scholarly journals Affective Pavlovian motivation is enhanced in obesity susceptible populations; implications for incentive motivation in obesity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifka C. Derman ◽  
Carrie R. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Incentive Motivation ◽  
Phenotypic Differences ◽  
Obesity Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptible Populations ◽  
Food Seeking ◽  
Outbred Populations ◽  
Affective Process

Global obesity rates continue to rise, presenting a major challenge to human health. Efforts to uncover the drivers of this epidemic have highlighted the contribution of Pavlovian motivational processes to overeating. In humans, brain and behavioral reactivity to food related stimuli positively correlates with subsequent weight gain. In concordance with this, selectively bred obesity-prone rats exhibit stronger cue-triggered food-seeking via single outcome Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (SO PIT) than obesity-resistant rats. These data show that Pavlovian motivation is stronger in selectively bred obesity-prone groups. However, whether obesity susceptibility in outbred populations is associated with enhanced PIT is unknown. Moreover, PIT can arise via two neurobehaviorally dissociable processes, a sensory specific versus a general affective process that cannot be distinguished by SO PIT. Thus, it is unclear which PIT process is enhanced in obesity-prone groups. Therefore, we determined whether obesity susceptibility in outbred populations is associated with enhanced Sensory Specific (SS) PIT or General PIT and whether expression of these forms of PIT differs between selectively bred obesity-prone versus obesity-resistant rats. We find that in outbred rats, the magnitude of General PIT is positively correlated with subsequently determined obesity susceptibility. In selectively bred rats, the magnitude of General PIT was stronger in obesity-prone versus obesity-resistant groups. Jointly, these data show that enhanced affective Pavlovian motivation is tightly linked to obesity vulnerability, supporting a role for phenotypic differences in incentive motivation for the development of obesity. This has important implications for obesity prevention and for understanding the neurocircuitry mediating enhanced food-seeking in vulnerable individuals.

Engaging African American Adolescents and Stakeholders to Adapt Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Weight Gain Prevention

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 128-161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omni Cassidy ◽  
Dawn M. Eichen ◽  
Natasha L. Burke ◽  
Jacqueline Patmore ◽  
Allison Shore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Community Based Participatory Research ◽  
African American Adolescents ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Interpersonal Psychotherapy ◽  
Obesity Prevention Programs

Developing culturally appropriate obesity prevention programs for African American (AA) adolescent girls that account for psychological risk factors is paramount to addressing health disparities. The current study was part of an investigation utilizing a community-based participatory research framework to gather qualitative data from urban AA girls, their caregivers, and community health liaisons to develop a novel obesity prevention program based on interpersonal psychotherapy for the prevention of excessive weight gain (IPT-WG). In the current study with urban AAs, data from seven focus groups (total sample size, N = 40) were analyzed using thematic analysis. Participants identified problematic eating behaviors, including binge or loss of control eating; highlighted the importance of interpersonal relationships, mood functioning, and eating; and supported the tenets of IPT-WG. While features of IPT-WG generally resonated with participants, culturally based modifications were suggested. These data will be used to inform the development of a culturally relevant IPT-WG program.

scholarly journals Exploring preferences for variable delays over fixed delays to high-value food rewards as a model of food-seeking behaviours in humans

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura-Jean G. Stokes ◽  
Anna Davies ◽  
Paul Lattimore ◽  
Catharine Winstanley ◽  
Robert D. Rogers
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Risk Tolerance ◽  
Variable Delay ◽  
Food Cues ◽  
Young Females ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Food Seeking

Foraging and operant models suggest that animals will tolerate uncertainty or risk to obtain food quickly. In modern food environments, sustained access to quick energy-dense foods can promote weight gain. Here, we used a discrete-choice procedure to examine peoples' decisions about when next to eat high-value, palatable food rewards, probabilistically delivered immediately or following longer delays. In Experiment 1, moderately hungry young females showed consistent preferences for a variable delay option that delivered food rewards immediately or following long delays over a fixed delay option that delivered the same rewards following intermediate delays. These preferences were stronger in females with higher BMIs compared with lower BMIs, suggesting that quick food can enhance the value of uncertain or ‘risky’ food-seeking strategies in individuals vulnerable to future weight gain. In Experiment 2, prior exposure to a subtle and not easily identifiable food aroma increased selections of the variable delay option following delayed food rewards in a mixed sample of male and female adults, providing preliminary evidence that food cues can sustain uncertain food-seeking strategies. These data highlight a working hypothesis that the rapid delivery and consumption of food rewards, and food cues, can increase risk-tolerance in the food-seeking behaviours of individuals who are vulnerable to weight gain. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

Metabolic control and future opportunities for growth regulation

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 149-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Reeds
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Growth Regulation ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Human Obesity ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Protein Deposition ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Number Of Factors ◽  
Growth Of Animals

The last 10 years have seen a significant expansion in the scope of attempts to manipulate the growth of animals (Buttery, Lindsay and Haynes, 1986). The expansion of interest has been driven by a number of factors, both economic and theoretical. At the economic level the need to develop energetically and economically efficient strategies of animal production has been coupled with a renewed awareness of the implications for human health of excessive intakes of saturated fats. Emphasis then has switched from the maximization of weight gain as an end in itself towards a need to promote protein deposition at any given intake and, at the same time, to reduce the fat content of meat and meat products. These twin objectives might be achieved by one of three strategies: the promotion of protein deposition alone, because at any given rate of weight gain this will tend to minimize the rate of fat deposition (the so-called repartitioning effect); the reduction of fat gain (an approach that has received particularly close attention by those concerned primarily with human obesity); or ideally the simultaneous promotion of protein accretion and depression of that of fat.

scholarly journals Maintaining the Outcomes of a Successful Weight Gain Prevention Intervention in Mid-Age Women: Two Year Results from the 40-Something Randomized Control Trial

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1100
Author(s):  
Lauren T. Williams ◽  
Clare E. Collins ◽  
Philip J. Morgan ◽  
Jenna L. Hollis
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Health Professional ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Intervention Effects ◽  
Prevention Intervention ◽  
Percentage Body Fat

Despite the life stage of menopause being identified as a high risk for weight gain, there are few obesity prevention interventions for this target group, and no evidence on maintenance of intervention effects after intervention support is withdrawn. In the 40-Something Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) (ACTRN12611000064909), a five-consultation health professional (dietitian and exercise physiologist) obesity prevention intervention, using motivational interviewing principles (MI) over 12 months, achieved significantly greater weight loss than a self-directed intervention (SDI) (tailored written material) in 54 non-obese (body mass index (BMI): 18.5–29.9 kg/m2), premenopausal women (44–50 years). The aim of the current paper is to report on whether the intervention effects were maintained at two years. Anthropometric, biochemical and health behavior data were collected at baseline, 12 months (end of intervention) and 24 months (end of maintenance period). Forty participants (22 = MI, 18 = SDI) who completed all measures to 12 months were invited to participate in the monitoring phase and 30 (MI = 16, SDI = 14) consented. The primary outcome of weight at 24 months was assessed using intention to treat principles (n = 54), adjusting for baseline weight. The MI group had a significantly lower weight at 24 months (64.6 kg, 95% CI: 63.2, 66.6, p = 0.015) compared with the SDI group (67.3 kg, 95% CI: 65.7, 68.8), and the secondary outcomes of percentage body fat and waist circumference were also significantly lower in the MI group. The low-intensity, health professional weight control intervention utilizing MI principles was more efficacious in maintaining a significant weight loss compared to a self-directed intervention, and both were successful in preventing obesity.

Food-seeking drive, affective process, and learning.

1949 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Thomas Young
Keyword(s):  
Food Seeking ◽  
Affective Process

scholarly journals Family- and school-based correlates of energy balance-related behaviours in 10–12-year-old children: a systematic review within the ENERGY (EuropeaN Energy balance Research to prevent excessive weight Gain among Youth) project

2012 ◽  
Vol 15 (8) ◽  
pp. 1380-1395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maïté Verloigne ◽  
Wendy Van Lippevelde ◽  
Lea Maes ◽  
Johannes Brug ◽  
Ilse De Bourdeaudhuij
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Sedentary Behaviour ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Breakfast Consumption ◽  
Soft Drink Consumption ◽  
School Based ◽  
Prevention Programmes

AbstractObjectiveTo identify family- and school-based correlates of specific energy balance-related behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, breakfast consumption, soft drink consumption) among 10–12-year-olds, using the EnRG framework (Environmental Research framework for weight Gain prevention).DesignA literature review to identify observational studies exploring at least one family- or school-based correlate of the specific behaviours, resulting in seventy-six articles.SettingEighteen studies were conducted in Europe, forty-one studies in North America and seventeen studies in Australasia.SubjectsHealthy children aged 10–12 years.ResultsParental and maternal physical activity, doing physical activities with parents and parental logistic support were identified as the most important, positive correlates of physical activity. Parental rules was the most important correlate of sedentary behaviour and was inversely related to it. School socio-economic status was positively related to physical activity and inversely related to sedentary behaviour. The available studies suggested a positive relationship between soft drink availability at home and consumption. Soft drink availability and consumption at school were the most important school-based correlates of soft drink consumption. A permissive parenting style was related to more soft drink consumption and less breakfast consumption.ConclusionsAn important role has been awarded to parents, suggesting parents should be involved in obesity prevention programmes. Despite the opportunities a school can offer, little research has been done to identify school-environmental correlates of energy balance-related behaviours in this age group. Obesity prevention programmes can focus on the most important correlates to maximize the effectiveness of the programme. Future research should aim at longitudinal studies.

scholarly journals Obesity Prevention from Conception: A Workshop to Guide the Development of a Pan-Canadian Trial Targeting the Gestational Period

2014 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. NMI.S14146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristi B. Adamo ◽  
Garry X. Shen ◽  
Michelle Mottola ◽  
Simony Nascimento ◽  
Sonia Jean-Philippe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Obesity Prevention ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Grant Proposal ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Intervention Trial ◽  
Related Disease ◽  
Gestational Period ◽  
In Pregnancy

This report summarizes a meeting, Obesity Prevention from Conception, held in Ottawa in 2012. This planning workshop was funded by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) to bring together researchers with expertise in the area of maternal obesity (OB) and weight gain in pregnancy and pregnancy-related disease to attend a one-day workshop and symposium to discuss the development of a cross-Canada lifestyle intervention trial for targeting pregnant women. This future intervention will aim to reduce downstream OB in children through encouraging appropriate weight gain during the mother's pregnancy. The workshop served to (i) inform the development of a lifestyle intervention for women with a high pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), (ii) identify site investigators across Canada, and (iii) guide the development of a grant proposal focusing on the health of mom and baby. A brief summary of the presentations as well as the focus groups is presented for use in planning future research.

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