scholarly journals IX. An account of an appulse of the Moon to the planet Jupiter, observed at Chelsea

1763 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
Equal Time ◽  
Naked Eye

The alteration of the angles of position made by the cusps of the Moon, and a planet to which the Moon makes a near appulse, will always enable the astronomically inclined to determine from observation, the longitudes of places, by the naked eye and a clock or watch set to apparent or equal time.

The Triple-Point Planet

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben McFarland
Keyword(s):  
Middle English ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
The Moon ◽  
The Road ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Us ◽  
Let's Move ◽  
The Difference

Let’s move to a vantage point a little quieter: the surface of the moon. It is so still that Neil Armstrong’s footprints remain undisturbed. The only reason the US flag there appears to “fly” is that a wire holds it up. The moon and Mercury stayed still as Mars, Venus, and Earth moved on down the road of geological development. The moon is a “steady” environment, a word whose Middle English roots are appropriately tangled with the word for “sterile.” Nothing moves on the moon, but in its sky Mars, Venus, and Earth move in their orbits, just as they moved on in complexity 4 billion years ago. Out of the whole solar system, Mars and Venus are the most like Earth in size, position, and composition. Mars is smaller, but Venus could be Earth’s twin in size. If Earth and Venus were separated at birth, then something happened to obscure the family resemblance: liquid water brought life. To chemists, liquid is the third phase of matter, between solid and gas, and its presence made all the difference. Mars gleams a bright blood red even to the naked eye, while Venus is choked with thick yellow bands of clouds. Mars is cold enough to have carbon dioxide snow, while Venus is hot enough to melt tin and boil water. Earth’s blue oceans and green continents provide a bright, primary contrast. These three siblings have drastically different fortunes. At first, they looked the same, colored with black mafic basalt and glowing red magma. The original planets were all so hot that their atmospheres were driven off into space. The oceans and the air came from within. Steam condensed into oceans on each planet’s cool basalt surface. Oceans changed the planet. Water is a transformative chemical, small yet highly charged, seeping into the smallest cracks, dissolving what it can and carrying those things long distances. Venus, Earth, and Mars do not look like the moon because they have been washed in water. Mars is dry now, but the Curiosity rover left no doubt that the red planet was first blue with water.

scholarly journals PEMAHAMAN HADIS RU’YATAL-HILAL MENURUT ULAMA SYATARIAH ULAKAN PADANG PARIAMAN

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-207
Author(s):  
Nandi Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Law ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Religious Community ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
New Moon

The Problem of hisab and ru’yat on its development are not regardless of development Islamic thingking history who much be embellishment of ideology, mazhab or firqah, who present differentiation on opinion who related Islamic law framework especially in Indonesia. The result of understanding different about argumentation normative hisab-ru’yat were think out a differntiation and understanding on the Islamic member of a religious community. This thesis is field research, who has special understanding on construe of Hadis ru’yat al-hilal of Tarekat Syatariah. Interpretation this Hadith of Tarekat Syatariah have different understanding to understand the context of Hadis. Now focus of this research is to know understanding and implementation of Hadith ru’yat al-hilal according to Syatariah scholar Ulakan Padang Pariaman. The result of this research are, First, understanding of hadis ru’yat al-hilal according to Syatariah scolar Ulakan Padang Pariaman is both collaboration of that hadis, because of the first hadis be explanation of the second hadis that are when the moon can’t be seen with the naked eyes because closed of fog or cloud, than word of presuppositioning (faqdurulah) on the first hadis be exclamation of passages of Koran by supplying additional information by Syatariah scholar be completed Sya’ban moon to be 30 days. Second, understanding implementation of Hadis ru’yat al-hilal is with together see new moon (al-hilal) at place who be certained of scolar (Tuangku) from the last time , they are Ulakan beach Padang Pariaman and Koto Tuo Agam. They are see new moon naked eye, although use the modern tools to see it the last judgmen according to them how to see it with naked eye, if it can’t be seen so, the new moon was not visible, although with modern tools to see it, and that not have influenced on determination al-hilal was seem or not. Their jedgment is still on argument if the new moon can’t see with naked eyes, so, al-hilal be evidented not visible and Sya’ban moon be completed to 30 days.

scholarly journals Menelaah Perkembangan Kajian Hisab Rukyah di Indonesia

ELFALAKY ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heri Zulhadi
Keyword(s):  
The Moon ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
History Of ◽  
New Moon ◽  
Calculation System

Abstract Hisab and rukyah are two methods of study used by Muslims to determine the start time of prayer, fasting, hajj and so forth. Periodesasi hisab rukyah, at a glance must have imagined what is meant by hisab rukyah. In the discourse about the Hijri calendar known by the term hisab and rukyah. Hisab is a calendar calculation system based on the average circulation of the moon that surrounds the earth and is conventionally defined. This reckoning system began since the establishment of Caliph Umar ibn Khattab ra (17H) as a reference for composing an enduring Islamic calendar. Another opinion says that this calendar system started in 16 H or 18 H, but the more popular is the year 17 H. While Rukyah is seeing the hilal directly with the naked eye or with the help of tools such as telescopes or other tools that support to see the new moon every end of Qamariyah month. The word rukyah is more famous as rukyatul hilalyaitu see moon. In this study, the author will describe a little about the history of hisab and rukyah in the period of prophets, companions, tabi'in, mid to modern period today. In this study, the scope of hisab rukya includes prayer times, Qibla direction, the beginning of Qamariyah month, eclipse and hijri calendar. Keyword: Hisab, Rukyah.

The Moon and the Planets in Classical Greece and Rome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Hannah
Keyword(s):  
Bronze Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Cultural Issue ◽  
Classical Greece ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
The Past ◽  
Greek Astronomy ◽  
Evening Star ◽  
Compute Time

While the moon naturally featured in Mediterranean cultures from time immemorial, principally noted in the earliest literature as a marker of time, time-dependent constructs such as the calendar, and time-related activities, awareness and recognition of the five visible planets came relatively late to the Greeks and thence to the Romans. The moon underlies the local calendars of the Greeks, with documentary and literary evidence from the Late Bronze Age through the Imperial Roman period, and there are signs that the earliest Roman calendar also paid homage to the moon in its divisions of the month. However, although Homer in the 8th century BCE knows of a Morning and an Evening Star, he shows no indication of realizing that these are one and the same, the planet Venus. That particular identification may have come in the 6th century BCE, and it appears to have been not until the 4th century BCE that the Greeks recognized the other four planets visible to the naked eye—Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, and Mercury. This awareness probably came via contact with Babylonian astronomy and astrology, where identification and observations of the planets had figured from the 2nd millennium BCE and served as a basis for astrological prognostications. But it is time, not astrology, that lies at the heart of Greek and Roman concerns with the moon and the planets. Indeed, the need to tell time accurately has been regarded as the fundamental motivation of Greek astronomy. A major cultural issue that long engaged the Greeks was how to synchronize the incommensurate cycles of the moon and the sun for calendrical purposes. Given the apparent irregularities of their cycles, the planets might seem to offer no obvious help with regard to time measurement. Nonetheless they were included by Plato in the 4th century BCE in his cosmology, along with the sun and moon, as heavenly bodies created specifically to compute time. Astrology then provided a useful framework in which the sun, moon, planets, and stars all combined to enable the interpretation and forecasting of life events. It became necessary for the Greeks, and their successors the Romans, to be able to calculate as accurately as possible the positions of the heavenly bodies in order to determine readings of the past, present, and future. Greek astronomy had always had a speculative aspect, as philosophers strove to make sense of the visible cosmos. A deep-seated assumption held by Greek astronomers, that the heavenly bodies moved in uniform, circular orbits, lead to a desire over the centuries to account for or explain away the observed irregularities of planetary motions with their stations and retrogradations. This intention “to save the phenomena,”— that is, to preserve the fundamental circularity—was said to have originated with Plato. While arithmetical schemes had sufficed in Babylonia for such calculation, it was a Greek innovation to devise increasingly complex geometric theories of circular motions (eccentrics and epicycles) in an effort to understand how the sun, moon, and planets moved, so as to place them more precisely in time and space.

The Earliest Visible Phase of the Moon

1920 ◽  
Vol 14 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 172-172
Author(s):  
T. Rice Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Fine Weather ◽  
Interesting Paper ◽  
The Mean ◽  
New Moon ◽  
The University ◽  
First Time ◽  
Clear Atmosphere

I AM glad that Dr. Fotheringham in the interesting paper which appeared in the Classical Quarterly (April, 1920, pp. 97–8) adhered to the view that ‘Caesar calculated the new moon for January 1 [45 B.C]…and that this calculation determined the inaugural day of the Julian calendar.’ As the object of my brief note, on which he commented, was merely to show that Groebe had failed to prove that the day in question was January 2, I have only a few questions to ask. But first, in justice to Judeich, I ought to say that his calculations, which Dr. Fotheringham notices, were made with the help of the assistant-astronomer attached to the observatory of the University of Strassburg. While Dr. Fotheringham admits that I was right in maintaining that the new moon of January 2, 45 B.C. (1.26 a.m.) was not visible on the evening of that day, he holds that Groebe was ‘fairly entitled to say’ that the new moon of March 24, 58 B.C. (4.40 p.m.), was visible on March 25. Dr. Fotheringham may be justified in saying that it ought ‘in normal [or abnormally fine ?] weather to have been visible that evening’; but, as I observed in my note, Groebe affirmed that in calculating the time of visibility of the crescent we should accept the mean of the Babylonian estimates, 36 hours—less, I should have added, in the early spring and the winter, more in the summer and autumn. Was he entitled to deduct 9 hours from the mean for an observation made not in the clear atmosphere of the East, but in Switzerland? Dr. Fotheringham tells us that ‘the shortest interval between a new moon and the observation of the moon by Schmidt's naked eye comes’ not, as Groebe said, to 29, but ‘to 25.7 hours.’ But forty-eight of Schmidt's forty-nine observations were made at Athens, where the atmosphere is clearer than in Switzerland. The great difference in visibility which a clear atmosphere makes must strike everyone who goes from this country or from Switzerland to the East or to Northern Africa. I realized it for the first time when I was exploring in Tunisia before the war. Has Dr. Fotheringham or any other trustworthy observer ever seen with the naked eye in an atmosphere no clearer than that of Geneva a moon not more than 27 hours old? If so, is it not remarkable that, as Dr. Fotheringham has said, ‘Hitherto it has been the practice to assume that [in the early spring or the winter and in favourable weather ?] the moon becomes visible on the first evening when she is more than 30 hours old at sunset’?

scholarly journals Some observations, lately made at London, of the planet Jupiter: as also of Saturn.

1665 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 245-247 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Apparent Diameter

These, as they were made, so they were imparted, by Mr. Hook, as follows: A. 1666, June 26. between 3. and 4. of the clock in the morning, I observed the body of Jupiter through a 60 foot-glass, and found the apparent diameter of it through the tube, to be somewhat more than 2. degrees, that is, about four times as big, as the diameter of the moon appears to the naked eye.

scholarly journals XVII. Communication of a curious appearance lately observed upon the Moon. the Rev. Fearon Fallows. In a letter addressed to John Barrow, Esq. F. R. S

1822 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 237-238 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cape Town ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Dark Part ◽  
Large Spot ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
Cape Of Good Hope ◽  
East Wind ◽  
New Moon ◽  
The One ◽  
Large Telescopes

Dear Sir, Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope, December 13,1821. I take the earliest opportunity of communicating to you a curious appearance which I lately observed upon the moon. My present means of making observations of this kind are indeed very limited, as the large telescopes, destined for the Cape Observatory, have not yet arrived. Still, however, it is right to have phenomena of this kind recorded, though the description may, from the want of proper instruments, be imperfect. About eight o’clock in the evening of the 28th of Novem­ber last, the sky being extremely clear, and the moon shin­ing with a brilliancy which I never observed in England, my attention was drawn to a whitish spot on the dark part of the moon’s limb, sufficiently luminous to be seen with the naked eye. Lest I might be mistaken, I requested Mr. Fayror, the assistant astronomer, to look at the moon attentively, and inform me whether he could observe any bright appearance upon the dark part of it. We both agreed in the identity of the spot, and remarked that now and then it seemed to flash with considerable lustre. Mr. Fayror having in his posses­sion a good achromatic telescope, which Mr. Troughton had given him previous to our departure from England, I requested the loan of it for a few nights, so that I might be able to exa­mine this appearance more minutely. Having directed the telescope to the moon, I immediately recognised the luminous spot, which seemed like a star of the sixth magnitude, and three others much smaller, but one of these more brilliant than the one we had seen with the naked eye. The largest spot was surrounded by a nebulous appearance. I could not per­ceive any thing of the kind about the small brilliant spot. The two others were similar to faint nebulae, increasing in intensity towards the middle, but without any defined lumi­nous point. As I am not yet in possession of a micrometer, by means of which the situation of these spots might be ascertained, you must rest satisfied with this imperfect de­scription. On the evening of the 29th, the sky being equally favourable for observation as on the former one, I found that the large spot was, at the least, as bright as before, two others were nearly invisible, and the small brilliant spot had disappeared. I was unable to make any farther observations, as a strong south-east wind began to blow with great violence on the goth, accompanied with rain, and which lasted several days. I wait with great anxiety for the next new moon, when, if the sky be clear, I shall not fail to examine it as carefully as my means at present will permit.

The Moon and Planets in Ancient Mesopotamia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Ossendrijver
Keyword(s):  
Early Age ◽  
The Sun ◽  
The Moon ◽  
Naked Eye ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Mathematical Astronomy ◽  
Ancient Mesopotamia ◽  
Religious Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
White Star

In ancient Mesopotamia, all five planets visible to the naked eye were known and studied, along with the Moon, the Sun, the stars, and other celestial phenomena. In all Mesopotamian sources concerning the Moon and the planets, be they textual or iconographical, the astronomical, astrological, and religious aspects are intertwined. The term “astral science” covers all forms of Mesopotamian scholarly engagement with celestial entities, including celestial divination and astrology. Modern research on Mesopotamian astral science began in the 19th century. Much research remains to be done, because important sources remain unpublished and new questions have been posed to published sources. From ca. 3000 bce onward, Mesopotamians used a calendar with months and years, which indicates that the Moon was studied at that early age. In cuneiform writing, the Sumerian and Akkadian names of the Moongod, Nanna/Sin, are attested since ca. 2500 bce. The most common Akkadian names of the five planets, Šiḫṭu (Mercury), Dilbat (Venus), Ṣalbatānu (Mars), White Star (Jupiter), and Kayyāmānu (Saturn), are attested first in 1800–1000 bce. The Moon, the Sun, and the planets were viewed as gods or manifestations of gods. From ca. 1800 bce onward, the phenomena of the Moon, the Sun, and the planets were studied as signs that were produced by the gods to communicate with humankind. Between ca. 600 bce and 100 ce, Babylonian scholars reported lunar and planetary phenomena in astronomical diaries and related texts. Their purpose was to enable predictions of the reported phenomena with period-based, so-called Goal-Year methods. After the end of the 5th century bce Babylonian astronomers introduced the zodiac and developed new methods for predicting lunar and planetary phenomena known as mathematical astronomy At about the same time they developed horoscopy and other forms of astrology that use the zodiac, the Moon, the Sun, and the planets to predict events on Earth.

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