scholarly journals The evolved psychological mechanisms of fertility motivation: hunting for causation in a sea of correlation

2016 ◽  
Vol 371 (1692) ◽  
pp. 20150151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa S. McAllister ◽  
Gillian V. Pepper ◽  
Sandra Virgo ◽  
David A. Coall
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Fertility Decisions ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Human Fertility ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Cultural Ecological

Cultural, ecological, familial and physiological factors consistently influence fertility behaviours, however, the proximate psychological mechanisms underlying fertility decisions in humans are poorly understood. Understanding the psychological mechanisms underlying human fertility may illuminate the final processes by which some of these known predictors have their influence. To date, research into the psychological mechanisms underlying fertility has been fragmented. Aspects of reproductive psychology have been examined by researchers in a range of fields, but the findings have not been systematically integrated in one review. We provide such a review, examining current theories and research on psychological mechanisms of fertility. We examine the methods and populations used in the research, as well as the disciplines and theoretical perspectives from which the work has come. Much of the work that has been done to date is methodologically limited to examining correlations between ecological, social and economic factors and fertility. We propose, and support with examples, the use of experimental methods to differentiate causal factors from correlates. We also discuss weaknesses in the experimental research, including limited work with non-WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations.

Drug Solubilization by Surfactants: Experimental Methods and Theoretical Perspectives

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nisar Ahmad Malik
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Poorly Soluble Drugs ◽  
Drug Solubilization ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Surface Active Agents ◽  
Poorly Soluble ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Mixed Systems ◽  
Insight Into

: This mini review will give an insight into the need and usefulness of investigating the solubilization of poorly soluble drugs. Commonly used experimental and theoretical models are outlined to study the efficacy of the carrier or excipient for the poorly soluble drugs. Furthermore, the use of surface active agents for drug solubilization is discussed in correlation with the mathematical models suggested from time to time. A few experimental techniques are also discussed which would be very helpful in elucidating the interactions prevailing in the mixed systems of poorly soluble drugs and surface active agents.

Cyclonic Transactions as Cultural Ecological Mechanisms for Investigating Change and Facilitating Action Research in Education

2014 ◽  
pp. 768-780
Author(s):  
Andrew Creed ◽  
Patrick Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Lived Experience ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Integrated Framework ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Research In Education ◽  
Cultural Ecological ◽  
The Individual

The aim of this chapter is to draw together two theoretical perspectives on the dynamics of educational change and propose a contemporary integrated framework as an analytical tool for use in education. A cultural ecological framework, which views the individual as an integral part of the environment and places significance on interaction with the environment in the context of daily work, is integrated with a cyclonic transactional framework, which emerges from recent research on online education and traverses hermeneutical, transformational mechanisms. The cyclonic transactional framework forms a bridge between abstraction and lived experience, which are both at the heart of the cultural ecological framework, and provides a mechanism through which learning relationships may be explored. The augmented and integrated framework, developed from historical and current explorations, is a tool that can assist policy development, implementation, and evaluation for both classroom and online education.

Selected to Kill in His Name

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yael Sela ◽  
Nicole Barbaro
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Parental Investment ◽  
Mate Guarding ◽  
Wife Beating ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Sexual Selection Theory

Religion motivates, exacerbates, and even justifies violence. This chapter argues that religious beliefs regarding violence—particularly those of monotheistic, Abrahamic faiths—are shaped by evolved psychological mechanisms. Further, it argues that religiously motivated violence is most likely to occur in evolutionarily relevant contexts. Guided by sexual selection theory and parental-investment theory, it first provides an overview of human sexual selection from an evolutionary perspective. It discusses how and why an evolutionary perspective—and principles of sexual selection and parental investment in particular—may provide a richer understanding of religiously motivated violence. Next follows an overview of research addressing several types of religiously motivated violence such as mate guarding and controlling behaviors, wife beating and uxoricide, honor killing, child abuse and filicide, male and female genital mutilation, war, and terrorism. Finally, it highlights the parallels between religiously motivated violence and evolved psychological mechanisms for violence, concluding with suggestions for future research.

The evolutionary psychology of patriarchy: Women are not passive pawns in men's game

1999 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Buss ◽  
Joshua Duntley
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Media Images ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Female Survival ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Survival Mechanisms

We applaud Campbell's cogent arguments for the evolution of female survival mechanisms but take issue with several key conceptual claims: the treatment of patriarchy; the implicit assumption that women are passive pawns in a male game of media exploitation; and the neglect of the possibility that media images exploit existing evolved psychological mechanisms rather than create them.

Blinded by the Starlight: An Evolutionary Framework for Studying Celebrity Culture and Fandom

2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte J. S. De Backer
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Visual Representations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
Fear Reaction ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
The Social ◽  
Personal Perceptions ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Power Of Words

Seeing is believing. Historically, print media has used visual illustrations to add credibility to their texts. The power of visuals is indeed stronger than the power of words. Even though pictures can be manipulated to not portraying any truth, we more easily believe what we see, compared with what we hear or what we read. Visual representations of reality create the false belief as if we witness the situation; an eye-witness perception translates into an I-witness emotional response. From an evolutionarily point of view, this can be labeled as a mismatch outcome of evolved psychological mechanisms. Adaptations to deal with situations that existed in our evolutionary past are being triggered by modern artifacts that might not be fitness-relevant themselves, but look a lot like fitness-relevant cues from the past. A classic example is, for instance, a fear reaction upon encountering a water hose that looks a lot like a snake. In a similar fashion, pictures, being visual representations of the world, look a lot like personal perceptions of the real world and might trigger mental mechanisms to deal with problems associated with this world. Applying this to understand the worship of stars, the author explains how mainly visual stimuli contribute to the formation of parasocial (one way) bonds between stars and their audience. The author draws on theories from the social sciences (communication studies, politics, and sociology), psychology, economics, and evolutionary biology, first to explain the field of celebrity or star studies, second to address the importance of visuals in the production of stars, and finally to explore why audiences worldwide tend to become emotionally involved with individuals they encounter on screens, with whom any form (or possibility of) physical interaction is highly unlikely.

scholarly journals Towards a neo-configurational theory of intrinsic motivation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martyna Daria Swiatczak
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Chain Structure ◽  
Causal Chain ◽  
Public Utility ◽  
Empowerment Theory ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Configurational Theory ◽  
Perceived Impact ◽  
Perceived Challenge

AbstractThis research seeks to improve our understanding of how intrinsic motivation is instantiated. Three motivation theories, flow theory, self-determination theory, and empowerment theory, have informed our understanding of the foundations of intrinsic motivation at work. Taken jointly, they suggest six causal factors for intrinsic motivation: (1) perceived competence, (2) perceived challenge, (3) perceived autonomy, (4) perceived impact, (5) perceived social relatedness, and (6) perceived meaningfulness. Integrating different theoretical perspectives, I employ a case-based configurational approach and conduct coincidence analyses on survey data from a German public utility to analyse the nuanced interplay of these six causal factors for intrinsic motivation. My data show that high perceived meaningfulness or high perceived autonomy is sufficient for high perceived intrinsic motivation and at least one of the two conditions must be present. Further, my findings reveal a common cause structure in which perceived impact is not a causal factor for intrinsic motivation but an additional outcome factor. Subsequent analyses shed light on possible roles of the remaining proposed causal factors by drawing a tentative causal chain structure. The results of this study enhance our understanding of the causal complexity underlying the formation of intrinsic motivation.

scholarly journals Paradara: Offence in Decency in The Perspective of Hindu Law Occuring in Denpasar City

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 281
Author(s):  
I Nyoman Alit Putrawan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The City

The purpose of this study to discuss the paradara phenomena that occur in Denpasar and its causal factors as well as sanctions. This research is an empirical legal research conducted in the city of Denpasar. Primary data obtained through observation and interview techniques. The secondary data obtained through library research. The forms of paradara cases that occur in the city of Denpasar, among others: rape, sexual abuse of children, and adultery. The factors causing the paradara are unwise use of social media, economic factors, family factors and social environment. Sanctions that can be imposed on perpetrators of paradara are criminal as stipulated in Article 284 of the Criminal Code and imposition of customary sanctions. In Hindu law, the prohibition of paradara is regulated in several sacred libraries, including: Manawadharmasastra, such as Manawa Dharmasastra, Sulwasutra, Jyotisastra, and Purana. According to Hindu law, women must be respected and get the highest place.

scholarly journals EVOLVING A CONSENT-BASED SEXUAL ENCOUNTER

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
John Okoria Ibhakewanlan
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
News Media ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Sexual Encounter ◽  
Socialization Process ◽  
Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Evolved Psychological Mechanisms ◽  
Asian Context ◽  
Desk Research

Recently, the news media have been saturated with reports of sexual assault of women by men of high social status. In this article, the author examines sexual abuse from an evolutionary and socio-psychological perspective. The piece is based on a desk research (as opposed to a field research). It draws upon evolution as well as literature on human and animal behaviour, so as to re-examine how men may have evolved psychological mechanisms that compel them to sexually dominate women. Of particular concern to the author is the mating game apparently inherited from the lower animals. The article questions the persistence in modern society of such primitive attitude towards sexual relationship between men and women. Finally, it calls for further discussion and research enquiry about the human socialization process as a way of deconstructing the prehistoric mating game. While the issues highlighted in this paper are global in nature, they are pertinent to the Asian context – where there have been widespread reports of sexual abuse against women. It is important for readers in the South East Asian region to be informed of such transnational perspective on this world-wide phenomenon.Keywords: Gender, mating game, rape, sex in animals, sexual abuseCite as: Ibhakewanlan, J.O. (2017). Evolving a consent-based sexual encounter. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(2), 107-117.

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