scholarly journals An Investigation of the Basic Physics of Irrigation in Urology and the Role of Automated Pump Irrigation in Cystoscopy

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwayne Chang ◽  
Rustom P. Manecksha ◽  
Konstantinos Syrrakos ◽  
Nathan Lawrentschuk
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pumping System ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Basic Physics ◽  
Traditional Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Solution ◽  
Bladder Fullness

Objective. To investigate the effects of height, external pressure, and bladder fullness on the flow rate in continuous, non-continuous cystoscopy and the automated irrigation fluid pumping system (AIFPS).Materials. Each experiment had two 2-litre 0.9% saline bags connected to a continuous, non-continuous cystoscope or AIFPS via irrigation tubing. Other equipment included height-adjustable drip poles, uroflowmetry devices, and model bladders.Methods. In Experiment 1, saline bags were elevated to measure the increment in flow rate. In Experiment 2, saline bags were placed under external pressures to evaluate the effect on flow rate. In Experiment 3, flow rate changes in response to variable bladder fullness were measured.Results. Elevating saline bags caused an increase in flow rates, however the increment slowed down beyond a height of 80 cm. Increase in external pressure on saline bags elevated flow rates, but inconsistently. A fuller bladder led to a decrease in flow rates. In all experiments, the AIFPS posted consistent flow rates.Conclusions. Traditional irrigation systems were susceptible to changes in height of irrigation solution, external pressure application, and bladder fullness thus creating inconsistent flow rates. The AIFPS produced consistent flow rates and was not affected by any of the factors investigated in the study.

scholarly journals Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketepatan Anggaran Sektor Publik

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Fajar Saputro ◽  
Bambang Setyobudi Irianto ◽  
Eliada Herwiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Environmental Uncertainty ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Test Tool ◽  
Academic Benefits ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Local Budget

Budgets implementation of local goverment in Indonesia has always been a concern of stakeholders, the budget accuration phenomenon is one of them. Local budgets implementation in Indonesia always produce SILPA, namely the excess of budget with the realization, the facts indicate inaccuracies of local budget implementation. This research was conducted in order to empirically demonstrate the role of external pressures, environmental uncertainty, organizational commitment and budget quality of budget accuracy.The research method uses quantitative methods with explanatory approach, data collection conducted by using questionaire and distributed to echelon 4 officials who involved in planning, implementating, monitoring, controling and evaluating of budget in Cilacap local goverment, use purposive sampling methode to get research sample and using Warp PLS 0.4 as a test tool statistics. The results showed that external pressure and environmental uncertainty has a negative significant effect on budget accuracy and commitment of the organization and budget quality has a positive significant effect on budget accuracy.This study contributes to local governments to improve budget accuracy by optimizing the organizational commitment and budget quality, and also raise awareness in light of external and environmental uncertainty wisely. Another contribution is that this study provides academic benefits for the development of theory in public sector accounting.

Perfusion-independent oxygen extraction in myoglobin-rich hearts

1988 ◽  
Vol 135 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-315
Author(s):  
J. R. Bailey ◽  
W. R. Driedzic
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
High Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Extraction ◽  
Oxidizing Agent ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Sea Raven ◽  
High Oxygen Demand

Cardiac myoglobin plays a role in oxygen consumption and has a protective effect during periods of hypoxia, but little is known about the role of myoglobin during periods of ischaemia. Myoglobin-rich sea raven hearts and myoglobin-poor ocean pout hearts were isolated and perfused at varying flow rates and under conditions of low and high oxygen demand to assess the role of myoglobin in oxygen extraction. In the myoglobin-rich hearts, oxygen extraction remained constant over the flow range. In the myoglobin-poor hearts, oxygen extraction was significantly elevated, relative to controls, at the lower flow rates but decreased as the flow rate increased. In hearts where myoglobin was inactivated by an oxidizing agent, oxygen extraction was similar to that observed in myoglobin-poor hearts. Under conditions of high oxygen demand, myoglobin-rich hearts again showed a constant oxygen extraction over the flow range. Myoglobin-inactivated hearts had a significantly elevated oxygen extraction at low flows, and this decreased as flow rate increased. These data suggest that myoglobin renders oxygen extraction by fish hearts independent of the rate of perfusion.

scholarly journals Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Ketepatan Anggaran Sektor Publik

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Fajar Saputro ◽  
Bambang Setyobudi Irianto ◽  
Eliada Herwiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Environmental Uncertainty ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Test Tool ◽  
Academic Benefits ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Local Budget

Budgets implementation of local goverment in Indonesia has always been a concern of stakeholders, the budget accuration phenomenon is one of them. Local budgets implementation in Indonesia always produce SILPA, namely the excess of budget with the realization, the facts indicate inaccuracies of local budget implementation. This research was conducted in order to empirically demonstrate the role of external pressures, environmental uncertainty, organizational commitment and budget quality of budget accuracy.The research method uses quantitative methods with explanatory approach, data collection conducted by using questionaire and distributed to echelon 4 officials who involved in planning, implementating, monitoring, controling and evaluating of budget in Cilacap local goverment, use purposive sampling methode to get research sample and using Warp PLS 0.4 as a test tool statistics. The results showed that external pressure and environmental uncertainty has a negative significant effect on budget accuracy and commitment of the organization and budget quality has a positive significant effect on budget accuracy.This study contributes to local governments to improve budget accuracy by optimizing the organizational commitment and budget quality, and also raise awareness in light of external and environmental uncertainty wisely. Another contribution is that this study provides academic benefits for the development of theory in public sector accounting.

scholarly journals Role of terminal and anastomotic circulation in the patency of arteries jailed by flow-diverting stents: from hemodynamic changes to ostia surface modifications

2017 ◽  
Vol 126 (5) ◽  
pp. 1702-1713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Iosif ◽  
Philipp Berg ◽  
Sebastien Ponsonnard ◽  
Pierre Carles ◽  
Suzana Saleme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Stent Placement ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Group A ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Right

OBJECTIVEThe outcome for jailing arterial branches that emerge near intracranial aneurysms during flow-diverting stent (FDS) deployment remains controversial. In this animal study, the authors aimed to elucidate the role of collateral supply with regard to the hemodynamic changes and neointimal modifications that occur from jailing arteries with FDSs. To serve this purpose, the authors sought to quantify 1) the hemodynamic changes that occur at the jailed arterial branches immediately after stent placement and 2) the ostia surface values at 3 months after stenting; both parameters were investigated in the presence or absence of collateral arterial flow.METHODSAfter an a priori power analysis, 2 groups (Group A and Group B) were created according to an animal flow model for terminal and anastomotic arterial circulation; each group contained 7 Large White swine. Group A animals possessed an anastomotic-type arterial configuration to supply the territory of the right ascending pharyngeal artery (APhA), while Group B animals possessed a terminal-type arterial configuration to supply the right APhA territory. Subsequently, all animals underwent FDS placement, thereby jailing the right APhAs. Mean flow rates and velocities inside the jailed branches were quantified using time-resolved 3D phase-contrast MR angiography before and after stenting. Three months after stent placement, the jailed ostia surface values were quantified on scanning electron micrographs. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and group comparisons with parametric and nonparametric tests.RESULTSThe endovascular procedures were feasible, and there were no findings of in situ thrombus formation on postprocedural optical coherence tomography or ischemia on postprocedural diffusion-weighted imaging. In Group A, the mean flow rate values at the jailed right APhAs were reduced immediately following stent placement as compared with values obtained before stent placement (p = 0.02, power: 0.8). In contrast, the mean poststenting flow rates for Group B remained similar to those obtained before stent placement. Three months after stent placement, the mean ostia surface values were significantly higher for Group B (527,911 ± 306,229 μm2) than for Group A (89,329 ± 59,762 μm2; p < 0.01, power: 1.00), even though the initial dimensions of the jailed ostia were similar between groups. A statistically significant correlation was found between groups (A or B), mean flow rates after stent placement, and ostia surface values at 3 months.CONCLUSIONSWhen an important collateral supply was present, the jailing of side arteries with flow diverters resulted in an immediate and significant reduction in the flow rate inside these arteries as compared with the prestenting values. In contrast, when competitive flow was absent, jailing did not result in significant flow rate reductions inside the jailed arteries. Ostium surface values at 3 months after stent placement were significantly higher in the terminal group of jailed arteries (Group B) than in the anastomotic group (Group A) and strongly correlated with poststenting reductions in the velocity value.

Effect of enhanced supramaximal flows on cough clearance

1994 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 1577-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Bennett ◽  
K. L. Zeman
Keyword(s):  
Iron Oxide ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Vital Capacity ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Peak Flow Rate ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Voluntary Cough ◽  
Initial Deposition

Efficiency of cough for clearing mucus from the lungs is believed to be a function of peak airflow velocities in the airways. Initial transient supramaximal flows are characteristic of cough, and these peak flow rates can be enhanced by placing a triggered shutter at the mouth, serving the role of the epiglottis. Using radiolabeled monodispersed aerosols (99mTc-iron oxide) and gamma camera analysis, we measured over a 2-h period the efficacy of 60 voluntary vs. shutter coughs for clearing mucus from the airways of patients (n = 15) with chronic airway obstruction (mean ratio of forced expired volume in 1 s to forced vital capacity = 0.55). In a subset of patients (n = 9), we also measured the efficacy of forced expirations, or huffs, without glottis closure. Peak flow rate was greater for shutter than voluntary coughs [9.4 +/- 2.0 (SD) vs. 4.1 +/- 1.9 l/s; P < 0.001]. Retention at 60 min (as a fraction of initial deposition) was significantly different for the 3 study days (control, 0.83 +/- 0.17; voluntary cough, 0.69 +/- 0.18; shutter cough, 0.75 +/- 0.19; P = 0.01), but only control vs. voluntary cough values were significantly different from each other (P = 0.01). In contrast, retention at 120 min was significantly different for the 3 days, but both voluntary and shutter coughs were significantly different from control (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively) (control, 0.73 +/- 0.16; voluntary cough, 0.61 +/- 0.20; shutter cough, 0.65 +/- 0.20). Patients studied with buffs showed a clearance rate faster than control and similar to that associated with voluntary cough.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Hydraulic model of a water cooling system in a chemical plant

1988 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 788-806
Author(s):  
Miloslav Hošťálek ◽  
Jiří Výborný ◽  
František Madron
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Graph Algorithm ◽  
Automatic Generation ◽  
Hydraulic Calculation ◽  
Return Flow ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Controlled Flow

Steady state hydraulic calculation has been described of an extensive pipeline network based on a new graph algorithm for setting up and decomposition of balance equations of the model. The parameters of the model are characteristics of individual sections of the network (pumps, pipes, and heat exchangers with armatures). In case of sections with controlled flow rate (variable characteristic), or sections with measured flow rate, the flow rates are direct inputs. The interactions of the network with the surroundings are accounted for by appropriate sources and sinks of individual nodes. The result of the calculation is the knowledge of all flow rates and pressure losses in the network. Automatic generation of the model equations utilizes an efficient (vector) fixing of the network topology and predominantly logical, not numerical operations based on the graph theory. The calculation proper utilizes a modification of the model by the method of linearization of characteristics, while the properties of the modified set of equations permit further decrease of the requirements on the computer. The described approach is suitable for the solution of practical problems even on lower category personal computers. The calculations are illustrated on an example of a simple network with uncontrolled and controlled flow rates of cooling water while one of the sections of the network is also a gravitational return flow of the cooling water.

scholarly journals Why do informal markets remain informal: the role of tacit knowledge in an Indian footwear cluster

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yugank Goyal ◽  
Klaus Heine
Keyword(s):  
Tacit Knowledge ◽  
Informal Markets ◽  
Market Institutions ◽  
Market Structures ◽  
Long Run ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Propositional Form ◽  
The City

AbstractWhy do informal markets resist formalizing, even when the gains of doing so outweigh its costs in the long run? While a number of responses to this question have been advanced, we discover that part of the reason could be located in the tacit knowledge (attributed to Polanyi, Hayek) embedded in the marketplace, on which market institutions run. This factor is not fully explored yet. Tacit (idiosyncratic, inarticulate, nonconscious) knowledge is acquired personally through experience and cannot be transferred or conveyed to anyone. This is the knowledge we use to act without knowing it in a propositional form. We present the case of one of India’s largest informal footwear cluster, located in the city of Agra. We show that informal markets, hinged on tacit knowledge, cannot evolve easily and therefore may remain locked-in, despite external pressures or incentives to formalize. The study shows that efforts to overcome informality and reaping the benefits of formalized market structures cannot be done without taking cognizance of the sticky intangible knowledge on which these markets rest.

scholarly journals Geometrical Optimization of a Venturi-Type Microbubble Generator Using CFD Simulation and Experimental Measurements

Designs ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 4
Author(s):  
Dillon Alexander Wilson ◽  
Kul Pun ◽  
Poo Balan Ganesan ◽  
Faik Hamad
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Air Flow ◽  
Bubble Diameter ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Experimental Measurements ◽  
Cfd Model ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Throat Diameter

Microbubble generators are of considerable importance to a range of scientific fields from use in aquaculture and engineering to medical applications. This is due to the fact the amount of sea life in the water is proportional to the amount of oxygen in it. In this paper, experimental measurements and computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation are performed for three water flow rates and three with three different air flow rates. The experimental data presented in the paper are used to validate the CFD model. Then, the CFD model is used to study the effect of diverging angle and throat length/throat diameter ratio on the size of the microbubble produced by the Venturi-type microbubble generator. The experimental results showed that increasing water flow rate and reducing the air flow rate produces smaller microbubbles. The prediction from the CFD results indicated that throat length/throat diameter ratio and diffuser divergent angle have a small effect on bubble diameter distribution and average bubble diameter for the range of the throat water velocities used in this study.

scholarly journals Comparison of different models to calculate the viscosity of biogas and biomethane in order to accurately measure flow rates for conformity assessment

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karine Arrhenius ◽  
Oliver Büker
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Correction Method ◽  
Gas Mixtures ◽  
Conformity Assessment ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Unknown Composition

AbstractThe study presents an optimised method to correct flow rates measured with a LFE flowmeter pre-set on methane while used for gas mixtures of unknown composition at the time of the measurement. The method requires the correction of the flow rate using a factor based on the viscosity of the gas mixtures once the composition is accurately known. The method has several different possible applications inclusive for the sampling of biogas and biomethane onto sorbent tubes for conformity assessment for the determination of siloxanes, terpenes and VOC in general. Five models for the calculation of the viscosity of the gas mixtures were compared and the models were used for ten binary mixtures and four multi-component mixtures. The results of the evaluation of the different models showed that the correction method using the viscosity of the mixtures calculated with the model of Reichenberg and Carr showed the smallest biases for binary mixtures. For multi-component mixtures, the best results were obtained when using the models of Lucas and Carr.

Assessment of the Use of Humidified Nasal Cannulas for Oxygen Therapy in Patients with Epistaxis

ORL ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Jingjing Liu ◽  
Tengfang Chen ◽  
Zhenggang Lv ◽  
Dezhong Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Oxygen Therapy ◽  
Preliminary Investigation ◽  
Nasal Cannula ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Antiplatelet Drugs ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
The Past ◽  
Oxygen Inhalation ◽  
Significant Difference

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> In China, nasal cannula oxygen therapy is typically humidified. However, it is difficult to decide whether to suspend nasal cannula oxygen inhalation after the nosebleed has temporarily stopped. Therefore, we conducted a preliminary investigation on whether the use of humidified nasal cannulas in our hospital increases the incidence of epistaxis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We conducted a survey of 176,058 inpatients in our hospital and other city branches of our hospital over the past 3 years and obtained information concerning their use of humidified nasal cannulas for oxygen inhalation, nonhumidified nasal cannulas, anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, and oxygen inhalation flow rates. This information was compared with the data collected at consultation for epistaxis during these 3 years. <b><i>Results:</i></b> No significant difference was found between inpatients with humidified nasal cannulas and those without nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the incidence of consultations due to epistaxis (χ<sup>2</sup> = 1.007, <i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). The same trend was observed among hospitalized patients using anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs (χ<sup>2</sup> = 2.082, <i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). Among the patients with an inhaled oxygen flow rate ≥5 L/min, the incidence of ear-nose-throat (ENT) consultations due to epistaxis was 0. No statistically significant difference was found between inpatients with a humidified oxygen inhalation flow rate &#x3c;5 L/min and those without nasal cannula oxygen therapy in the incidence of ENT consultations due to epistaxis (χ<sup>2</sup> = 0.838, <i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05). A statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of ENT consultations due to epistaxis between the low-flow nonhumidified nasal cannula and nonnasal cannula oxygen inhalation groups (χ<sup>2</sup> = 18.428, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). The same trend was observed between the 2 groups of low-flow humidified and low-flow nonhumidified nasal cannula oxygen inhalation (χ<sup>2</sup> = 26.194, <i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.001). <b><i>Discussion/Conclusion:</i></b> Neither high-flow humidified nasal cannula oxygen inhalation nor low-flow humidified nasal cannula oxygen inhalation will increase the incidence of recurrent or serious epistaxis complications; the same trend was observed for patients who use anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs. Humidification during low-flow nasal cannula oxygen inhalation can prevent severe and repeated epistaxis to a certain extent.

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