scholarly journals Exploring preferences for variable delays over fixed delays to high-value food rewards as a model of food-seeking behaviours in humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura-Jean G. Stokes ◽  
Anna Davies ◽  
Paul Lattimore ◽  
Catharine Winstanley ◽  
Robert D. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Food Seeking

Foraging and operant models suggest that animals will tolerate uncertainty or risk to obtain food quickly. In modern food environments, sustained access to quick energy-dense foods can promote weight gain. Here, we used a discrete-choice procedure to examine peoples' decisions about when next to eat high-value, palatable food rewards, probabilistically delivered immediately or following longer delays. In Experiment 1, moderately hungry young females showed consistent preferences for a variable delay option that delivered food rewards immediately or following long delays over a fixed delay option that delivered the same rewards following intermediate delays. These preferences were stronger in females with higher BMIs compared with lower BMIs, suggesting that quick food can enhance the value of uncertain or ‘risky’ food-seeking strategies in individuals vulnerable to future weight gain. In Experiment 2, prior exposure to a subtle and not easily identifiable food aroma increased selections of the variable delay option following delayed food rewards in a mixed sample of male and female adults, providing preliminary evidence that food cues can sustain uncertain food-seeking strategies. These data highlight a working hypothesis that the rapid delivery and consumption of food rewards, and food cues, can increase risk-tolerance in the food-seeking behaviours of individuals who are vulnerable to weight gain. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

Zonisamide

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Cavanna
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Alcohol Dependence ◽  
Antiepileptic Drug ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Tolerability Profile ◽  
Patients With Epilepsy ◽  
Psychiatric Adverse Effects ◽  
Acceptable Tolerability Profile

Zonisamide is a second-generation antiepileptic drug characterized by a few antiepileptic indications, with an acceptable interaction profile in polytherapy. Zonisamide has an acceptable tolerability profile in patients with epilepsy, with depression, irritability, agitation and psychosis as the most commonly reported psychiatric adverse effects. Zonisamide has no approved indications or clinical uses in psychiatry, as initial findings from uncontrolled studies suggesting effectiveness in the treatment of patients with bipolar disorder did not find confirmation. There is preliminary evidence for possible usefulness of zonisamide in the treatment of patients with obesity and psychotropic-associated weight gain, as well as alcohol dependence and withdrawal.

How uncertainty begets hope: A model of adaptive and maladaptive seeking behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Zack
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Human Obesity ◽  
Fat Accumulation ◽  
Seeking Behavior ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Better Than

AbstractThe “incentive hope” model creatively explains hoarding and fat accumulation by foragers under uncertainty and food seeking when food cues are present but food is not. The model has difficulty explaining why animals driven by cues fare better than animals driven by food reward itself, why human obesity exists when food is abundant, and why people enjoy gambling and care about winning.

scholarly journals Finite time stability of linear fractional order dynam-ical system with variable delays

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Jackreece P. C ◽  
Aniaku S. E
Keyword(s):  
Dynamical System ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Finite Time ◽  
Gronwall Inequality ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Time Stability ◽  
Finite Time Stability ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Grönwall Inequality

In this paper, some sufficient condition ensuring finite time stability are derived for a class of linear fractional order dynamical system with variable delay using generalized Gronwall inequality as well as classical Bellman-Gronwall inequality.

scholarly journals Feeding behaviour, risk-sensitivity and response control: effects of 5-HT2Creceptor manipulations

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor Humby ◽  
Yateen Patel ◽  
Jenny Carter ◽  
Laura-Jean G. Stokes ◽  
Robert D. Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Delay Condition ◽  
Risk Sensitivity ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Developed World ◽  
The Impact

People, like animals, tend to choose the variable option when given the choice between a fixed and variable delay to reward where, in the variable delay condition, some rewards are available immediately (Laura-Jeanet al. 2019Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B374, 20180141. (doi:10.1098/rstb.2018.0141)). This bias has been suggested to reflect evolutionary pressures resulting from food scarcity in the past placing a premium on obtaining food quickly that can win out against the risks of sometimes sustaining longer delays to food. The psychologies mediating this effect may become maladaptive in the developed world where food is readily available contributing, potentially, to overeating and obesity. Here, we report our development of a novel touchscreen task in mice allowing comparisons of the impact of food delay and food magnitude across species. We show that mice exhibit the typical preference, as shown by humans, for variable over fixed delays to rewards but no preference when it comes to fixed versus variable reward amounts and further show that this bias is sensitive to manipulations of the 5-HT2Creceptor, a key mediator of feeding and impulse control. We discuss the data in terms of the utility of the task to model the psychologies and underlying brain mechanisms impacting on feeding behaviours.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

scholarly journals Global attractivity in differential equations with variable delays

2000 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 568-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Graef ◽  
C. Qian
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equation ◽  
Differential Equations ◽  
Global Attractivity ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Image Position

AbstractConsider the forced differential equation with variable delaywhereWe establish a sufficient condition for every solution to tend to zero. We also obtain a sharper condition for every solution to tend to zero when is asymptotically constant.

scholarly journals The Orexigenic Force of Olfactory Palatable Food Cues in Rats

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3101
Author(s):  
Fiona Peris-Sampedro ◽  
Iris Stoltenborg ◽  
Marie V. Le May ◽  
Pol Sole-Navais ◽  
Roger A. H. Adan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Palatable Food ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Ghrelin Receptor ◽  
Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
External Stimuli

Environmental cues recalling palatable foods motivate eating beyond metabolic need, yet the timing of this response and whether it can develop towards a less palatable but readily available food remain elusive. Increasing evidence indicates that external stimuli in the olfactory modality communicate with the major hub in the feeding neurocircuitry, namely the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc), but the neural substrates involved have been only partially uncovered. By means of a home-cage hidden palatable food paradigm, aiming to mimic ubiquitous exposure to olfactory food cues in Western societies, we investigated whether the latter could drive the overeating of plain chow in non-food-deprived male rats and explored the neural mechanisms involved, including the possible engagement of the orexigenic ghrelin system. The olfactory detection of a familiar, palatable food impacted upon meal patterns, by increasing meal frequency, to cause the persistent overconsumption of chow. In line with the orexigenic response observed, sensing the palatable food in the environment stimulated food-seeking and risk-taking behavior, which are intrinsic components of food acquisition, and caused active ghrelin release. Our results suggest that olfactory food cues recruited intermingled populations of cells embedded within the feeding circuitry within the Arc, including, notably, those containing the ghrelin receptor. These data demonstrate the leverage of ubiquitous food cues, not only for palatable food searching, but also to powerfully drive food consumption in ways that resonate with heightened hunger, for which the orexigenic ghrelin system is implicated.

scholarly journals What You Feel Is What You See: A Binding Perspective on Evaluative Conditioning

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Walther ◽  
Georg Halbeisen ◽  
Katarina Blask
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Evaluative Conditioning ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Integration Theory ◽  
Event File ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Integration Mechanism ◽  
Feature Integration Theory ◽  
Selective Integration ◽  
New Framework

In this paper, we outline the predominant theoretical perspectives on evaluative conditioning (EC)—the changes in liking that are due to the pairing of stimuli—identify their weaknesses, and propose a new framework, the binding perspective on EC, which might help to overcome at least some of these issues. Based on feature integration theory (Treisman & Gelade, 1980, https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(80)90005-5) and the theory of event coding (TEC; Hommel, Müsseler, Aschersleben, & Prinz, 2001, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X01000103), we assume that EC depends on a selective integration mechanism that binds relevant CS, US, and action features into an event-file, while simultaneously inhibiting features irrelevant for current goals. This perspective examines hitherto unspecified processes relevant to the encoding of CS-US pairs and their consequences for behavior, which we hope will stimulate further theoretical development. We also present some preliminary evidence for binding in EC and discuss the scope and limitations of this perspective.

Ulam’s-Type Stability of First-Order Impulsive Differential Equations with Variable Delay in Quasi–Banach Spaces

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 553-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
JinRong Wang ◽  
Akbar Zada ◽  
Wajid Ali
Keyword(s):  
Differential Equations ◽  
Finite Number ◽  
Banach Spaces ◽  
Integral Inequality ◽  
Impulsive Differential Equations ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
First Order ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Ulam’S Type Stability ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn this paper, Ulam’s-type stabilities are studied for a class of first-order impulsive differential equations with bounded variable delays on compact interval with finite number of impulses. Results of stability are proved via newly established integral inequality of Bellman–Grönwall–Bihari type with delay for discontinuous functions. Using this inequality for the first time and assumption of $\alpha$-H$\ddot{o}$lder’s condition instead of common Lipschitz condition is novelty of this paper. Moreover, solution is obtained in quasi–Banach spaces which is best suited for obtaining results under the assumptions of $\alpha$-H$\ddot{o}$lder’s condition.

scholarly journals Affective Pavlovian motivation is enhanced in obesity susceptible populations; implications for incentive motivation in obesity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifka C. Derman ◽  
Carrie R. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Obesity Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Outbred Populations ◽  
Affective Process

Global obesity rates continue to rise, presenting a major challenge to human health. Efforts to uncover the drivers of this epidemic have highlighted the contribution of Pavlovian motivational processes to overeating. In humans, brain and behavioral reactivity to food related stimuli positively correlates with subsequent weight gain. In concordance with this, selectively bred obesity-prone rats exhibit stronger cue-triggered food-seeking via single outcome Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (SO PIT) than obesity-resistant rats. These data show that Pavlovian motivation is stronger in selectively bred obesity-prone groups. However, whether obesity susceptibility in outbred populations is associated with enhanced PIT is unknown. Moreover, PIT can arise via two neurobehaviorally dissociable processes, a sensory specific versus a general affective process that cannot be distinguished by SO PIT. Thus, it is unclear which PIT process is enhanced in obesity-prone groups. Therefore, we determined whether obesity susceptibility in outbred populations is associated with enhanced Sensory Specific (SS) PIT or General PIT and whether expression of these forms of PIT differs between selectively bred obesity-prone versus obesity-resistant rats. We find that in outbred rats, the magnitude of General PIT is positively correlated with subsequently determined obesity susceptibility. In selectively bred rats, the magnitude of General PIT was stronger in obesity-prone versus obesity-resistant groups. Jointly, these data show that enhanced affective Pavlovian motivation is tightly linked to obesity vulnerability, supporting a role for phenotypic differences in incentive motivation for the development of obesity. This has important implications for obesity prevention and for understanding the neurocircuitry mediating enhanced food-seeking in vulnerable individuals.

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