The sulfane sulfur of persulfides is the actual substrate of the sulfur-oxidizing enzymes from Acidithiobacillus and Acidiphilium spp.

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1699-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thore Rohwerder ◽  
Wolfgang Sand
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Acidithiobacillus Thiooxidans ◽  
Sulfane Sulfur ◽  
Catalytic Role ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Sulfur Containing ◽  
Actual Substrate ◽  
Sulfur Donor

To identify the actual substrate of the glutathione-dependent sulfur dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.18) elemental sulfur oxidation of the meso-acidophilic Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans strains DSM 504 and K6, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strain R1 and Acidiphilium acidophilum DSM 700 was analysed. Extraordinarily high specific sulfur dioxygenase activities up to 460 nmol min−1 (mg protein)−1 were found in crude extracts. All cell-free systems oxidized elemental sulfur only via glutathione persulfide (GSSH), a non-enzymic reaction product from glutathione (GSH) and elemental sulfur. Thus, GSH plays a catalytic role in elemental sulfur activation, but is not consumed during enzymic sulfane sulfur oxidation. Sulfite is the first product of sulfur dioxygenase activity; it further reacted non-enzymically to sulfate, thiosulfate or glutathione S-sulfonate (). Free sulfide was not oxidized by the sulfur dioxygenase. Persulfide as sulfur donor could not be replaced by other sulfane-sulfur-containing compounds (thiosulfate, polythionates, bisorganyl-polysulfanes or monoarylthiosulfonates). The oxidation of H2S by the dioxygenase required GSSG, i.e. the disulfide of GSH, which reacted non-enzymically with sulfide to give GSSH prior to enzymic oxidation. On the basis of these results and previous findings a biochemical model for elemental sulfur and sulfide oxidation in Acidithiobacillus and Acidiphilium spp. is proposed.

scholarly journals Mimicking the Microbial Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur with a Biphasic Electrochemical Cell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco F. Suárez-Herrera ◽  
Jose Solla-Gullon ◽  
Micheal D. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Microbial Oxidation ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Aqueous Anions

<p>The lack of an artificial system that mimics elemental sulfur (S<sub>8</sub>) oxidation by microorganisms inhibits a deep mechanistic understanding of the sulfur cycle in the biosphere and the metabolism of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. In this article, we present a biphasic system that mimics biochemical sulfur oxidation under ambient conditions using a liquid|liquid (L|L) electrochemical cell and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an interfacial catalyst. The interface between two solvents of very different polarity is an ideal environment to oxidise S<sub>8</sub>, overcoming the <a>incompatible solubilities </a>of the hydrophobic reactants (O<sub>2</sub> and S<sub>8</sub>) and hydrophilic products (H<sup>+</sup>, SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>, <i>etc.</i>). The interfacial AuNPs provide a catalytic surface onto which O<sub>2</sub> and S<sub>8</sub> can adsorb. Control over the driving force for the reaction is provided by polarizing the L|L interface externally and tuning the Fermi level of the interfacial AuNPs by the adsorption of aqueous anions.</p>

scholarly journals The Heterotrophic Bacterium Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 Oxidizes Sulfide to Sulfate with Thiosulfate as a Key Intermediate

2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yufeng Xin ◽  
Rui Gao ◽  
Feifei Cui ◽  
Chuanjuan Lü ◽  
Honglei Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Deletion ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacterium ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sulfide:Quinone Oxidoreductase ◽  
Main Pathway ◽  
Cell Assays ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing

ABSTRACT Heterotrophic bacteria actively participate in the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth. The heterotrophic bacterium Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134 contains several enzymes involved in sulfur oxidation, but how these enzymes work together to oxidize sulfide in the bacterium has not been studied. Using gene-deletion and whole-cell assays, we determined that the bacterium uses sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase to oxidize sulfide to polysulfide, which is further oxidized to sulfite by persulfide dioxygenase. Sulfite spontaneously reacts with polysulfide to produce thiosulfate. The sulfur-oxidizing (Sox) system oxidizes thiosulfate to sulfate. Flavocytochrome c sulfide dehydrogenase enhances thiosulfate oxidation by the Sox system but couples with the Sox system for sulfide oxidation to sulfate in the absence of sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase. Thus, C. pinatubonensis JMP134 contains a main pathway and a contingent pathway for sulfide oxidation. IMPORTANCE We establish a new pathway of sulfide oxidation with thiosulfate as a key intermediate in Cupriavidus pinatubonensis JMP134. The bacterium mainly oxidizes sulfide by using sulfide:quinone oxidoreductase, persulfide dioxygenase, and the Sox system with thiosulfate as a key intermediate. Although the purified and reconstituted Sox system oxidizes sulfide, its rate of sulfide oxidation in C. pinatubonensis JMP134 is too low to be physiologically relevant. The findings reveal how these sulfur-oxidizing enzymes participate in sulfide oxidation in a single bacterium.

Elemental Sulfur Oxidation by Thiobacillus spp. and Aerobic Heterotrophic Sulfur-Oxidizing Bacteria

Pedosphere ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Hui YANG ◽  
K. STÖVEN ◽  
S. HANEKLAUS ◽  
B.R. SINGH ◽  
E. SCHNUG
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Elemental Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing Bacteria

scholarly journals Impact of Seasonal Hypoxia on Activity and Community Structure of Chemolithoautotrophic Bacteria in a Coastal Sediment

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvonne A. Lipsewers ◽  
Diana Vasquez-Cardenas ◽  
Dorina Seitaj ◽  
Regina Schauer ◽  
Silvia Hidalgo-Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Bacterial Community ◽  
Nitrate Reduction ◽  
Sulfide Oxidation ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Electron Acceptors ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Seasonal Hypoxia

ABSTRACT Seasonal hypoxia in coastal systems drastically changes the availability of electron acceptors in bottom water, which alters the sedimentary reoxidation of reduced compounds. However, the effect of seasonal hypoxia on the chemolithoautotrophic community that catalyzes these reoxidation reactions is rarely studied. Here, we examine the changes in activity and structure of the sedimentary chemolithoautotrophic bacterial community of a seasonally hypoxic saline basin under oxic (spring) and hypoxic (summer) conditions. Combined 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and analysis of phospholipid-derived fatty acids indicated a major temporal shift in community structure. Aerobic sulfur-oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria (Thiotrichales) and Epsilonproteobacteria (Campylobacterales) were prevalent during spring, whereas Deltaproteobacteria (Desulfobacterales) related to sulfate-reducing bacteria prevailed during summer hypoxia. Chemolithoautotrophy rates in the surface sediment were three times higher in spring than in summer. The depth distribution of chemolithoautotrophy was linked to the distinct sulfur oxidation mechanisms identified through microsensor profiling, i.e., canonical sulfur oxidation, electrogenic sulfur oxidation by cable bacteria, and sulfide oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction by Beggiatoaceae. The metabolic diversity of the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial community suggests a complex niche partitioning within the sediment, probably driven by the availability of reduced sulfur compounds (H2S, S0, and S2O3 2−) and electron acceptors (O2 and NO3 −) regulated by seasonal hypoxia. IMPORTANCE Chemolithoautotrophic microbes in the seafloor are dependent on electron acceptors, like oxygen and nitrate, that diffuse from the overlying water. Seasonal hypoxia, however, drastically changes the availability of these electron acceptors in the bottom water; hence, one expects a strong impact of seasonal hypoxia on sedimentary chemolithoautotrophy. A multidisciplinary investigation of the sediments in a seasonally hypoxic coastal basin confirms this hypothesis. Our data show that bacterial community structure and chemolithoautotrophic activity varied with the seasonal depletion of oxygen. Unexpectedly, the dark carbon fixation was also dependent on the dominant microbial pathway of sulfur oxidation occurring in the sediment (i.e., canonical sulfur oxidation, electrogenic sulfur oxidation by cable bacteria, and sulfide oxidation coupled to nitrate reduction by Beggiatoaceae). These results suggest that a complex niche partitioning within the sulfur-oxidizing bacterial community additionally affects the chemolithoautotrophic community of seasonally hypoxic sediments.

IMPACT OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON AGRICULTURAL SOILS. II. EFFECTS ON SULFUR-OXIDIZING POPULATIONS AND OXIDATION RATES

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. LAWRENCE ◽  
V. V. S. R. GUPTA ◽  
J. J. GERMIDA
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Total Sulfur Content ◽  
Oxidation Rates ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Sulfur Fertilization

Effects of elemental sulfur fertilization on sulfur-oxidizing populations, rhodanese activity, total sulfur content and sulfur oxidation rates in the 0- to 15-cm zone of two Grey Luvisolic soils were assessed. Heterotrophic sulfur oxidizers were the most abundant sulfur oxidizers detected in both soils. Elemental sulfur fertilization caused an increase in populations of autotrophic thiosulfate-oxidizing micro-organisms, and a threefold increase in rhodanese and sulfur-oxidizing activity in a Waitville soil. In contrast, sulfur fertilization did not stimulate autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers in a Loon River soil and the greatest increase in rhodanese and sulfur oxidation rates was only 31%. The response to sulfur application was biphasic however, and subsequent additions of sulfur fertilizer resulted in a decline in oxidation rates. Total sulfur content of sulfur-treated soils indicated that most of the sulfur applied was still present in the sampled zone. These results imply that prediction of sulfate release and fertilizer efficiency will be difficult to assess. Key words: Sulfur (elemental), S-oxidation, oxidation rates, rhodanese, sulfur-oxidizing micro-organisms

Enumeration of sulfur-oxidizing populations in Saskatchewan agricultural soils

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. Lawrence ◽  
J.J. Germida
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Clay Content ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Sand Content ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
S Oxidation

Heterotrophic and autotrophic sulfur-oxidizing populations in 35 Saskatchewan agricultural soils were enumerated. These populations included heterotrophs that produce thiosulfate and or sulfate during elemental sulfur (S°) oxidation, heterotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers, and autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers. Populations of Thiobacillus thiooxidans and T. ferrooxidans were not detected in any of the soils tested. Heterotrophs that oxidized S° to thiosulfate as the major oxyanion were the most abundant oxidizers enumerated (107–108 cells g−1) and were found in all soils. Autotrophic thiosulfate-oxidizers were detected in 10 of the soils surveyed. Heterotrophic S° and thiosulfate-oxidizing populations exhibited positive trends with soil pH, total-S, hydriodic reducible-S, and clay content, whereas populations of autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers were negatively correlated with these factors and positively related to sand content and increasing C:S ratios. In soils containing autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers the amount of thiosulfate relative to sulfate detected was reduced although no effect on S° oxidation rate was detected. Amendment of 15 selected agricultural soils with 0.5% S° significantly reduced total heterotrophic populations, whereas autotrophic thiosulfate oxidizers increased from undetectable levels to 104 cells g−1. Therefore most Saskatchewan soils contain abundant populations of heterotrophic S° oxidizers, and populations of autotrophs that respond to S° applications. Key words: Sulfur oxidation, autotrophic sulfur oxidizers, heterotrophic sulfur oxidizers, soil properties

scholarly journals Mimicking the Microbial Oxidation of Elemental Sulfur with a Biphasic Electrochemical Cell

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco F. Suárez-Herrera ◽  
Jose Solla-Gullon ◽  
Micheal D. Scanlon
Keyword(s):  
Driving Force ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Electrochemical Cell ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Sulfur Cycle ◽  
Ambient Conditions ◽  
Microbial Oxidation ◽  
Artificial System ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Aqueous Anions

<p>The lack of an artificial system that mimics elemental sulfur (S<sub>8</sub>) oxidation by microorganisms inhibits a deep mechanistic understanding of the sulfur cycle in the biosphere and the metabolism of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms. In this article, we present a biphasic system that mimics biochemical sulfur oxidation under ambient conditions using a liquid|liquid (L|L) electrochemical cell and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as an interfacial catalyst. The interface between two solvents of very different polarity is an ideal environment to oxidise S<sub>8</sub>, overcoming the <a>incompatible solubilities </a>of the hydrophobic reactants (O<sub>2</sub> and S<sub>8</sub>) and hydrophilic products (H<sup>+</sup>, SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2–</sup>, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>, <i>etc.</i>). The interfacial AuNPs provide a catalytic surface onto which O<sub>2</sub> and S<sub>8</sub> can adsorb. Control over the driving force for the reaction is provided by polarizing the L|L interface externally and tuning the Fermi level of the interfacial AuNPs by the adsorption of aqueous anions.</p>

Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria for canola

1991 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 521-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Grayston ◽  
James J. Germida
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Elemental Sulfur ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Sulfur Oxidizing ◽  
Growth Promoting

Canola (Brassica napus) has a high sulfur requirement during vegetative growth and exhibits symptoms of sulfur deficiency when cropped on Saskatchewan soils low in plant available sulfur. Elemental sulfur (S0) is frequently used as a fertilizer to alleviate this deficiency. The potential of sulfur-oxidizing microorganisms to enhance the growth of canola in S0 fertilized soils was assessed. Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria and fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere and rhizoplane of canola grown in four different Saskatchewan soils under growth chamber conditions. Of 273 bacterial isolates, 245 (89.7%) oxidized S0 to thiosulfate or tetrathionate in vitro, and 133 (48.7%) oxidized S0 to sulfate; 70 fungal isolates oxidized S0 to sulfate. Eighteen bacterial isolates demonstrating the highest in vitro sulfur oxidation were tested as seed inoculants under growth chamber conditions, with S0 as sulfur source. Fourteen isolates increased canola leaf size measured at the bud stage of growth, and seven isolates increased root and pod dry weights at maturity. Three of the 14 isolates were also able to stimulate canola leaf area in the presence of plant available sulfate. The shoot material from canola inoculated with two of these isolates contained more iron, sulfur, and magnesium than uninoculated canola. Three of the 14 isolates inhibited the growth of the canola fungal pathogens, Rhizoctonia solani AG2-1, R. solani AG4, and Leptosphaeria maculans "Leroy." Another isolate was antagonistic towards both R. solani strains and another inhibited the growth of R. solani AG2-1 and L. maculans "Leroy." Thus some sulfur-oxidizing isolates appear to stimulate canola growth due to the enhancement of mineral nutrient uptake, whereas in other cases antibiosis towards canola pathogens may also be involved. Key words: elemental sulfur, oxidation, canola, rhizosphere, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria.

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