Antimicrobial resistance profiles and genetic basis of resistance among non-fastidious Gram-negative bacteria recovered from ready-to-eat foods in Kibera informal housing in Nairobi, Kenya

Objective. This cross-sectional study conducted in Kibera, Kenya, sought to gain insights on relative microbial contamination levels of popular unprocessed food types, determine antimicrobial resistance (AMR) burden and the carriage of integrons that are essential elements for spreading antimicrobial resistance genes (ARG). Foods analysed consisted of cooked vegetables (kale, cabbage, and nightshades), boiled cereal foods (beans, rice, and Githeri, which is a mixture of beans and maize), meat, Omena fish (fried silver cyprinids), and Ugali (a product of simmered maize flour in boiled water). Results. The analysis detected contamination levels exceeding 2×104 c.f.u. ml−1 in 106 (38 %) of the 281 ready-to-eat foods analysed. The majority of food types had microbial contaminations of between 4.0×104 and 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1. Kale was the most contaminated with a mean of 2.3×106 c.f.u. ml−1, while Omena was the least contaminated with 4.0×104 c.f.u. ml−1. Foods sold close to open sewage and refuse sites were more contaminated than those sold in relatively ‘cleaner’ settings (P <0.0001, O.R 0.1162, C.I 0.1162–0.120). A total of 405 bacterial isolates were recovered and included; Klebsiella spp 116 (29 %), Escherichia coli 104 (26 %), Enterobacter agglomerans 88 (22 %), Proteus mirabilis 30 (7 %), Salmonella spp 28 (7 %), Citrobacter freundii 27 (7 %) and Serratia marcescens 12 (3 %). Imipenem (IPM, 100 %) was the most effective antimicrobial agent, followed by cefepime (98 %). Ampicillin (AMP, 33 %), trimethoprim (TMP, 27 %), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX, 23 %) on the other hand, were the least effective antimicrobials. The analysis also found ten isolates (2 %) that had co-resistance to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolone (CIP), quinolones (NAL) and aminoglycosides (GEN); hereby we refer to this phenotype as the βFQA. The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains was 23 % (93), while that of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) producing strains was 4 % (17). The bla TEM was the most prevalent (55 %) β-lactamase (bla) gene among the screened 93 MDR-strains. Carriage of class one integrons (intI1) was more common (23 %) than intl2 (3 %) among these MDR-strains. Bacterial diversity analysis using the GTG5-PCR found no significant clusters for analysed E. coli and K. pneumoniae, suggesting recovered isolates were genetically diverse and not due to non-clonal expansion. The findings of this study are an indication that contaminated foods can be a reservoir for enteric pathogens and a source of AMR strains.

Atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme da Ilex paraguariensis: Uma revisão de literatura

Nos últimos anos, o aumento da busca por alternativas medicinais e nutricionais no campo da saúde ocasionou a busca por plantas presentes no cotidiano da população. Consequentemente, diversas pesquisas almejavam avaliar o potencial e benefícios para a saúde. Portanto, o objetivo do estudo é realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre a potencial utilização medicinal e nutricional da planta Ilex paraguariensis. Foram realizadas pesquisas nas bases de dados PubMed, EMBASE, Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde (BVS), Cochrane Library, Web of Science, utilizando os descritores selecionados no MeSH, DeCs e Entree. As buscas foram realizadas no período de janeiro de 2020. O critério de inclusão utilizado englobava artigos dos últimos 20 anos encluindo revisões de literatura. Após as buscas foram selecionados 12 artigos para compor a revisão de literatura. A Ilex paraguariensis mostrou capacidade de atividade antimicrobiana e antiinflamatória. Os extratos da erva mate foram capazes de inibir os microrganismos: Salmonella enteritidis, Candida albicans, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus mutans, Listeria monocytogenes, Propionibacterium acnes, Enterobacteri cloacae, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus niger, Candida crusei, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium verrucosum var. ciclopium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogeneses, Serratia marcesens, Proteus mirabilis. Porém, não houve consenso na literatura sobre atividade contra a Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis e Acinetobacter baumannii. Assim, a erva mate apresenta um potencial antimicrobiano sob alguns microrganismos, mas ainda são necessários mais estudos para uma análise mais eficiente sobre a ação contra as bactérias e uma possível aplicação clínica.

Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Dechlorinated Water Samples

Chlorination has been the method of choice for disinfecting water used for drinking purposes. However, some stressed bacteria during chlorination are able to recover and alter the potability of water. This study assessed the recovery of stressed bacteria in dechlorinated water. Ten chlorinated water samples were collected from different points within Ilorin metropolis, Kwara, Nigeria. The samples (100ml) were dechlorinated with 0.1ml of 11.4mM sodium thiosulphate solution. The physicochemical characteristics of the chlorinated water samples were determined while bacteriological analyses were carried out on both chlorinated and dechlorinated water samples. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates was determined using disc diffusion method. The physicochemical characteristics of the water samples ranged as follow: pH 7.3-8.4, chloride content 4.37-6.85 mg/l, suspended solids 0.004-0.017 g/100ml, and total hardness 30-72mg/l. The chlorinated water samples had bacterial, total, and faecal coliform counts ranging from 1.0 × 101 – 1.9 × 104cfu/ml, 0 – 480 MPN/100ml, and zero, respectively. The dechlorinated water sample had corresponding counts of 5.4 × 102 – 7.36 × 104cfu/ml, 6 - 1100 MPN/100ml, and 0 – 380 MPN/100ml. A total of eleven bacterial species belonging to the genera Bacillus, Burkholderia, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Staphylococcus, Serratia, and Streptococcus were isolated. Not lower than 60% of the bacterial isolates were susceptible to ofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. All the isolates exhibited multiple antibiotic resistances. The antibiotic resistance pattern of an isolate of Citrobacter freundii to cefuroxime, cefixime, and gentamycin changed remarkably and was plasmid-mediated, while that of E. coli and Enterobacter agglomerans remained unchanged to all the antibiotics and was non-plasmid mediated. Chlorination of water at the point of use is recommended. It is concluded that chlorination is essential in order to prevent reactivation of stressed bacteria during distribution and prevent infection by bacteria with high multiple antibiotic resistance index.

Mexican Sage (Salvia officinalis) Extraction Using Factorial Design and Its Effect on Chemical and Antibacterial Properties

The essential oils (EOs) extracted by hydrodistillation (HYDRO) and steam distillation (SD) from Mexican Salvia officinalis L were analyzed for yield, chemical composition (GC-MS), particle morphology (SEM), antioxidant activity (ABTS), and antibacterial activity against Enterobacter agglomerans, Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella sp, E. coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The influence of the factors (method, quantity, and sample) was evaluated using a 23 full factorial design, Pareto chart, normal probability plot, main effects, and interaction plots in variance analysis on yield and antioxidant activity. The quantity, methods, sample, and the methods × sample and methods × quantity interactions were the most significant factors on yield (%). The sample, methods, and quantity × sample interaction were significant for antioxidant activity. EO yields were between 0.35 and 1.27 (% w/w), and the highest value was obtained by the HYDRO method using 50 g of whole sage leaves. The antioxidant activity values were in the range of 2.35 to 3.44 mg Trolox equivalent/g. Camphor, limonene, camphene, and caryophyllene were the main compounds identified. Micrographs of sage leaves showed relevant changes in the structure after extraction. The antibacterial activity was confirmed with the inhibition diameter and inhibition percentage of all bacteria, and P. aeruginosa was the most resistant bacteria. Finally, S. officinalis EO potentials can be considered an alternative natural preservative for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

Calidad microbiológica del aire en seis áreas de la microestación biológica- Zoocriadero de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva – Tingo María – Perú

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene como objetivo evaluar la calidad microbiológica del aire en seis áreas de la Microestación Biológica-Zoocriadero de la Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva-Tingo María-Perú; procediéndose de la siguiente manera: Se seleccionaron seis áreas de muestreo (A1: Boletería, A2: Caseta gallito de las rocas, A3: Zona de las tortugas, A4: Caseta del otorongo, A5: Caseta de los monos y A6: Cocina), de los cuales para la determinación de los parámetros físicos (PAS, temperatura, humedad relativa, precipitación y rosa de viento) se obtuvo información de la estación meteorológica de la UNAS y de lecturas directas en campo, para la determinación de las PAS se realizó por el método pasivo obteniéndose la mayor concentración de PAS en el área 1 “Boletería” (12.61 t/km2/mes, 11.08 t/km2/mes y 8.4 t/km2/mes) y la más baja en el área 5 “caseta de los monos” (2.80 t/km2/mes, 2.80 t/km2/mes y 3.2 t/km2/mes); para el análisis microbiológico se realizó por el método de borboteo en líquidos, identificándose 27 géneros entre bacterias y hongos, siendo las bacterias más frecuentes Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter agglomerans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter hafniae y algunas bacterias patógenas para el hombre como Streptococcus sp., Clostridium perfringens, Bacillus anthracis. Los hongos de mayor frecuencia son Penicillium sp., Aspergillius sp., Geotrichum sp., algunos hongos patógenos identificados: Microsporum sp., Epirophyton sp. Por otro lado, para la percepción del público como trabajadores se aplicó encuestas, donde indicaron que la calidad microbiológica del aire en la Microestación Biológica-Zoocriadero es regular.

Infectious and Non-Infectious Diseases in Manatees in Brazil

Background: Antillean manatee (Trichechus manatus) and Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) are the two species of manatees that occur in Brazil, and both are endangered. Studies on manatee disease in Brazil were previously based mainly on Florida manatees. In recent years, these studies have increased in Brazil. Thus, the objective was to carry out a survey of the publications of infectious and non-infectious diseases in the two species of manatees that occur in the country, to assist in the identification of threats to the species and in the health assessment of manatees in the country.Review: Regarding infectious and contagious diseases, parasites have affected both species of manatees in Brazil, such as Pulmonicola cochleotrema in wild T. manatus, Toxoplasma gondii in both species, and Cryptosporidium spp. also in both species, this being an important agent of zoonotic character. Giardia sp., another zoonotic parasite, has also been reported in both species of manatees in Brazil. Mycotic lesions caused by B. hawaiiensis have been described in calves of T. manatus in captivity. Meanwhile, Candida sp., Trichosporon sp., Rhodotorula sp., and Cryptococcus sp. have been identified in T. inunguis. Studies on viruses in manatees are still not widespread compared to other species; however, it has been verified that rotavirus is present in T. manatus in captivity. In studies carried out to identify bacteria in T. manatus, the following bacteria were isolated: Arizona sp., Bacillus sp., Corynebacterium equi, Corynebacterium pseudodiphteriticum, Corinebacterium sp., Edwasiella tarda, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter sakasakii, Escherichia coli, Leptospira spp., Proteus sp., Proteus vulgaris, Providencia rettgeri, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Serratia marcescens, Staphylococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus coagulase-negativa, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptococcus sp., and Streptococcus viridans. Regarding noninfectious diseases, food-related diseases stand out, where gastrointestinal complications in manatees and obesity in animals in captivity are among the highest occurrences. Intestinal tympanism was reported in a T. inunguis calf, causing death of the animal. Pollution and contamination have also been a concern for the health of these animals. In studies carried out with T. manatus in Paraíba state, accumulation of heavy metals in the animals was verified, possibly originating from sugarcane farms in the region. The ingestion of garbage has also been one of the greatest threats to the health of manatees, where it was registered as a possible cause of death of T. inunguis in Amazonas state. Regarding congenital diseases, although rare in manatees, two calves of T. manatus in Ceará state have been described as having congenital malformations in the heart and brain, without a well-defined etiology. Trauma has been affecting both species; in Brazil, 17.3% of manatees reintroduced by 2018 showed evidence of collisions with vessels. Hunting for T. inunguis still occurs frequently, which has been greatly reduced for T. manatus.Conclusion: Pathogens and other factors that affect manatees have a potential impact on both species. Some of the identified agents have a zoonotic potential and, therefore, are also public health issues. This survey demonstrates that the need for incentives for studies on health assessment and pathogens in these species, both in the wild and in captivity, should be encouraged.

Enteric Viruses and Bacterial Species from the Faecal Droppings of Bats in Selected Bat Colonies in Ondo State, Nigeria

Background: Pathogenic viruses and bacteria of bat origin causes a lot of diseases that often leads to epidemics and pandemics. Fruit bats were documented reservoir of many viral infections including COVID-19. This study was designed to detect the presence of some enteric viruses of gastroenteritis as well as bacterial species from Eidolon helvum bat species in Nigeria. Methodology: Twenty-five samples were collected between January and March 2018, from six different locations in Ondo State, Nigeria. The samples were tested for the presence of Rotavirus and Adenovirus antigens using the CerTest Biotech 4th generation Quadruple Enzyme Immunoassay (EIA) kit according to the manufacturers’ specification. The bacterial species were isolated by pour plating and identified using standard microbiological methodsand API kits. Results: Throughout the period of this study, two samples (10%) were tested positive for both Norovirus and Adenovirus in bat fecal samples from Epinmin Akoko, Nigeria, while the isolated bacterial species from bats in Owo included Streptococcus Spp, Micrococcus Spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus Spp., Staphylococcus epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Echerichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Acinetobacter iwoffi, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, Proteus vulgaris, Enterobacter agglomerans and Proteus mirabillis. Conclusion: The isolation of these microbes are suggestive of infectious agents that can be of threat to public health and caution bush meat consumers from erratic consumption of unverified bush meat culinaries. The data obtained from this study is valuable for public health management as well as disease prevention and control

Potential of Miana Leaf Extract as Expectorant (Profile Place of Growing, Antioxidant, Sputum Contaminants, Antibacterial, MIC, MKC Expectorant)

Research has been conducted on the treatment of phlegm cough with miana leaf extract in vitro (effective dose of miana leaf extract as an expectorant and antibacterial agent causing cough with phlegm). The study aims to compare the antioxidant activity of miana leaves from 3 locations where it grows, determine the types of contaminant bacteria in the sputum of cough sufferers, determine the minimum value of inhibitor concentration (MIC) and MKC of miana leaves against the test bacteria causing cough with phlegm, determine the effective dose of miana leaves that can used as a reference for coughing up phlegm and proving the potential of miana leaves as a sputum thinner. Miana leaf extraction is done by the juicer method. Antioxidant activity testing uses the DPPH method. Determination of test bacteria is done by isolating and identifying contaminant bacteria in the sputum sample of cough with phlegm. Testing the effectiveness of miana leaves against test bacteria is determined by the liquid dilution method. Expectorant activity testing was determined by measuring the viscosity of mucus viscosity of cow intestine treated with miana leaf extract. The results found that antioxidant activity was influenced by the location where miana leaves grew with an antioxidant potential of IC72 0.072 mg/ml - 0.76 mg/ml. Contaminant bacteria from sputum samples of cough patients are Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter agglomerans. MIC values for contaminant bacteria are 0.1% - 0.75% and MKC values are found between 0.25% - 1.75%. miana leaf extract has the potential as a sputum thinner at a concentration of 0.01% - 0.1%. The recommended dose of miana leaf extract as a cough with phlegm is 1.75% w/v.

Microbiología del agua termal del balneario Ilaló. Pichincha. Ecuador

Cada manantial de agua termal posee una microbiota característica y específica, en relación con sus características fisicoquímicas. Por ello, el objetivo de la investigación fue estudiar la microbiología del agua termal del balneario Ilaló, ubicado en la Provincia de Pichincha. Se recolectaron muestras de agua, entre noviembre y diciembre del 2018. Se determinaron “In situ” los valores de pH, temperatura, conductividad, salinidad, oxígeno disuelto y sólidos totales. Se realizó la cuantificación, aislamiento e identificación de las cepas bacterianas de acuerdo con las pruebas sugeridas por Barrow y Feltham (2003), siguiendo los esquemas propuestos por MacFaddin (2004), complementadas con el kit de identificación bacteriana Microgen. La caracterización microbiológica se hizo de acuerdo con lo señalado por Andueza (2007). Los valores promedios obtenidos en el balneario Ilaló fueron: temperatura del agua termal 32,4 °C; temperatura ambiente de 21,30 °C; salinidad de 0,8 %; pH de 7,39; conductividad eléctrica de 1675,53 μS/cm; oxígeno disuelto de 4,30 mg/L, sólidos totales disueltos de 1675,53 mg/L, bacterias heterótrofas 24,8 UFC/mL, Pseudomonas 0,40 UFC/mL y no hubo presencia de Staphylococcus. Se identificaron las colonias aisladas como Bacillus spp, Corynebacterium spp, Pseudomonas spp, Vibrio alginolyticus, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Acinetobacter iwoffii, Actinomyces spp, Moraxella spp, Kurthia spp, Enterobacter agglomerans y Brevibacterium spp. El 100 % de las colonias resultaron lipolíticas, degradadoras de hidrocarburos y resistentes al plomo. El 90,90 % fueron amilolíticas, 81,81 % proteolíticas y el 18,18 % celulíticas. El agua del balneario Ilaló presenta una población microbiana escasa, pero diversa, con propiedades biotecnológicas destacadas

PREVALÊNCIA DE MICRORGANISMOS EM BANDEJAS UTILIZADAS PELA ENFERMAGEM NA ADMINISTRAÇÃO DE MEDICAMENTOS EM AMBIENTE HOSPITALAR

<p><strong>Introdução:</strong> Os hospitais constituem importante fonte de infecções, pois, abrigam uma vasta gama de microrganismos, principalmente bactérias. A limpeza e desinfecção de superfícies em ambientes hospitalares são subsídios elementares e eficazes como medidas de controle para romper a cadeia epidemiológica das infecções. <strong>Objetivo</strong>: Verificar a prevalência de microrganismos em bandejas utilizadas pela enfermagem para a administração de medicamentos em ambiente hospitalar, através do crescimento dos mesmos por técnicas microbiológicas. <strong>Métodos:</strong> Trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo transversal, de prevalência, com abordagem quantitativa realizada em um hospital de médio porte da região Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no segundo semestre de 2015. A coleta das amostras se deu por meio da técnica de swab, que consistiu em deslizar um swab na superfície das bandejas utilizadas para a administração dos medicamentos. Para a análise dos dados foi realizada a pesquisa microbiológica e utilizada a estatística descritiva mediante a distribuição da frequência. <strong>Resultados:</strong> Os microrganismos isolados foram: <em>Staphylococcus </em>coagulase negativa, <em>Acinetobacter baumanni</em>, <em>Enterobacter agglomerans</em>, <em>Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella ozaenae</em>, <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>, <em>Acinetobacter lwoffii, Pseudomonas stutzeri, </em><em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</em>. <strong>Conclusão:</strong> Demonstrando a importância de se realizar os processos de higienização correta das mãos, dos materiais, dos utensílios, dentre outras, como forma possível de reduzir a transferência de patógenos entre profissionais, pacientes e ambiente.</p>