scholarly journals Multi-locus sequence typing reveals genotypic similarity in Nigerian Cryptococcus neoformans AFLP1/VNI of environmental and clinical origin

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul E. Chidebelu ◽  
Emeka I. Nweze ◽  
Jacques F. Meis ◽  
Massimo Cogliati ◽  
Ferry Hagen
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Molecular Type ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Pigeon Droppings ◽  
Hiv Aids

Introduction Pigeon droppings are among the major environmental sources of Cryptococcus neoformans AFLP1/VNI, from where the organism infects susceptible humans and animals resulting in cryptococcosis. Until now, C. neoformans AFLP1B/VNII was the only molecular type reported in Nigeria. Effective clinical treatment of this infection has occasionally been stymied by the emergence of antifungal non-susceptible, and resistant strains of C. neoformans AFLP1/VNI. Hypothesis/Gap Statement Pigeon droppings harbour C. neoformans and HIV/AIDS patients are among the susceptible population to develop cryptococcal infection. Epidemiological data on cryptococcal prevalence is limited in Nigeria. Aim To investigate the environmental prevalence of C. neoformans in South-eastern Nigeria and compare the isolates with other lineages by using molecular and microbiological tools. Methodology A total of 500 pigeon droppings and 300 blood samples of HIV/AIDS patients were collected, respectively, from five market squares and three tertiary healthcare centres within the Nsukka area of South-eastern Nigeria. The antifungal susceptibility of the C. neoformans isolates to amphotericin B, fluconazole, 5-fluorocytosine, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and isavuconazole was investigated based on the CLSI M27-A3 protocol. Yeasts were identified by MALDI-TOF MS, thereafter Cryptococcus MLST was performed according to the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) consensus scheme. Results C. neoformans was recovered from 6 (1.2 %) pigeon droppings and 6 (2 %) blood cultures of HIV/AIDS patients. Molecular analyses indicated that all cryptococcal isolates belong to serotype A and the AFLP1/VNI molecular type with sequence type (ST)32. Infection with C. neoformans was independent of sex and age of the patients investigated. All C. neoformans isolates were susceptible to the seven antifungal agents. Conclusion This is the first report on the prevalence of C. neoformans AFLP1/VNI (ST32) in environmental and clinical samples from Nigeria. The antifungal susceptibility indicates that antifungal resistance by C. neoformans is yet a rare occurrence in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Study of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS patients and their antifungal susceptibility pattern

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 280-283
Author(s):  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
◽  
Sharon Victor ◽  
Asim Sarkar ◽  
Harapriya Kar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Spectrum of Opportunistic Fungal Infections in HIV/AIDS Patients in Tertiary Care Hospital in India

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravinder Kaur ◽  
Megh S. Dhakad ◽  
Ritu Goyal ◽  
Preena Bhalla ◽  
Richa Dewan
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
North India ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Fungal Culture ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV related opportunistic fungal infections (OFIs) continue to cause morbidity and mortality in HIV infected patients. The objective for this prospective study is to elucidate the prevalence and spectrum of common OFIs in HIV/AIDS patients in north India. Relevant clinical samples were collected from symptomatic HIV positive patients (n=280) of all age groups and both sexes and subjected to direct microscopy and fungal culture. Identification as well as speciation of the fungal isolates was done as per the standard recommended methods. CD4+T cell counts were determined by flow cytometry using Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorter Count system. 215 fungal isolates were isolated with the isolation rate of 41.1%.Candidaspecies (86.5%) were the commonest followed byAspergillus(6.5%),Cryptococcus(3.3%),Penicillium(1.9%), andAlternariaandRhodotorulaspp. (0.9% each). AmongCandidaspecies,Candida albicans(75.8%) was the most prevalent species followed byC. tropicalis(9.7%),C. krusei(6.4%),C. glabrata(4.3%),C. parapsilosis(2.7%), andC. kefyr(1.1%). Study demonstrates that the oropharyngeal candidiasis is the commonest among different OFIs and would help to increase the awareness of clinicians in diagnosis and early treatment of these infections helping in the proper management of the patients especially in resource limited countries like ours.

Electrophoretic karyotype and in vitro antifungal susceptibility of Cryptococcus neoformans isolates from AIDS patients

1995 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Barchiesi ◽  
Richard J. Hollis ◽  
Shawn A. Messer ◽  
Giorgio Scalise ◽  
Michael G. Rinaldi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Electrophoretic Karyotype ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
In Vitro Antifungal Susceptibility

scholarly journals Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii Species Complexes in Latin America: A Map of Molecular Types, Genotypic Diversity, and Antifungal Susceptibility as Reported by the Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 282
Author(s):  
Carolina Firacative ◽  
Wieland Meyer ◽  
Elizabeth Castañeda
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Molecular Type ◽  
Infected People ◽  
Species Complexes

Cryptococcosis, a potentially fatal mycosis, is caused by members of the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. In Latin America, cryptococcal meningitis is still an important health threat with a significant clinical burden. Analysis of publicly available molecular data from 5686 clinical, environmental, and veterinary cryptococcal isolates from member countries of the Latin American Cryptococcal Study Group showed that, as worldwide, C. neoformans molecular type VNI is the most common cause of cryptococcosis (76.01%) in HIV-infected people, followed by C. gattii molecular type VGII (12.37%), affecting mostly otherwise healthy hosts. These two molecular types also predominate in the environment (68.60% for VNI and 20.70% for VGII). Among the scarce number of veterinary cases, VGII is the predominant molecular type (73.68%). Multilocus sequence typing analysis showed that, in Latin America, the C. neoformans population is less diverse than the C. gattii population (D of 0.7104 vs. 0.9755). Analysis of antifungal susceptibility data showed the presence of non-wild-type VNI, VGI, VGII, and VGIII isolates in the region. Overall, the data presented herein summarize the progress that has been made towards the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcal isolates in Latin America, contributing to the characterization of the genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility of these globally spreading pathogenic yeasts.

scholarly journals Genotype, Antifungal Susceptibility, and Virulence of Clinical South African Cryptococcus neoformans Strains from National Surveillance, 2005–2009

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 338
Author(s):  
Serisha D. Naicker ◽  
Rindidzani E. Magobo ◽  
Tsidiso G. Maphanga ◽  
Carolina Firacative ◽  
Erika van Schalkwyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
South African ◽  
Reference Strain ◽  
Galleria Mellonella ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Molecular Type ◽  
African Patients ◽  
Sequence Types

In South Africa, Cryptococcus neoformans is the most common cause of adult meningitis. We performed multi locus sequence typing and fluconazole susceptibility testing of clinical C. neoformans isolates collected from 251 South African patients with cryptococcosis through national surveillance from 2005 to 2009. We examined the association between clinical characteristics of patients and genotype, and the effect of genotype on in-hospital mortality. We performed whole genome phylogenetic analysis of fifteen C. neoformans isolates with the molecular type VNB and tested their virulence in a Galleria mellonella model. Most isolates had the molecular type VNI (206/251, 82%), followed by VNII (25/251, 10%), VNB (15/251, 6%), and VNIV (5/251, 2%); 67 sequence types were identified. There were no differences in fluconazole minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values among molecular types and the majority of strains had low MIC values (MIC50 of 1 µg/mL and MIC90 of 4 µg/mL). Males were almost twice as likely of being infected with a non-VNI genotype (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 1.65, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.25–10.99; p = 0.61). Compared to patients infected with a VNI genotype, those with a non-VNI genotype had a 50% reduced adjusted odds of dying in hospital (95% CI: 0.03–7.57; p = 0.62). However, for both these analyses, our estimates had wide confidence intervals spanning 1 with large p-values. Fifteen VNB strains were not as virulent in a G. mellonella larval model as the H99 reference strain. A majority of these VNB strains belonged to the VNBII clade and were very closely related by phylogenetic analysis.

scholarly journals ISOLATION OF Cryptococcus neoformans FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES COLLECTED IN SOUTHEASTERN NIGERIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 295-298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emeka I. NWEZE ◽  
Fred A. KECHIA ◽  
Uju E. DIBUA ◽  
Charles EZE ◽  
Uwakwe S. ONOJA
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Neoformans ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Opportunistic Pathogen ◽  
Isolation Rate ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Pigeon Droppings ◽  
Epidemiological Significance ◽  
Hiv Aids

SUMMARY Cryptococcosis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans is the second most common fungal opportunistic pathogen and a lifethreatening infection with serious clinical manifestations especially in HIV/AIDS and other immunocompromised patients. In Nigeria, HIV/AIDS infection has reached an alarming level. Despite this, information on the presence of this fungus in clinical and environmental samples is very scanty in Nigeria and many other parts of Africa. We set out to evaluate the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans or C. gattii in pigeon droppings obtained from Southeastern Nigeria. One hundred and seventy-seven samples of pigeon droppings from six sample types were collected. The area covered comprised of ten cities and other locations spanning across five States in Nigeria. Using established techniques, Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from 39 of the 177 (22.0%) samples overall. No C. gattiiwas isolated. Most of the isolates (32.4%) were recovered from dovecotes (11 of 34) followed closely by samples taken from markets (31.8%; seven of 22) and least from the church (4.0%; one of 25). The highest isolation rate (38.9%) was found in samples from Enugu-Ezike(seven of 23) while the least came from Afikpoand the other locations each with 9.1% isolation rate. This is the first large-scale screening of Cryptococcus neoformans from pigeon droppings in Nigeria. The ecological and epidemiological significance of these findings are discussed.

scholarly journals A Diverse Population of Cryptococcus gattii Molecular Type VGIII in Southern Californian HIV/AIDS Patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. e1002205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmond J. Byrnes ◽  
Wenjun Li ◽  
Ping Ren ◽  
Yonathan Lewit ◽  
Kerstin Voelz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cryptococcus Gattii ◽  
Diverse Population ◽  
Molecular Type ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Candidaspecies diversity and antifungal susceptibility patterns in oral samples of HIV/AIDS patients in Baja California, Mexico

2016 ◽  
pp. myw069 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isadora Clark-Ordóñez ◽  
Olga A. Callejas-Negrete ◽  
Elva T. Aréchiga-Carvajal ◽  
Rosa R. Mouriño-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Baja California ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Susceptibility Patterns ◽  
Hiv Aids

scholarly journals Enfeksiyon Etkeni Mantarların Zamana Göre Sıklık ve Tür Dağılımlarındaki Değişimler: 12 Yıllık (2008-2019) Mikoloji Laboratuvarı Verileri Ne Söylüyor?

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-66
Author(s):  
Dolunay Gülmez ◽  
Ali Korhan Sığ ◽  
Nida Akar ◽  
Serhat Duyan ◽  
Sevtap Arıkan Akdağlı
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Antifungal Susceptibility ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Fungal Strains ◽  
Second Period

The frequency and variety of infections caused by fungi are increasing. However, changes and intercenter and regional differences are observed in the distribution of fungal species over the years. It is important to update the epidemiological data in order to enable early and appropriate treatment. In this retrospective study, the number of fungi isolated from clinical samples, their distribution at the genus/ species level and the variations over the years in Hacettepe University hospital which is a regional center for patients at risk of fungal infection were investigated. For this purpose, laboratory records from 2008- 2019 were examined and 21813 fungal strains isolated from 19636 clinical samples were detected. When the first (2008-2013) and second (2014-2019) six-year periods were compared, a 2.5 fold increase was observed in the number of specimens yielding fungal growth (first period; n= 5620, second period; n= 14016). Fungi were most frequently isolated from urine (45.0%), lower respiratory tract (30.7%) and blood (6.8%) samples. Mould isolation rate in all samples increased significantly in the second six-year period (from 8.3% to 10.6%, p≤ 0.001). As expected, the most frequent yeast was Candida albicans (57.0%) and mould was Aspergillus fumigatus complex (50.4%). In the second six-year period, isolation of C.albicans (59.3% to 56.0%, p≤ 0.001) among yeasts and A.fumigatus complex (58.1% to 48.0%, p≤ 0.001) among moulds decreased significantly. In urine specimens, most common fungi were C.albicans (49.8%), Candida glabrata complex (15.6%), Candida tropicalis (8.9%) and Candida kefyr (7.5%). In lower respiratory tract specimens, the most common mould was A.fumigatus complex (51.2%), which has decreased from 63.7% in the first six years to 47.1% in the second period (p≤ 0.001). Over the same period, other Aspergillus species (from 25.5% to 34.1%, p= 0.002) and non-Aspergillus moulds (from 36.3% to 52.9%, p≤ 0.001) were increased. In blood samples, C.albicans (44.4%), Candida parapsilosis complex (21.5%) and C.glabrata complex (13.0%) were the most frequent species. In the second six-year period, the frequency of C.albicans decreased from 47.3% to 42.2% (p= 0.059) and the frequency of C.glabrata complex increased from 9.5% to 15.5% (p≤ 0.001) when compared to the first period. For the sterile specimens other than blood, the most common species were C.albicans (37.8%), C.glabrata complex (9.1%) and C.parapsilosis complex (4.7%). However, the number of fungal isolates and the distribution of the species showed great variation over the years. In our center, a substantial increase in the number of fungal strains isolated from the clinical specimens were observed over a 12-years period. In addition and similar to previously published reports, the increase of strains belonging to species with decreased antifungal susceptibility and/or species with unknown susceptibility were detected. The use of local data is required in order to implement early and appropriate antifungal treatment because of inter-center and regional differences observed in epidemiological trends regarding the distributions of fungal genera and species. Surveillance studies to be conducted with the participation of large and sufficient numbers of centers in our country, as we have done for our center, will also contribute to approaches regarding the management of fungal infections by revealing the epidemiological data in a comprehensive manner.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document