scholarly journals Utility of JC polyomavirus in tracing the pattern of human migrations dating to prehistoric times

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (5) ◽  
pp. 1315-1326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelo Pavesi
Keyword(s):  
Correspondence Analysis ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
Northern Areas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Human Mitochondrial Genome

JC virus (JCV) is a double-stranded DNA polyomavirus co-evolving with humans since the time of their origin in Africa. JCV seems to provide new insights into the history of human populations, as it suggests an expansion of humans from Africa via two distinct migrations, each carrying a different lineage of the virus. A possible alternative to this interpretation could be that the divergence between the two lineages is due to selective pressures favouring adaptation of JCV to different climates, thus making any inference about human history debatable. In the present study, the evolution of JCV was investigated by applying correspondence analysis to a set of 273 fully sequenced strains. The first and more important axis of ordination led to the detection of 61 nt positions as the main determinants of the divergence between the two virus lineages. One lineage includes strains of types 1 and 4, the other strains of types 2, 3, 7 and 8. The distinctiveness of the Caucasian lineage (types 1 and 4), largely diffused in the northern areas of the world, was almost entirely ascribed to synonymous substitutions. The findings provided by the subsequent axes of ordination supported the view of an evolutionary history of JCV characterized by genetic drift and migration, rather than by natural selection. Correspondence analysis was also applied to a set of 156 human mitochondrial genome sequences. A detailed comparison between the substitution patterns in JCV and mitochondria brought to light some relevant advantages of the use of the virus in tracing human migrations.

scholarly journals JC Virus Evolution and Its Association with Human Populations

2006 ◽  
Vol 80 (20) ◽  
pp. 9928-9933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura A. Shackelton ◽  
Andrew Rambaut ◽  
Oliver G. Pybus ◽  
Edward C. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Trees ◽  
Nucleotide Substitution ◽  
Jc Virus ◽  
Population History ◽  
Human Polyomavirus ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Nucleotide Substitution Rate ◽  
Limited Sampling ◽  
Reconciliation Analysis ◽  
And Migration

ABSTRACT The ubiquitous human polyomavirus JC (JCV) is a small double-stranded DNA virus that establishes a persistent infection, and it is often transmitted from parents to children. There are at least 14 subtypes of the virus associated with different human populations. Because of its presumed codivergence with humans, JCV has been used as a genetic marker for human evolution and migration. Codivergence has also been used as a basis for estimating the rate of nucleotide substitution in JCV. We tested the hypothesis of host-virus codivergence by (i) performing a reconciliation analysis of phylogenetic trees of human and JCV populations and (ii) providing the first estimate of the evolutionary rate of JCV that is independent from the assumption of codivergence. Strikingly, our comparisons of JCV and human phylogenies provided no evidence for codivergence, suggesting that this virus should not be used as a marker for human population history. Further, while the estimated nucleotide substitution rate of JCV has large confidence intervals due to limited sampling, our analysis suggests that this virus may evolve nearly two orders of magnitude faster than predicted under the codivergence hypothesis.

Intraocular tuberculosis, a challenge in diagnosis and treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Martina Larroude ◽  
Gustavo Ariel Budmann
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Ocular Tuberculosis ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Choroidal Granuloma ◽  
History Of ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Ocular Tb

Ocular tuberculosis (TB) is an extrapulmonary tuberculous condition and has variable manifestations. The incidence of TB is still high in developing countries, and a steady increase in new cases has been observed in industrial countries as a result of the growing number of immunodeficient patients and migration from developing countries. Choroidal granuloma is a rare and atypical location of TB. We present a case of a presumptive choroidal granuloma. This case exposes that diagnosis can be remarkably challenging when there is no history of pulmonary TB. The recognition of clinical signs of ocular TB is extremely important since it provides a clinical pathway toward tailored investigations and decision making for initiating anti-TB therapy and to ensure a close follow-up to detect the development of any complication.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria from Conjunctival Flora in an Eye Infection Prone Breed (Saint Bernard)

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (8) ◽  
pp. 2219
Author(s):  
George Cosmin Nadăș ◽  
Cristiana Ștefania Novac ◽  
Ioana Adriana Matei ◽  
Cosmina Maria Bouari ◽  
Zoltan Miklos Gal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Ocular Disease ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Pseudomonas Spp ◽  
History Of ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp ◽  
Saint Bernard

The conjunctival bacterial resident and opportunistic flora of dogs may represent a major source of dissemination of pathogens throughout the environment or to other animals and humans. Nevertheless, contamination with bacteria from external sources is common. In this context, the study of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern may represent an indicator of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains exchange. The present study was focused on a single predisposed breed—Saint Bernard. The evaluated animals were healthy, but about half had a history of ocular disease/treatment. The swabs collected from conjunctival sacs were evaluated by conventional microbiological cultivation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The most prevalent Gram-positive was Staphylococcus spp.; regardless of the history, while Gram-negative was Pseudomonas spp.; exclusively from dogs with a history of ocular disease/treatment. Other identified genera were represented by Bacillus, Streptococcus, Trueperella, Aeromonas and Neisseria. The obtained results suggest a possible association between the presence of mixed flora and a history of ocular disease/treatment. A high AMR was generally observed (90%) in all isolates, especially for kanamycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and penicillin. MDR was recorded in Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This result together with a well-known zoonotic potential may suggest an exchange of these strains within animal human populations and the environment.

Sequence variation and evolution of nuclear DNA in man and the primates

1981 ◽  
Vol 292 (1057) ◽  
pp. 133-142 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Sequence Variation ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Gene Arrangement ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Detailed Structural Analysis ◽  
Dna Sequence Variation ◽  
History Of

Recent advances in nucleic acid technology have facilitated the detection and detailed structural analysis of a wide variety of genes in higher organisms, including those in man. This in turn has opened the way to an examination of the evolution of structural genes and their surrounding and intervening sequences. In a study of the evolution of haemoglobin genes and neighbouring sequences in man and the primates, we have investigated gene arrangement and DNA sequence divergence both within and between species ranging from Old World monkeys to man. This analysis is beginning to reveal the evolutionary constraints that have acted on this region of the genome during primate evolution. Furthermore, DNA sequence variation, both within and between species, provides, in principle, a novel and powerful method for determining inter-specific phylogenetic distances and also for analysing the structure of present-day human populations. Application of this new branch of molecular biology to other areas of the human genome should prove important in unravelling the history of genetic changes that have occurred during the evolution of man.

scholarly journals 2000 Fleming Lecture. The origin and evolution of hepatitis viruses in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Large Population ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Hepatitis Viruses ◽  
Hepatitis G Virus ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Virus C ◽  
Time Of Divergence

The spread and origins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in human populations have been the subject of extensive investigations, not least because of the importance this information would provide in predicting clinical outcomes and controlling spread of HCV in the future. However, in the absence of historical and archaeological records of infection, the evolution of HCV and other human hepatitis viruses can only be inferred indirectly from their epidemiology and by genetic analysis of contemporary virus populations. Some information on the history of the latter may be obtained by dating the time of divergence of various genotypes of HCV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the non-pathogenic hepatitis G virus (HGV)/GB virus-C (GBV-C). However, the relatively recent times predicted for the origin of these viruses fit poorly with their epidemiological distributions and the recent evidence for species-associated variants of HBV and HGV/GBV-C in a wide range of non-human primates. The apparent conservatism of viruses over long periods implied by these latter observations may be the result of constraints on sequence change peculiar to viruses with single-stranded genomes, or with overlapping reading frames. Large population sizes and intense selection pressures that optimize fitness may be the factors that set virus evolution apart from that of their hosts.

scholarly journals ECCLESIASTIC TYPIKON FROM THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY OF KYIV UNIVERSITY: ATTRIBUTION OF MANUSCRIPT

2018 ◽  
pp. 24-29
Author(s):  
S. Voloshchenko
Keyword(s):  
Key Words ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
The State ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
National University ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rare Books ◽  
And Migration

The principles of scientific attribution of liturgical cyrillic manuscripts, which has been worked out by author, are examined. The thorough study of Jerusalem Ecclesiastic Typikon from the rare books and manuscripts department’s collection of Maksymovych Scientific Library of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv is conducted. The stages of manuscript attribution are analyzed, including the date identification and localization of its origins and use. The type and the title of the codex have been identificated by the analysis of book’s texts. The linguistic variant of Church Slavonic language, used for re-writing the copy, is revealed, which has helped to localize the place of creation. Detailed watermark analysis of paper, which the copy had been made of, has allowed to estimate date range of its production. The problematic ascertainment of the date of creation has been also supported by the analysis of the textual sources, studying of palaeographic peculiarities of cyrillic script book, the inner book’s decorative features. The problem of binding production date, its construction, materials and design, is formulated. The state of preservation of manuscript is analysed, which led the author to understanding the extent of book’s relevance for its readers. The history of manuscript restoration and its stages have been studied. The places of use and migration of the copy are revealed on the basis of provenance examination up till its arrival to Maksymovych Scientific Library’s rare books collection. Key words: Jerusalem Ecclesiastic Typikon, manuscript, Cyrillic manuscript, attribution, codicology, Maksymovych Scientific Library of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv.

scholarly journals Franjo Tuđman and Demographic Revitalization/Sustainability of Croatia

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-147
Author(s):  
Dražen Živić
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Reproductive Potential ◽  
Demographic Development ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
Population Policies ◽  
Demographic Challenges ◽  
Demographic Aging ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
And Migration

According to a number of relevant demographic and statistical indicators, Croatia is in a deep demographic crisis in all aspects of demographic dynamics and structural-demographic development. Total depopulation, natural decline, negative migration balance, demographic aging, and spatial polarization of the population – are fundamental long-term and current demographic trends and processes that, thanks to available data from census, vital and migration statistics can be monitored almost continuously from the middle of last century until today. The current demographic picture of Croatia is marked by natural and mechanical population losses, which means more deaths from birth and more emigration than immigration, with significantly disturbed relations between large (functional) age groups that threaten further collapse of bio reproductive potential and economic activity of the population. Croatian demographers warned of this circumstance during socialist Yugoslavia, especially after reaching independence in 1991. In their research, they were especially committed to the design and implementation of active and stimulating population policies, which had a certain impact in the formation of some decisions and documents of Croatian state policy during the 1990s. In this sense, it is scientifically relevant to valorize Dr. Tuđman’s attitude towards Croatian demographic issues, because demographic challenges have been and still are in significant discrepancy with socially desirable demographic pro-cesses and trends as key factors in the development and progress of the Croatian state and society, especially from 1991 and onwards. Therefore, in the context of Tuđman’s work as a politician (president of the Croatian Democratic Union from 1989 to 1999) and statesman (president of the Republic of Croatia from 1990 to 1999), but also as a scientist and public figure (director of the Institute for the History of the Labor Movement from 1961 to 1967) it is useful to investigate whether and to what extent there is a consistent attitude towards the demographic situation and problems of Croatia and, accordingly, whether we find the issue of Croatian demography at the center or on the margins of interest in his public work.

scholarly journals Tocilizumab for massive refractory pleural effusion in an adolescent with systemic lupus erythematosus

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna De Matteis ◽  
Emanuela Sacco ◽  
Camilla Celani ◽  
Andrea Uva ◽  
Virginia Messia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pleural Effusion ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Malar Rash ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Double Stranded Dna ◽  
First Case ◽  
History Of

Abstract Background Pleural effusion in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is a common symptom, and recent studies demonstrated that IL-6 has a pivotal role in its pathogenesis. Case presentation We report a case of a 15 years old Caucasian boy with a history of persistent pleural effusion without lung involvement or fever. Microbiological and neoplastic aetiologies were previously excluded. Based on the presence of pleuritis, malar rash, reduction of C3 and C4 levels and positivity of antinuclear antibody (ANA) and anti-double stranded DNA (dsDNA), the diagnosis of juvenile SLE (JSLE) was performed. Treatment with high dose of intravenous glucocorticoids and mycophenolate mofetil was started with partial improvement of pleural effusion. Based on this and on adults SLE cases with serositis previously reported, therapy with intravenous tocilizumab (800 mg every two weeks) was started with prompt recovery of pleural effusion. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of JSLE pleuritis successfully treated with tocilizumab.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document