scholarly journals Early signalling mechanisms underlying receptor kinase-mediated immunity in plants

2019 ◽  
Vol 374 (1767) ◽  
pp. 20180310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhaoyang Zhou ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Guozhi Bi ◽  
Xiangxiu Liang ◽  
Jian-Min Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Heterotrimeric G Proteins ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Immune Receptor ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Protein Map ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Molecular Patterns

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which are single transmembrane proteins belonging to the receptor-like kinase (RLK) and receptor-like protein (RLP) super families, sense microbe- and host-derived molecular patterns to activate immune responses in plants. PRRs associate with co-receptors, scaffold proteins and receptor-like cytoplasmic kinases (RLCKs) to form immune receptor complexes at the cell surface, allowing activation of cellular responses upon perception of extracellular ligands. Recent advances have uncovered new mechanisms by which these immune receptor complexes are regulated at the levels of composition, stability and activity. It has become clear that RLCKs are central components directly linking PRRs to multiple downstream signalling modules. Furthermore, new studies have provided important insights into the regulation of reactive oxygen species, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades and heterotrimeric G proteins, which has not only deepened our understanding of immunity, but also expanded our view of transmembrane signalling in general. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Biotic signalling sheds light on smart pest management’.

scholarly journals A conserved regulatory module regulates receptor kinase signaling in immunity and development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas A. DeFalco ◽  
Pauline Anne ◽  
Sean R. James ◽  
Andrew Willoughby ◽  
Oliver Johanndrees ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Surface ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Receptor Complexes ◽  
Regulatory Circuit ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Receptor Kinase Signaling

ABSTRACTLigand recognition by cell-surface receptors underlies development and immunity in both animals and plants. Modulating receptor signaling is critical for appropriate cellular responses but the mechanisms ensuring this are poorly understood. Here, we show that signaling by plant receptors for pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in immunity and CLAVATA3/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION-RELATED peptides (CLEp) in development employ a similar regulatory module. In the absence of ligand, signaling is dampened through association with specific type-2C protein phosphatases (PP2Cs). Upon activation, PAMP and CLEp receptors phosphorylate divergent cytosolic kinases, which, in turn, phosphorylate the phosphatases, thereby promoting their release from the receptor complexes. Our work reveals a regulatory circuit shared between immune and developmental receptor signaling, which may have broader important implications for plant receptor kinase-mediated signaling in general.

scholarly journals Perception of a divergent family of phytocytokines by the Arabidopsis receptor kinase MIK2

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Rhodes ◽  
Huanjie Yang ◽  
Steven Moussu ◽  
Freddy Boutrot ◽  
Julia Santiago ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Leucine Rich Repeat ◽  
Root Pathogen ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Receptor Kinases ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

AbstractPlant genomes encode hundreds of receptor kinases and peptides, but the number of known plant receptor-ligand pairs is limited. We report that the Arabidopsis leucine-rich repeat receptor kinase LRR-RK MALE DISCOVERER 1-INTERACTING RECEPTOR LIKE KINASE 2 (MIK2) is the receptor for the SERINE RICH ENDOGENOUS PEPTIDE (SCOOP) phytocytokines. MIK2 is necessary and sufficient for immune responses triggered by multiple SCOOP peptides, suggesting that MIK2 is the receptor for this divergent family of peptides. Accordingly, the SCOOP12 peptide directly binds MIK2 and triggers complex formation between MIK2 and the BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE 1-ASSOCIATED KINASE 1 (BAK1) co-receptor. MIK2 is required for resistance to the important root pathogen Fusarium oxysporum. Notably, we reveal that Fusarium proteomes encode SCOOP-like sequences, and corresponding synthetic peptides induce MIK2-dependent immune responses. These results suggest that MIK2 may recognise Fusarium-derived SCOOP-like sequences to induce immunity against Fusarium. The definition of SCOOPs as MIK2 ligands will help to unravel the multiple roles played by MIK2 during plant growth, development and stress responses.

scholarly journals Interleukin (IL)-1 Receptor–associated Kinase (IRAK) Requirement for Optimal Induction of Multiple IL-1 Signaling Pathways and IL-6 Production

1998 ◽  
Vol 187 (12) ◽  
pp. 2073-2079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palanisamy Kanakaraj ◽  
Peter H. Schafer ◽  
Druie E. Cavender ◽  
Ying Wu ◽  
Karen Ngo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Map Kinases ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
P38 Map Kinase ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Embryonic Fibroblasts ◽  
Protein Map ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Transcription Factor Nuclear Factor

Interleukin (IL)-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects in inflammation. IL-1 binding to its receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events, including activation of the stress-activated mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAP kinase, as well as transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). IL-1 signaling results in cellular responses through induction of inflammatory gene products such as IL-6. One of the earliest events in IL-1 signaling is the rapid interaction of IL-1 receptor–associated kinases, IRAK and IRAK-2, with the receptor complex. The relative roles of IRAK and IRAK-2 in IL-1 signaling pathways and subsequent cellular responses have not been previously determined. To evaluate the importance of IRAK in IL-1 signaling, IRAK-deficient mouse fibroblast cells were prepared and studied. Here we report that IL-1–mediated activation of JNK, p38, and NF-κB were all reduced in embryonic fibroblasts deficient in IRAK expression. In addition, IL-6 production in response to IL-1 was also dramatically reduced in IRAK-deficient embryonic fibroblasts and in skin fibroblasts prepared from IRAK-deficient mice. Our results demonstrate that IRAK plays an essential proximal role in coordinating multiple IL-1 signaling pathways for optimal induction of cellular responses.

scholarly journals Pathogen-derived 9-methyl sphingoid base is perceived by a lectin receptor kinase in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroaki Kato ◽  
Keiichiro Nemoto ◽  
Motoki Shimizu ◽  
Akira Abe ◽  
Shuta Asai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Microbial Pathogens ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Sphingoid Base ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Lectin Receptor ◽  
Receptor Like Kinase ◽  
Oomycete Pathogen

In plants, many invading microbial pathogens are recognized by cell-surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), inducing defense responses; yet how PRRs perceive pathogen sphingolipids remains unclear. Here, we show that the ceramide Pi-Cer D from a plant pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora infestans triggers defense responses in Arabidopsis. Pi-Cer D is cleaved by an Arabidopsis apoplastic ceramidase, NCER2, and the resulting 9-methyl-branched sphingoid base is recognized by a plasma membrane lectin receptor-like kinase, RDA2. Importantly, 9-methyl-branched sphingoid base, which is unique to microbes, induces plant immune responses by interacting with RDA2. Loss of RDA2 or NCER2 function compromised Arabidopsis resistance against an oomycete pathogen, indicating that these are crucial for defense. We provide new insights that help elucidate the recognition mechanisms of pathogen-derived lipid molecules in plants.

scholarly journals Stress Response and Pathogenicity of the Necrotrophic Fungal PathogenAlternaria alternata

Scientifica ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuang-Ren Chung
Keyword(s):  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Iron Acquisition ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Oxygen Species ◽  
Current State ◽  
Redox Responsive ◽  
Protein Map ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Cellular Stresses ◽  
Citrus Leaves

The production of host-selective toxins by the necrotrophic fungusAlternaria alternatais essential for the pathogenesis.A. alternatainfection in citrus leaves induces rapid lipid peroxidation, accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and cell death. The mechanisms by whichA. alternataavoids killing by reactive oxygen species (ROS) after invasion have begun to be elucidated. The ability to coordinate of signaling pathways is essential for the detoxification of cellular stresses induced by ROS and for pathogenicity inA. alternata. A low level of H2O2, produced by the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complex, modulates ROS resistance and triggers conidiation partially via regulating the redox-responsive regulators (YAP1 and SKN7) and the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase (HOG1) mediated pathways, which subsequently regulate the genes required for the biosynthesis of siderophore, an iron-chelating compound. Siderophore-mediated iron acquisition plays a key role in ROS detoxification because of the requirement of iron for the activities of antioxidants (e.g., catalase and SOD). Fungal strains impaired for the ROS-detoxifying system severely reduce the virulence on susceptible citrus cultivars. This paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of signaling pathways associated with cellular responses to multidrugs, oxidative and osmotic stress, and fungicides, as well as the pathogenicity/virulence in the tangerine pathotype ofA. alternata.

scholarly journals Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase Pathways: Regulation and Physiological Functions*

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gray Pearson ◽  
Fred Robinson ◽  
Tara Beers Gibson ◽  
Bing-e Xu ◽  
Mahesh Karandikar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Map Kinase ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Protein Map ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein ◽  
Map Kinase Pathways

scholarly journals Olfactory desensitization requires membrane targeting of receptor kinase mediated by beta gamma-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins.

1994 ◽  
Vol 269 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
I. Boekhoff ◽  
J. Inglese ◽  
S. Schleicher ◽  
W.J. Koch ◽  
R.J. Lefkowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
G Proteins ◽  
Membrane Targeting ◽  
Heterotrimeric G Proteins ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Gamma Subunits

scholarly journals The Role of Macrophages in the Host’s Defense against Sporothrix schenckii

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 905
Author(s):  
Estela Ruiz-Baca ◽  
Armando Pérez-Torres ◽  
Yolanda Romo-Lozano ◽  
Daniel Cervantes-García ◽  
Carlos A. Alba-Fierro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Sporothrix Schenckii ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Cell Recruitment ◽  
Host Pathogen Interaction ◽  
Interaction Processes ◽  
Host Pathogen ◽  
Molecular Patterns

The role of immune cells associated with sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii is not yet fully clarified. Macrophages through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of Sporothrix, engulf it, activate respiratory burst, and secrete pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory biological mediators to control infection. It is important to consider that the characteristics associated with S. schenckii and/or the host may influence macrophage polarization (M1/M2), cell recruitment, and the type of immune response (1, 2, and 17). Currently, with the use of new monocyte-macrophage cell lines, it is possible to evaluate different host–pathogen interaction processes, which allows for the proposal of new mechanisms in human sporotrichosis. Therefore, in order to contribute to the understanding of these host–pathogen interactions, the aim of this review is to summarize and discuss the immune responses induced by macrophage-S. schenckii interactions, as well as the PRRs and PAMPs involved during the recognition of S. schenckii that favor the immune evasion by the fungus.

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