scholarly journals Molecular analysis of the immune response to human cytomegalovirus glycoprotein B (gB). II. Low gB-specific T and B cell responses are associated with expression of certain HLA-DR alleles

1994 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Curtsinger ◽  
Y.-N. C. Liu ◽  
R. Radeke ◽  
M. K. Bryon ◽  
S. Fuad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Hla Dr ◽  
B Cell Responses

Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein B-cell responses in multiple sclerosis

2003 ◽  
Vol 135 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 117-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Kennel De March ◽  
M De Bouwerie ◽  
M.N Kolopp-Sarda ◽  
G.C Faure ◽  
M.C Béné ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Glycoprotein B ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
B Cell Responses

scholarly journals Case Report: Adequate T and B Cell Responses in a SARS-CoV-2 Infected Patient After Immune Checkpoint Inhibition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. de Joode ◽  
A. A. M. Oostvogels ◽  
C. H. GeurtsvanKessel ◽  
R. D. de Vries ◽  
R. H. J. Mathijssen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Infected Patient ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Cell Cancer ◽  
Oncological Treatment ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
B Cell Responses

After the COVID-19 outbreak, non-evidence based guidelines were published to advise clinicians on the adjustment of oncological treatment during this pandemic. As immune checkpoint inhibitors directly affect the immune system, concerns have arisen about the safety of immunotherapy during this pandemic. However, data on the immune response in oncology patients treated with immunotherapy are still lacking. Here, we present the adaptive immune response in a SARS-CoV-2 infected patient who was treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors for advanced renal cell cancer. To evaluate the immune response in this patient, the number of T cells and their major subsets were measured according to expression of markers for co-signalling, maturation, and chemotaxis at baseline, during therapy, and during the SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, plasma samples were analyzed for IgM and IgG antibodies and the ability of these antibodies to neutralise SARS-CoV-2. Despite several risk factors for an impaired immune response to SARS-CoV-2, both T- and B-cell responses were observed. Moreover, after treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, a sufficient cellular and humoral immune response was achieved in this SARS-CoV-2 infected patient. These findings warrant renewed discussion on withholding of immune checkpoint inhibitors during an ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Memory T-Cell Responses to Vibrio cholerae O1 Infection

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (11) ◽  
pp. 5090-5096 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana A. Weil ◽  
Mohammad Arifuzzaman ◽  
Taufiqur R. Bhuiyan ◽  
Regina C. LaRocque ◽  
Aaron M. Harris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Vibrio Cholerae ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
T Cell Responses ◽  
Memory B Cell ◽  
Memory T Cell ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
B Cell Responses

ABSTRACTVibrio choleraeO1 can cause diarrheal disease that may be life-threatening without treatment. Natural infection results in long-lasting protective immunity, but the role of T cells in this immune response has not been well characterized. In contrast, robust B-cell responses toV. choleraeinfection have been observed. In particular, memory B-cell responses to T-cell-dependent antigens persist for at least 1 year, whereas responses to lipopolysaccharide, a T-cell-independent antigen, wane more rapidly after infection. We hypothesize that protective immunity is mediated by anamnestic responses of memory B cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and T-cell responses may be required to generate and maintain durable memory B-cell responses. In this study, we examined B- and T-cell responses in patients with severeV. choleraeinfection. Using the flow cytometric assay of the specific cell-mediated immune response in activated whole blood, we measured antigen-specific T-cell responses usingV. choleraeantigens, including the toxin-coregulated pilus (TcpA), aV. choleraemembrane preparation, and theV. choleraecytolysin/hemolysin (VCC) protein. Our results show that memory T-cell responses develop by day 7 after infection, a time prior to and concurrent with the development of B-cell responses. This suggests that T-cell responses toV. choleraeantigens may be important for the generation and stability of memory B-cell responses. The T-cell proliferative response to VCC was of a higher magnitude than responses observed to otherV. choleraeantigens.

scholarly journals Squalene-Based Influenza Vaccine Adjuvants and Their Impact on the Hemagglutinin-Specific B Cell Response

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
Phuong Nguyen-Contant ◽  
Mark Y. Sangster ◽  
David J. Topham
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Influenza Vaccine ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Rational Design ◽  
Influenza Vaccines ◽  
Vaccine Adjuvants ◽  
Design And Optimization ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Influenza Hemagglutinin ◽  
B Cell Responses

Influenza infections continue to cause significant annual morbidity and mortality despite ongoing influenza vaccine research. Adjuvants are administered in conjunction with influenza vaccines to enhance the immune response and strengthen protection against disease. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants including MF59, AS03, and AF03, are registered for administration with influenza vaccines and are widely used in many countries. Squalene-based emulsion adjuvants induce a strong innate immune response, enhancing antigen presentation both quantitively and qualitatively to generate strong B cell responses and antibody production. They also diversify the reactivity profiles and strengthen the affinities of antibodies against the influenza hemagglutinin, increasing protection across virus clades. In this review, we consider the mechanisms of the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune responses by squalene-based emulsionSE adjuvants and the resulting increase in magnitude and breadth of hemagglutinin-specific B cell responses. We relate observed effects of SE adjuvants and current mechanistic understandings to events in responding lymph nodes. These insights will guide the rational design and optimization of influenza vaccines to provide broad and effective protection.

scholarly journals Antigen-Specific B-Cell Responses to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Infection

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad Mulupuri ◽  
Jeffrey J. Zimmerman ◽  
Joseph Hermann ◽  
Craig R. Johnson ◽  
Jean Paul Cano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
B Cell Responses ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACT Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an acute, viremic infection of 4 to 6 weeks, followed by a persistent infection lasting for several months. We characterized antibody and B-cell responses to viral proteins in acute and persistent infection to better understand the immunological basis of the prolonged infection. The humoral immune response to PRRSV was robust overall and varied among individual viral proteins, with the important exception of a delayed and relatively weak response to envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5). Memory B cells were in secondary lymphoid organs, not in bone marrow or Peyer's patches, in contrast to the case for many mammalian species. Potent anti-PRRSV memory responses were elicited to recall antigen in vitro, even though a second infection did not increase the B-cell response in vivo, suggesting that productive reinfection does not occur in vivo. Antibody titers to several viral proteins decline over time, even though abundant antigen is known to be present in lymphoid tissues, possibly indicating ineffective antigen presentation. The appearance of antibodies to GP5 is delayed relative to the resolution of viremia, suggesting that anti-GP5 antibodies are not crucial for resolving viremia. Lastly, viral infection had no immunosuppressive effect on the humoral response to a second, unrelated antigen. Taking these data together, the active effector and memory B-cell responses to PRRSV are robust, and over time the humoral immune response to PRRSV is effective. However, the delayed response against GP5 early in infection may contribute to the prolonged acute infection and the establishment of persistence.

Inflammation-induced disruption of SCS macrophages impairs B cell responses to secondary infection

Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 347 (6222) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Gaya ◽  
Angelo Castello ◽  
Beatriz Montaner ◽  
Neil Rogers ◽  
Caetano Reis e Sousa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Lymph Node ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Secondary Infections ◽  
Subcapsular Sinus ◽  
Infection And Inflammation ◽  
B Cell Responses

The layer of macrophages at the subcapsular sinus (SCS) captures pathogens entering the lymph node, preventing their global dissemination and triggering an immune response. However, how infection affects SCS macrophages remains largely unexplored. Here we show that infection and inflammation disrupt the organization of SCS macrophages in a manner that involves the migration of mature dendritic cells to the lymph node. This disrupted organization reduces the capacity of SCS macrophages to retain and present antigen in a subsequent secondary infection, resulting in diminished B cell responses. Thus, the SCS macrophage layer may act as a sensor or valve during infection to temporarily shut down the lymph node to further antigenic challenge. This shutdown may increase an organism’s susceptibility to secondary infections.

scholarly journals Elucidating T Cell and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Humans: Gaining Insights into Protective Immunity and Immunopathology

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Aaruni Khanolkar
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Rapid Spread ◽  
B Cell Responses

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is an unprecedented epochal event on at least two fronts. Firstly, in terms of the rapid spread and the magnitude of the outbreak, and secondly, on account of the equally swift response of the scientific community that has galvanized itself into action and has successfully developed, tested and deployed highly effective and novel vaccines in record time to combat the virus. The sophistication and diversification of the scientific toolbox we now have at our disposal has enabled us to interrogate both the breadth and the depth of the immune response to a degree that is unparalleled in recent memory. In terms of our understanding of what is critical to contain the virus and mitigate the effects the pandemic, neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 garner most of the attention, however, it is essential to recognize that it is the quality and the fitness of the virus-specific T cell and B cell response that lays the foundation and the backdrop for an effective neutralizing antibody response. In this report, we will review some of the key findings that have helped define and delineate some of the essential attributes of T and B cell responses in the setting of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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