scholarly journals Staphylococcus nepalensis, a commensal of the oral microbiota of domestic cats, is a reservoir of transferrable antimicrobial resistance

Microbiology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 166 (8) ◽  
pp. 727-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Luisa Andrade-Oliveira ◽  
Ciro César Rossi ◽  
Thaysa Souza-Silva ◽  
Marcia Giambiagi-deMarval
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Clinical Importance ◽  
Diffusion Resistance ◽  
Oral Microbiota ◽  
Domestic Cats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Staphylococcus nepalensis is a commensal bacterium from the oral microbiota of domestic cats, with a still obscure clinical importance. In this work, we analysed the ability of feline strains of S. nepalensis to transfer antimicrobial resistance genes to Staphylococcus aureus isolated from humans through plasmids. To this end, we first analysed all publicly available genomes from cat staphylococci using computational methods to build a pan-resistome. Genes that encode resistance to erythromycin, gentamicin, mupirocin and tetracycline, common to human and cat staphylococci and previously described to be located in mobile genetic elements, were chosen for the next analyses. We studied 15 strains of S. nepalensis , which were shown to be genetically different by GTG5-PCR. As observed by disc diffusion, resistance to tetracycline was widespread (80 %), followed by resistance to erythromycin (40 %), gentamicin (27 %) and mupirocin (7 %). The strains were positive for several antimicrobial resistance genes and more than half of them harboured plasmids. The loss of plasmids and resistance genes in some strains were induced by stress with SDS. Through conjugation experiments, we observed that these plasmids can be transferred to S. aureus , thus increasing its potential to resist drug therapy. Our findings show that S. nepalensis , an underestimated inhabitant of the cat microbiota, can be a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes for S. aureus and, like many other staphylococci, be an overlooked and silent threat to their animal hosts and humans living with them.

Antimicrobial resistance genes and genetic characteristics of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in a veterinary hospital in Taiwan

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lii-Tzu Wu ◽  
Xin-Xia Wu ◽  
Se-Chin Ke ◽  
Yi-Pei Lin ◽  
Ying-Chen Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Veterinary Hospital

Introduction. Antimicrobial resistance associated with animal hosts is easily transmitted to humans either by direct contact with resistant organisms or by transferring resistance genes into human pathogens. Gap statement. There are limited studies on antimicrobial resistance genes and genetic elements of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in veterinary hospitals in Taiwan. Aim. The aim of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance genes in multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli from animals. Methodology. Between January 2014 and August 2015, 95 multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli isolates were obtained from pigs (n=66), avians (n=18), and other animals (n=11) in a veterinary hospital in Taiwan. Susceptibility testing to 24 antimicrobial agents of 14 antimicrobial classes was performed. Antimicrobial resistance genes, integrons, and insertion sequences were analysed by polymerase chain reaction and nucleotide sequencing. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multi-locus sequence typing were used to explore the clonal relatedness of the study isolates. Results. Different antimicrobial resistance genes found in these isolates were associated with resistance to β-lactams, tetracycline, phenicols, sulfonamides, and aminoglycosides. Fifty-five of 95 E. coli isolates (55/95, 57.9 %) were not susceptible to extended-spectrum cephalosporins, and bla CTX-M-55 (11/55, 20.0 %) and bla CMY-2 (40/55, 72.7 %) were the most common extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC genes, respectively. Both bla CTX-M and bla CMY-2 were present on conjugative plasmids that contained the insertion sequence ISEcp1 upstream of the bla genes. Plasmid-mediated FOX-3 β-lactamase-producing E. coli was first identified in Taiwan. Forty isolates (40/95, 42 %) with class 1 integrons showed seven resistance phenotypes. Genotyping of 95 E. coli isolates revealed 91 different XbaI pulsotypes and 52 different sequence types. PFGE analysis revealed no clonal outbreaks in our study isolates. Conclusion. This study showed a high diversity of antimicrobial resistance genes and genotypes among MDR E. coli isolated from diseased livestock in Taiwan. To our knowledge, this is the first report of plasmid-mediated ESBL in FOX-3 β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates in Taiwan. MDR E. coli isolates from animal origins may contaminate the environment, resulting in public health concerns, indicating that MDR isolates from animals need to be continuously investigated.

Fluoroquinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from slaughtered pigs in Thailand

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Suleepon Poomchuchit ◽  
Anusak Kerdsin ◽  
Peechanika Chopjitt ◽  
Parichart Boueroy ◽  
Rujirat Hatrongjit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Slaughtered Pigs

Introduction. The emergence and spread of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS) serovars resistant to fluoroquinolones and third- and higher-generation cephalosporins is a matter of great concern. Antimicrobial-resistant NTS is increasingly being discovered in humans, animals, food animals, food products, and agricultural environments. Pigs are considered a major reservoir of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella spp. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Fluoroquinolone-resistant Salmonella spp. warrant further surveillance and characterization for a better understanding of the bacteria isolated from animals. Aim. NTS isolated from pork from slaughterhouses across Thailand were characterized in terms of their serovars; resistance to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems; and antimicrobial resistance genes. Methodology. A total of 387 NTS isolates, collected from slaughtered pigs in ten provinces across Thailand between 2014 and 2015, were characterized based on their serovars, antimicrobial resistance genes, and susceptibility to fluoroquinolones, third-generation cephalosporins, and carbapenems. Results. Among all NTS isolates, S. enterica serovar Rissen was predominant. Antimicrobial resistance was exhibited in 93/387 isolates (24 %). Although 24 (6.2 %) isolates were susceptible to all the tested antimicrobials, they were found to possess β-lactamase genes, such as bla TEM, bla SHV, or bla CTX-M. Mobilized colistin-resistant genes (mcr) and resistance to colistin were not observed in any tested isolate. Carbapenem resistance was detected in ten isolates (10.7 %); however, bla KPC, bla NDM, bla OXA-48-like, and bla IMP were not present. Among the 93 antimicrobial-resistant isolates, 87.1 % showed fluoroquinolone resistance with the quinolone resistance gene (qnrS) combined with topoisomerase genes parC (T57S) or gyrA (S83E/Y and D124E/G) substitutions, or topoisomerase gene substitutions alone. Conclusion. We found high fluoroquinolone resistance rates among the NTS isolates from pigs from slaughterhouses. The fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism in NTS was associated with the combination of qnrS and substitutions in gyrA, parC, or both. To prevent the transmission of antimicrobial-resistant NTS between animals and humans, continuous monitoring, surveillance, and regulation of Salmonella in the pork supply chain are pivotal.

Emergence of mgrB locus deletion mediating polymyxin resistance in pandemic KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae ST15 lineage

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luís Guilherme de Araújo Longo ◽  
Herrison Fontana ◽  
Viviane Santos de Sousa ◽  
Natalia Chilinque Zambão da Silva ◽  
Ianick Souto Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Encoding Gene

Klebsiella pneumoniae causes a diversity of infections in both healthcare and community settings. This pathogen is showing an increased ability to accumulate antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, making it a public health concern. Here we describe the whole-genome sequence characteristics of an ST15 colistin-resistant K. pneumoniae isolate obtained from a blood culture of a 79-year-old female patient admitted to a university hospital in Brazil. Kp14U04 was resistant to most clinically useful antimicrobial agents, remaining susceptible only to aminoglycosides and fosfomycin. The colistin resistance in this isolate was due to a ~1.3 kb deletion containing four genes, namely mgrB, yebO, yobH and the transcriptional regulator kdgR. The study isolate presented a variety of antimicrobial resistance genes, including the carbapenemase-encoding gene bla KPC-2, the extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding gene bla SHV-28 and the beta-lactamase-encoding gene bla OXA-1. Additionally, Kp14U04 harboured a multiple stress resistance protein, efflux systems and regulators, heavy metal resistance and virulence genes, plasmids, prophage-related sequences and genomic islands. These features revealed the high potential of this isolate to resist antimicrobial therapy, survive in adverse environments, cause infections and overcome host defence mechanisms.

scholarly journals Genomic surveillance of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. in hospital sink drains and patients

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bede Constantinides ◽  
Kevin K. Chau ◽  
T. Phuong Quan ◽  
Gillian Rodger ◽  
Monique I. Andersson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Whole Genome Sequencing ◽  
Genome Sequencing ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Escherichia coli and Klebsiella spp. are important human pathogens that cause a wide spectrum of clinical disease. In healthcare settings, sinks and other wastewater sites have been shown to be reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp., particularly in the context of outbreaks of resistant strains amongst patients. Without focusing exclusively on resistance markers or a clinical outbreak, we demonstrate that many hospital sink drains are abundantly and persistently colonized with diverse populations of E. coli , Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella oxytoca , including both antimicrobial-resistant and susceptible strains. Using whole-genome sequencing of 439 isolates, we show that environmental bacterial populations are largely structured by ward and sink, with only a handful of lineages, such as E. coli ST635, being widely distributed, suggesting different prevailing ecologies, which may vary as a result of different inputs and selection pressures. Whole-genome sequencing of 46 contemporaneous patient isolates identified one (2 %; 95 % CI 0.05–11 %) E. coli urine infection-associated isolate with high similarity to a prior sink isolate, suggesting that sinks may contribute to up to 10 % of infections caused by these organisms in patients on the ward over the same timeframe. Using metagenomics from 20 sink-timepoints, we show that sinks also harbour many clinically relevant antimicrobial resistance genes including bla CTX-M, bla SHV and mcr, and may act as niches for the exchange and amplification of these genes. Our study reinforces the potential role of sinks in contributing to Enterobacterales infection and antimicrobial resistance in hospital patients, something that could be amenable to intervention. This article contains data hosted by Microreact.

Comparative study of multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium obtained from different hosts

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Trościańczyk ◽  
Aneta Nowakiewicz ◽  
Sebastian Gnat ◽  
Dominik Łagowski ◽  
Marcelina Osińska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Host Species ◽  
Enterococcus Faecium ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
High Level

Introduction. The possible transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between Enterococcus faecium isolates from humans and different animal species, including those not covered by monitoring programs (e.g. pet and wildlife), poses a serious threat to public health. Hypothesis/Gap Statement. Little is known about occurrence and mechanisms of phenomenon of multidrug resistance of E. faecium isolated from various host species in Poland. Aim. The aim of the study was to characterize multidrug-resistant E. faecium isolated from humans and animals (livestock, pets and wildlife) in terms of the occurrence of genetic markers determining resistance. Methodology. Bacterial isolates were tested for phenotypic resistance and the presence of genes encoding resistance to macrolides, tetracycline, aminoglycosides, aminocyclitols and phenicols as well as efflux pump (emeA), resolvase (tndX) and integrase (Int-Tn) genes. The quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA and parC were sequenced. Results. Human isolates of E. faecium were characterized by high-level resistance to: ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, erythromycin (100 %), as well, as aminoglycosides resistance (kanamycin – 100%, streptomycin – 78 %, gentamicin – 78%). Regardless of the animal species, high level of resistance of E. faecium to tetracycline (from 88–100 %), erythromycin (from 82–94 %) and kanamycin (from 36–100 %) was observed. All E. faecium isolates from wildlife were resistant to fluoroquinolones. However, full susceptibility to vancomycin was observed in all isolates tested. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance of E. faecium was identified in the presence of the following resistance genes: erm(B) (70%), msr(A) (50 %), tet(L) (35 %), tet(K) (34 %), tet(M) (76 %), aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia (25%), ant(6)-Ia (31%), aph(3)-IIIa (68 %), (tndX) (23 %), and integrase gene (Int-Tn) (34 %). A correlation between an amino acid substitution at positions 83 and 87 of gyrA and position 80 of parC and the high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in E. faecium has been observed as well. Conclusion. The level and range of antimicrobial resistance and the panel of resistance determinants is comparable between E. faecium isolates, despite host species.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic basis of resistance among non-fastidious Gram-negative bacteria recovered from ready-to-eat foods in Kibera informal housing in Nairobi, Kenya

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
John Maina ◽  
Perpetual Ndung’u ◽  
Anne Muigai ◽  
John Kiiru
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Enterobacter Agglomerans ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Contamination Levels

Objective. This cross-sectional study conducted in Kibera, Kenya, sought to gain insights on relative microbial contamination levels of popular unprocessed food types, determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden and the carriage of integrons that are essential elements for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Foods analysed consisted of cooked vegetables (kale, cabbage, and nightshades), boiled cereal foods (beans, rice, and Githeri, which is a mixture of beans and maize), meat, Omena fish (fried silver cyprinids), and Ugali (a product of simmered maize flour in boiled water). Results. The analysis detected contamination levels exceeding 2×104 c.f.u. ml−1 in 106 (38 %) of the 281 ready-to-eat foods analysed. The majority of food types had microbial contaminations of between 4.0×104 and 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1. Kale was the most contaminated with a mean of 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1, while Omena was the least contaminated with 4.0×104 c.f.u. ml−1. Foods sold close to open sewage and refuse sites were more contaminated than those sold in relatively ‘cleaner’ settings (P <0.0001, O.R 0.1162, C.I 0.1162–0.120). A total of 405 bacterial isolates were recovered and included; Klebsiella spp 116 (29 %), Escherichia coli 104 (26 %), Enterobacter agglomerans 88 (22 %), Proteus mirabilis 30 (7 %), Salmonella spp 28 (7 %), Citrobacter freundii 27 (7 %) and Serratia marcescens 12 (3 %). Imipenem (IPM, 100 %) was the most effective antimicrobial agent, followed by cefepime (98 %). Ampicillin (AMP, 33 %), trimethoprim (TMP, 27 %), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, 23 %) on the other hand, were the least effective antimicrobials. The analysis also found ten isolates (2 %) that had co-resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolone (CIP), quinolones (NAL) and aminoglycosides (GEN); hereby we refer to this phenotype as the βFQA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 23 % (93), while that of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing strains was 4 % (17). The bla TEM was the most prevalent (55 %) β-lactamase (bla) gene among the screened 93 MDR-strains. Carriage of class one integrons (intI1) was more common (23 %) than intl2 (3 %) among these MDR-strains. Bacterial diversity analysis using the GTG5-PCR found no significant clusters for analysed E. coli and K. pneumoniae, suggesting recovered isolates were genetically diverse and not due to non-clonal expansion. The findings of this study are an indication that contaminated foods can be a reservoir for enteric pathogens and a source of AMR strains.

scholarly journals The roles of antimicrobial resistance, phage diversity, isolation source and selection in shaping the genomic architecture of Bacillus anthracis

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Spencer A. Bruce ◽  
Yen-Hua Huang ◽  
Pauline L. Kamath ◽  
Henriette van Heerden ◽  
Wendy C. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Bacillus Anthracis ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genomic Structure ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Population Genomic ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, is a worldwide threat to livestock, wildlife and public health. While analyses of genetic data from across the globe have increased our understanding of this bacterium’s population genomic structure, the influence of selective pressures on this successful pathogen is not well understood. In this study, we investigate the effects of antimicrobial resistance, phage diversity, geography and isolation source in shaping population genomic structure. We also identify a suite of candidate genes potentially under selection, driving patterns of diversity across 356 globally extant B. anthracis genomes. We report ten antimicrobial resistance genes and 11 different prophage sequences, resulting in the first large-scale documentation of these genetic anomalies for this pathogen. Results of random forest classification suggest genomic structure may be driven by a combination of antimicrobial resistance, geography and isolation source, specific to the population cluster examined. We found strong evidence that a recombination event linked to a gene involved in protein synthesis may be responsible for phenotypic differences between comparatively disparate populations. We also offer a list of genes for further examination of B. anthracis evolution, based on high-impact single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and clustered mutations. The information presented here sheds new light on the factors driving genomic structure in this notorious pathogen and may act as a road map for future studies aimed at understanding functional differences in terms of B. anthracis biogeography, virulence and evolution.

scholarly journals Genomic comparisons of Escherichia coli ST131 from Australia

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Li ◽  
Ethan R. Wyrsch ◽  
Paarthiphan Elankumaran ◽  
Monika Dolejska ◽  
Marc S. Marenda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Complete Class ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Escherichia coli ST131 is a globally dispersed extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli lineage contributing significantly to hospital and community acquired urinary tract and bloodstream infections. Here we describe a detailed phylogenetic analysis of the whole genome sequences of 284 Australian ST131 E. coli isolates from diverse sources, including clinical, food and companion animals, wildlife and the environment. Our phylogeny and the results of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis show the typical ST131 clade distribution with clades A, B and C clearly displayed, but no niche associations were observed. Indeed, interspecies relatedness was a feature of this study. Thirty-five isolates (29 of human and six of wild bird origin) from clade A (32 fimH41, 2 fimH89, 1 fimH141) were observed to differ by an average of 76 SNPs. Forty-five isolates from clade C1 from four sources formed a cluster with an average of 46 SNPs. Within this cluster, human sourced isolates differed by approximately 37 SNPs from isolates sourced from canines, approximately 50 SNPs from isolates from wild birds, and approximately 52 SNPs from isolates from wastewater. Many ST131 carried resistance genes to multiple antibiotic classes and while 41 (14 %) contained the complete class one integron–integrase intI1, 128 (45 %) isolates harboured a truncated intI1 (462–1014 bp), highlighting the ongoing evolution of this element. The module intI1–dfrA17–aadA5–qacEΔ1–sul1–ORF–chrA–padR–IS1600–mphR–mrx–mphA, conferring resistance to trimethoprim, aminoglycosides, quaternary ammonium compounds, sulphonamides, chromate and macrolides, was the most common structure. Most (73 %) Australian ST131 isolates carry at least one extended spectrum β-lactamase gene, typically bla CTX-M-15 and bla CTX-M-27. Notably, dual parC-1aAB and gyrA-1AB fluoroquinolone resistant mutations, a unique feature of clade C ST131 isolates, were identified in some clade A isolates. The results of this study indicate that the the ST131 population in Australia carries diverse antimicrobial resistance genes and plasmid replicons and indicate cross-species movement of ST131 strains across diverse reservoirs.

scholarly journals Preterm infants harbour diverse Klebsiella populations, including atypical species that encode and produce an array of antimicrobial resistance- and virulence-associated factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuhao Chen ◽  
Thomas C. Brook ◽  
Cho Zin Soe ◽  
Ian O'Neill ◽  
Cristina Alcon-Giner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Metagenomic Data ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes

Klebsiella spp. are frequently enriched in the gut microbiota of preterm neonates, and overgrowth is associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), nosocomial infections and late-onset sepsis. Little is known about the genomic and phenotypic characteristics of preterm-associated Klebsiella , as previous studies have focused on the recovery of antimicrobial-resistant isolates or culture-independent molecular analyses. The aim of this study was to better characterize preterm-associated Klebsiella populations using phenotypic and genotypic approaches. Faecal samples from a UK cohort of healthy and sick preterm neonates (n=109) were screened on MacConkey agar to isolate lactose-positive Enterobacteriaceae . Whole-genome sequences were generated for Klebsiella spp., and virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes identified. Antibiotic susceptibility profiling and in vitro macrophage and iron assays were undertaken for the Klebsiella strains. Metapangenome analyses with a manually curated genome dataset were undertaken to examine the diversity of Klebsiella oxytoca and related bacteria in a publicly available shotgun metagenome dataset. Approximately one-tenth of faecal samples harboured Klebsiella spp. ( Klebsiella pneumoniae , 7.3 %; Klebsiella quasipneumoniae , 0.9 %; Klebsiella grimontii , 2.8 %; Klebsiella michiganensis , 1.8 %). Isolates recovered from NEC- and sepsis-affected infants and those showing no signs of clinical infection (i.e. ‘healthy’) encoded multiple β-lactamases. No difference was observed between isolates recovered from healthy and sick infants with respect to in vitro siderophore production (all encoded enterobactin in their genomes). All K. pneumoniae , K. quasipneumoniae , K. grimontii and K. michiganensis faecal isolates tested were able to reside and persist in macrophages, indicating their immune evasion abilities. Metapangenome analyses of published metagenomic data confirmed our findings regarding the presence of K. michiganensis in the preterm gut. There is little difference in the phenotypic and genomic characteristics of Klebsiella isolates recovered from healthy and sick infants. Identification of β-lactamases in all isolates may prove problematic when defining treatment regimens for NEC or sepsis, and suggests that healthy preterm infants contribute to the resistome. Refined analyses with curated sequence databases are required when studying closely related species present in metagenomic data.

Analysis of the antimicrobial resistance gene frequency in whole-genome sequenced Vibrio from Latin American countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felipe Pinheiro Vilela ◽  
Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Latin American Countries

Vibrio species are important environmental-related bacteria responsible for diverse infections in humans due to consumption of contaminated water and seafood in underdeveloped areas of the world. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of antimicrobial resistance genes in 577 sequenced Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus strains isolated in Latin American countries available at the NCBI Pathogen Detection database and to determine the sequence type (ST) of the strains. Almost all strains studied (99.8%) carried at least one antimicrobial resistance gene, while 54.2 % presented a multidrug-resistance profile. The Vibrio strains exhibited genotypic resistance to 11 antimicrobial classes and almG, varG, and catB9, which confer resistance to antibiotic peptides, β-lactams and amphenicols, respectively, were the most detected genes. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus showed a broad diversity of STs. Vibrio cholerae strains isolated in Haiti after 2010’s earthquake presented the highest diversity and amount of resistance genes in the set of strains analysed and mostly belonged to ST69. In conclusion, the detection of resistance genes from 11 antimicrobial classes and the high number of multidrug-resistant Vibrio species strains emphasize that Latin American public health authorities should employ more efficient control measures and that special attention should be given for the rational use of antimicrobials in human therapy and aquaculture, since the consumption of contaminated water and seafood with resistant Vibrio may result in human infections difficult to be treated.

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