scholarly journals II. The calculus of chemical operations; being a method for the investigation by means of symbols, of the laws of the distribution of weight in chemical change. — Part II. On the analysis of chemical events

1877 ◽  
Vol 167 ◽  
pp. 35-116 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Change ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Standard Of Comparison ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unit Of Length ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Chemical Events ◽  
Selection Of

“ The Observer is not he who merely sees the thing which is before his eyes, but he who sees what parts that thing is composed of .” —J. Stuart Mill. The first part of this Calculus was devoted to the construction of those rudimentary tools of analytical investigation termed Chemical Symbols. I have there given expression, by a system of arbitrary signs, to certain mental conceptions and combinations of conceptions which enter into exact chemical inquiries. This involves an analysis of those conceptions. But something more, too, is there effected. For the study of these questions necessitates the reconstruction (to a certain extent) of the fundamental ideas of the science and, especially, the reconsideration of a problem supposed to have been, long since, finally determined, namely, the constitution of the units of ponderable matter, of which I have given a new theoretical analysis. I shall not attempt to give any summary of these results, which, in my previous Memoir, have been discussed as briefly as is consistent with clearness. At the same time I should observe that the following pages can only be intelligible to those who have already made themselves acquainted with the principles of this Calculus, and to such alone they are addressed. There is, however, a point of fundamental importance which as yet has been only incidentally touched, namely, the origin of the hypothesis that the unit of hydrogen is an “undistributed weight,” which is the keystone of the system here adopted, and the reasons by which that hypothesis is justified, on which it is desirable, before proceeding further, to offer a somewhat fuller explanation. The following slight outline of the treatment of the subject pursued in this Calculus is given merely with the view of introducing these questions. For the effective consideration of the chemical properties of matter it is necessary to refer these properties to a common standard of comparison. Our first step, therefore, was the definition of the “Unit of ponderable matter” (I. Section I. (10)). In the selection of this unit we are guided by the same principles as those on which we select the unit of length, the unit of weight, the unit of heat, our choice being in all such cases determined by what is convenient for the special purpose in view’. Now the objects of our study are the chemical nature and transformations of gaseous matter. If, therefore, we wish to reason with impartiality, we must compare the properties of equal volumes of gases existing under the same conditions of temperature and pressure, for no reason can be assigned for comparing unequal volumes. All gases must be treated alike.

scholarly journals On the necessity of a single approach to written medical expert conclusions

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
I. A. Evteeva ◽  
S. V. Shigeev
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Medical Expert ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Expert Opinions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Single Approach ◽  
Selection Of

The aim of the study was to study the available approaches to the formulation and quality control of forensic medical expert conclusions. We have studied the literature sources containing recommendations on drawing up expert opinions and improving their quality. After a selection of scientific publications and publications on the subject matter with the help of a descriptive method, the article presents the existing approaches to this problem. As a result of the conducted research, the absence of any general objective requirements for expert conclusions was revealed. The development of unified standards for writing and the definition of “signs of quality” of expert conclusions is a promising task of forensic science and practice, the solution of which will improve the quality of examinations.

scholarly journals XII. Harmonic analysis of hourly observations of air temperature and pressure at British observatories.—part I. Temperature

1893 ◽  
Vol 184 ◽  
pp. 617-646
Keyword(s):  
Harmonic Analysis ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Graphical Representations ◽  
Present Communication ◽  
Present Purpose ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Selection Of

The Meteorological Council have lately published a volume entitled ‘Harmonic Analysis of Hourly Observations of Air Temperature and Pressure at British Obser­vatories.’ It was thought preferable that this publication should be limited to the series of Tables giving the computed values of the harmonic constants, with a brief introduction explaining how the calculations had been carried out, and that the discussion of the results should be embodied in a separate memoir, which I hoped to communicate to the Royal Society, an intention which I now realize. I have annexed to the present communication a selection of such of the Tables given in the volume referred to as appear necessary for my present purpose, and I have added a series of graphical representations of some of the results of the computations, which will facilitate the study of the subject.

scholarly journals ECOLOGICAL AWARENESS STRATEGY OF THE PICTET PHOTO AWARDS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nezaket Tekin
Keyword(s):  
Collaborative Work ◽  
Future Scenarios ◽  
Ecological Awareness ◽  
The World ◽  
Excessive Consumption ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Aesthetic Expression

The selfish ambitions of mankind have done terrible damage to our planet. The results of the understanding that puts people in the foreground have caused great destruction in nature. The disasters that followed the warming of the climate made visible the effects of excessive consumption, unplanned urbanization, and destroyed forests on ecology and therefore on humanity. In recent years, the focus of art has also clearly shifted to ecology. Projects that define the coming of the world to the present and suggest future scenarios have been supported by institutions working on culture and art. In this context, photographers, who keep the record of the change of the world, are an important figure in individual or collaborative work on the subject. One of them is the Pictet Photography Award, which financially supports photography projects in the context of the environment and sustainability. In this article, the mission of the Pictet photography award, its method of operation, the reason for the selection of the determined themes and their importance today, the definition of the final photography projects in terms of content and aesthetics, and how they contribute to the photographers will be discussed. The names considered as examples were chosen from photographers using various aesthetic expression methods. In addition, each of the sample projects corresponds to a topic determined as a theme. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0895/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION OF ACCESSORIES OF JUDICIAL EXAMINATION TO INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS

2019 ◽  
pp. 58-68
Author(s):  
I. Pyrih
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Forensic Examination ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

The article deals with problematic issues related to the norms of criminal procedure legislation, considering the involvement of an expert as an investigative action. Among criminal scientists and proceduralists there is no consensus on the procedural definition of forensic examination. Most of them include forensics to investigative actions. By the definition of a forensic examination, it is clear that an integral feature of a procedural action is to conduct it exclusively by officials of state bodies authorized by law to conduct criminal proceedings. These include: employees of the operational units, an investigator, a prosecutor, a judge. The subject of the examination is an expert – a person not authorized by law to conduct investigative actions. That is why, in our opinion, it is impossible to refer an examination to investigative actions. Proponents of referring a forensic examination to investigative actions most often mean it as «the appointment and conduct of a forensic examination». It is argued that actions regarding the appointment and conduct of the examination are different in nature and subjects of conduct. If we consider the stage of appointment of the examination, and for the current Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine – the involvement of an expert, then its subject is the investigator. The subject of the examination is an expert. Considering the characteristic features of the investigative action, it can be concluded that the stage of appointment of the examination or the involvement of an expert, which scientists consider as preparatory to the examination, has all the signs inherent in an independent investigative action. It is governed by the rules of procedural law, carried out in the framework of criminal proceedings, authorized by the person. When an expert is involved, the investigator conducts certain actions, the result of which is reflected in the ruling of the investigating judge. The purpose of the examination is to obtain, research and verify evidence. Considering the involvement of an expert as a separate investigative action, we define its content, divided into generally accepted stages: preparatory, working and final. To the preparatory stage, we include such actions: the decision to conduct an examination; selection of an expert institution or a private expert; determination of the type of examination and subject of study; determining the order of appointment of examinations in relation to the same objects; timing of appointment examination. The following should be attributed to the working stage: selection of objects for examination; receipt of the decision of the investigating judge for the examination. The final stage consists of the following stages: determining the circle of persons who may be present during the examination; referrals and necessary materials to the expert institution. Key words: investigative (search) action, forensic examination, appointment of expertise, involvement of an expert.

scholarly journals Fag, faglighed og fagordbøger

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Karin Balsgart
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Intimate Knowledge ◽  
Narrow Definition ◽  
Real Importance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

This paper argues that one of the reasons that existing bilingual (Danish -&gt; English) LSP dictionaries are unsatisfactory is that insufficient emphasis is attached to the question of defining and delimiting the subject-matter covered, in respect of both the overall selection of entries and the choice and application of field labels. More detailed grammatical considerations are of no real importance in remedying this situation because there is no such thing as a special LSP grammar. An interdisciplinary approach, on the other hand, would seem to offer good prospects, always providing that the linguistic insight is not confined to lexicographic theory and principles but extends to intimate knowledge of both languages. A relatively narrow definition of potential users and uses would also seem beneficial. A number of so-called "business", "technical" and "specialised" dictionaries are reviewed in substantiation of this argument.

scholarly journals Sprawiedliwość kary z perspektywy ustawowych wskazań jej wymiaru. Rozważania na tle kodeksu karnego

Prawo ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 320 ◽  
pp. 41-56
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Kania
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Judicial Decision ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

A just punishment from the perspective of the laws indicating its measure. Comments in the context of the Penal CodeThe subject of this article concerns the issue of fair sentencing. In order to introduce the essence of a just punishment, the study presents its three models, which have been established with a great contribution of the achievements of criminal law and case law. While highlighting these models, the main focus was placed on the selection of statutory indications that should be helpful in making legitimate judicial decision on penalty measure. The observations suggest that the most convincing viewpoint seems to be the stance in light of which the interpretation of “just punishment” should not be limited to a strict analysis of the provisions under the general directives Art. 53 § 1 of the Polish Penal Code, but must take into account other indications for judicial sentencing. In addition the fact that the subject of this article is very sensitive also leads to the conclusion that any attempts to create a textbook definition of a just punishment are doomed to fail. 

Selection and Preparation of Specific Tissue Regions For Tem Using Large Epoxy-Embedded Blocks

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 324-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Lowrie ◽  
W. S. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Anatomical Structures ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Embedded Blocks ◽  
Specific Tissue ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Areas Of Interest ◽  
Selection Of

The importance of examining stained 1 to 2μ plastic sections by light microscopy has long been recognized, both for increased definition of many histologic features and for selection of specimen samples to be used in ultrastructural studies. Selection of specimens with specific orien ation relative to anatomical structures becomes of critical importance in ultrastructural investigations of organs such as the lung. The uantity of blocks necessary to locate special areas of interest by random sampling is large, however, and the method is lacking in precision. Several methods have been described for selection of specific areas for electron microscopy using light microscopic evaluation of paraffin, epoxy-infiltrated, or epoxy-embedded large blocks from which thick sections were cut. Selected areas from these thick sections were subsequently removed and re-embedded or attached to blank precasted blocks and resectioned for transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Typologization of security regulation

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Denis Tikhomirov
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Procedural Understanding ◽  
Limited Ability ◽  
Methodological Basis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Legal Understanding

The purpose of the article is to typologize terminological definitions of security, to find out the general, to identify the originality of their interpretations depending on the subject of legal regulation. The methodological basis of the study is the methods that made it possible to obtain valid conclusions, in particular, the method of comparison, through which it became possible to correlate different interpretations of the term "security"; method of hermeneutics, which allowed to elaborate texts of normative legal acts of Ukraine, method of typologization, which made it possible to create typologization groups of variants of understanding of the term "security". Scientific novelty. The article analyzes the understanding of the term "security" in various regulatory acts in force in Ukraine. Typological groups were understood to understand the term "security". Conclusions. The analysis of the legal material makes it possible to confirm that the issues of security are within the scope of both legislative regulation and various specialized by-laws. However, today there is no single conception on how to interpret security terminology. This is due both to the wide range of social relations that are the subject of legal regulation and to the relativity of the notion of security itself and the lack of coherence of views on its definition in legal acts and in the scientific literature. The multiplicity of definitions is explained by combinations of material and procedural understanding, static - dynamic, and conditioned by the peculiarities of a particular branch of legal regulation, limited ability to use methods of one or another branch, the inter-branch nature of some variations of security, etc. Separation, common and different in the definition of "security" can be used to further standardize, in fact, the regulatory legal understanding of security to more effectively implement the legal regulation of the security direction.

Antonio Negri

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingrid Diran
Keyword(s):  
Critical Distance ◽  
Middle Voice ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Antonio Negri

Agamben describes his posture as a reader as one of seeking a text’s Entwicklungsfähigkeit, or capacity for elaboration.1 In examining Agamben’s practices of reading, we can attend to the opposite phenomenon: the counter-elaboration that a text, in having being read by the philosopher, performs upon Agamben’s own thought. This reciprocal elaboration might constitute a paradigm for Agamben’s use of reading, according to his own idiosyncratic definition of use as an event in the middle voice, in which (according to a definition of Benveniste) the subject ‘effects an action only in affecting itself (il effectue en s’affectant)’ (UB 28). With this definition in mind, we could say that Agamben effects a text (he writes) only to the extent that he is also affected by another text (he reads). This is why Agamben’s position as a reader proves particularly important to any assessment of his work, quite aside from the problem of influence or intellectual genealogy. For this same reason, however, assessing Agamben’s relation to Antonio Negri – a figure with whom, by most measures, he is at odds – poses an unexpected challenge: how can Agamben’s thought be a use of Negri? Answering this question means not only assessing the critical distance between the two thinkers, but also taking this distance as a measure, in the Spinozan sense, of mutual affection.

Thomas More’s Correspondence in a Spanish Ambiance

Moreana ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 39 (Number 149) (1) ◽  
pp. 41-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugenio M. Olivares Merino
Keyword(s):  
The Subject ◽  
Selection Of

The recent reprinting of Álvaro de Silva’s 1998 edition of a selection of More’s letters prompts the author to examine the subject of Spanish translations of More, and of de Silva’s general commentary on More’s correspondence and on his relationship to other humanists. The author reflects on aspects of More’s personality as exposed in his letters and uses what he finds as a corrective to several biographical misconceptions. He points out the strengths and weaknesses of de Silva’s work and compares it with that of other translators, particularly Elizabeth Rogers, and notes the particularly Spanish quality of de Silva’s edition.

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