: An Overview of Bone Remodeling, Types and Recent Advances

2021 ◽  
pp. 6101-6105
Author(s):  
Gopala Krishna Ganta ◽  
Rama Krishna Alla ◽  
Kamala Cheruvu ◽  
Bharathi Ram Guduri
Keyword(s):  
Bone Graft ◽  
Bone Remodeling ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Bone Grafts ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

Bone grafts are often used to retrieve the lost bone in the most acceptable, technical and skilful manner that enables to restore the form and function of the bone. Numerous bone graft materials have been developed to fill and/or remodel the bony defects. Though, autografts were considered to be the gold standard among the grafts available; they have got some inherent disadvantages. The current research is more focused on allografts, which addressed the problems associated with autografts. This article provides an insight into the remodeling process, and various types of bone grafts currently available. Also, the emphasis was given on the recent advances of the bone grafts.

Form and Function in Cells of the Brain

The Neuron ◽  
2015 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Irwin B. Levitan ◽  
Leonard K. Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Axonal Transport ◽  
Molecular Motors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Neuronal Cell Body ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

This chapter examines unique mechanisms that the neuron has evolved to establish and maintain the form required for its specialized signaling functions. Unlike some other organs, the brain contains a variety of cell types including several classes of glial cells, which play a critical role in the formation of the myelin sheath around axons and may be involved in immune responses, synaptic transmission, and long-distance calcium signaling in the brain. Neurons share many features in common with other cells (including glia), but they are distinguished by their highly asymmetrical shapes. The neuronal cytoskeleton is essential for establishing this cell shape during development and for maintaining it in adulthood. The process of axonal transport moves vesicles and other organelles to regions remote from the neuronal cell body. Proteins such as kinesin and dynein, called molecular motors, make use of the energy released by hydrolysis of ATP to drive axonal transport.

Emergence of the Unmarked in Indian Englishes with Different Substrates

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline R. Wiltshire
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Optimality Theory ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Indian English ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
First Languages ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

This study uses data from Indian English as a second language, spoken by speakers of five first languages, to illustrate and evaluate the role of the emergence of the unmarked (TETU) in phonological theory. The analysis focusses on word-final consonant devoicing and cluster reduction, for which the five Indian first languages have various constraints, while Indian English is relatively unrestricted. Variation in L2 Indian Englishes results from both transfer of L1 phonotactics and the emergence of the unmarked, accounted for within Optimality Theory. The use of a learning algorithm also allows us to test the relative importance of markedness and frequency and to evaluate the relative markedness of various clusters. Thus, data from Indian Englishes provides insight into the form and function of markedness constraints, as well as the mechanisms of Second Language Acquisition (SLA).

Spindle Whorls from El Purgatorio, Peru, and Their Socioeconomic Implications

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 414-429 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa Vogel ◽  
Kristin Buhrow ◽  
Caroline Cornish
Keyword(s):  
Capital City ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Spindle Whorls ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Function ◽  
Archaeological Analysis ◽  
Exchange Patterns ◽  
Spindle Whorl ◽  
Insight Into

In the Andean region, spindle whorls have been the subject of archaeological analysis less often than other artifact classes, such as pottery. Nevertheless, spindle whorls may have much more to contribute to archaeological interpretations of production, status, and exchange patterns than previously acknowledged. The case study presented here examines the spindle whorl collection from the site of El Purgatorio, Peru, the capital city of the Casma polity (ca. A.D. 700–1400). Spindle whorls were not only expertly crafted utilitarian tools for spinning yarn, but also items of personal adornment, symbols of wealth or status, and possible indicators of intra-polity exchange patterns. The analysis of spindle whorls in regard to form and function provides insight into Casma social and economic organization. The spindle whorls discovered at El Purgatorio also reflect varying degrees of standardization and technical knowledge, suggesting that at least some may have been manufactured by specialists in metallurgical and ceramic workshops.

scholarly journals ‘Lip-pointing’

Gesture ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.J. Enfield
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Conventional Form ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Deictic Gesture ◽  
Pointing Gestures ◽  
And Function ◽  
Pointing Gesture ◽  
Head Area

‘Lip-pointing’ is a widespread but little-documented form of deictic gesture, which may involve not just protruding one or both lips, but also raising the head, sticking out the chin, lifting the eyebrows, among other things. This paper discusses form and function of lip-pointing with reference to a set of examples collected on video in Laos. There are various parameters with respect to which the conventional form of a lip-pointing gesture may vary. There is also a range of ways in which lip-pointing gestures can be coordinated with other kinds of deictic gesture such as various forms of hand pointing. The attested coordinating/sequencing possibilities can be related to specific functional properties of lip-pointing among Lao speakers, particularly in the context of other forms of deictic gesture, which have different functional properties. It is argued that the ‘vector’ of lip-pointing is in fact defined by gaze, and that the lip-pointing action itself (like other kinds of ‘pointing’ involving the head area) is a ‘gaze-switch’, i.e. it indicates that the speaker is now pointing out something with his or her gaze. Finally, I consider the position of lip-pointing in the broader deictic gesture system of Lao speakers, firstly as a ‘lower register’ form, and secondly as a form of deictic gesture which may contrast with forms of hand pointing.

scholarly journals Novel Insight Into the Development and Function of Hypopharyngeal Glands in Honey Bees

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saboor Ahmad ◽  
Shahmshad Ahmed Khan ◽  
Khalid Ali Khan ◽  
Jianke Li
Keyword(s):  
Honey Bees ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Hypopharyngeal Glands ◽  
And Function ◽  
First Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Made In

Hypopharyngeal glands (HGs) are the most important organ of hymenopterans which play critical roles for the insect physiology. In honey bees, HGs are paired structures located bilaterally in the head, in front of the brain between compound eyes. Each gland is composed of thousands of secretory units connecting to secretory duct in worker bees. To better understand the recent progress made in understanding the structure and function of these glands, we here review the ontogeny of HGs, and the factors affecting the morphology, physiology, and molecular basis of the functionality of the glands. We also review the morphogenesis of HGs in the pupal and adult stages, and the secretory role of the glands across the ages for the first time. Furthermore, recent transcriptome, proteome, and phosphoproteome analyses have elucidated the potential mechanisms driving the HGs development and functionality. This adds a comprehensive novel knowledge of the development and physiology of HGs in honey bees over time, which may be helpful for future research investigations.

scholarly journals An Anthropological Perspective: Another Dimension to Modern Dental Wear Concepts

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Kaidonis ◽  
Sarbin Ranjitkar ◽  
Dimitra Lekkas ◽  
Grant C. Townsend
Keyword(s):  
Human Evolution ◽  
Tooth Wear ◽  
Clinical Knowledge ◽  
Anthropological Perspective ◽  
Dental Wear ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
Dental Focus ◽  
Anthropological Research ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

For many years, research on tooth wear by dental academics has been diametrically opposite to that of anthropological research, with each discipline having a different understanding as to the nature of the wear processes. Dental focus revolved around preventive and restorative considerations while the anthropological focus was a biological understanding related to human evolution, diet, environment, form, and function and included all the craniofacial structures. Introducing the anthropological perspective into modern dentistry gives an insight into the “bigger picture” of the nature and extent of tooth wear. By combining anthropological evidence with clinical knowledge and experience, it is most likely to provide the best-informed and biologically based approach to the management of tooth wear in modern societies.

scholarly journals Confusion about form and function clouds launch of EC's Decade of the Brain

Nature ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 359 (6393) ◽  
pp. 260-260
Author(s):  
Alison Abbott
Keyword(s):  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The language of visual representations in the neurosciences — relating past and future

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Stahnisch
Keyword(s):  
Material Culture ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Form And Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
Open Question ◽  
Pet Scans ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

AbstractIn theoretical accounts of the neurosciences, investigative research programs have often been separated into the morphological and physiological tradition. The morphological tradition is seen as describing the structure and form of the external and interior parts of the brain and spinal cord. The physiological tradition is interpreted as a compilation of those approaches which investigate cerebral functions particularly in their dynamic interactions. It must be regarded as an open question, though, whether the distinction between the morphological and physiological tradition in modern clinical and basic neuroscience has now become obsolete with the most recent neuroimaging techniques, such as fMRI, PET scans, SPECT, etc. Taken at face value, these new imaging techniques seem to relate, overlap, and even identify the anatomical with the functional substrate, when mapping individual patterns of neural activity across the visually delineated morphological structures. The particular focus of this review article is primarily on the morphological tradition, beginning with German neuroanatomist Samuel Thomas Soemmerring and leading to recent approaches in the neurohistological work of neuroscience centres in the United States and morphophysiological neuroimaging techniques in Canada. Following some landmark research steps in neuroanatomy detailed in the first section, this article analyzes the changing trajectories to an integrative theory of the brain in its second section. An examination of the relationship between form and function within the material culture of neuroscience in the third and final part, will further reveal an astonishingly heterogeneous investigative and conceptual terrain.

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