scholarly journals A statistical definition for reproducibility and replicability

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasad Patil ◽  
Roger D. Peng ◽  
Jeffrey T. Leek
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Statistical Definition

AbstractEveryone agrees that reproducibility and replicability are fundamental characteristics of scientific studies. These topics are attracting increasing attention, scrutiny, and debate both in the popular press and the scientific literature. But there are no formal statistical definitions for these concepts, which leads to confusion since the same words are used for different concepts by different people in different fields. We provide formal and informal definitions of scientific studies, reproducibility, and replicability that can be used to clarify discussions around these concepts in the scientific and popular press.

Exposure to Video Games and Decision Making

2019 ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Curcio ◽  
Sara Peracchia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, it is ever more frequent to read popular press stories about the effects of video and/or computer games on the brain and on the behavior. In some cases, we can read something claiming that video games “damage the brain,” while in others these activities can “boost brain power,” and such conflicting proclamation create confusion about the real or potential effects of this activity on human beings. Thus, it is very interesting to deeply understand the effect that exposure to video games (VGs) can have on cognitive processes, with particular attention to decision making. Only a few studies have been carried out on this issue: the main aim of this contribution is to clarify these aspects, critically reviewing the existing scientific literature. Particular attention has been dedicated to normal and pathological players, different types of VGs, and moral aspects of decision making vulnerable to VGs. It has been concluded that research in this area is still in its early days, and this short review aims at discussing several issues and challenges that should be addressed to forward this research field.

Virtual Agency

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Spirit Possession ◽  
Pretend Play ◽  
Dissociative Identity Disorder ◽  
Human Agency ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Role Enactment ◽  
The World

This chapter discusses the experience of losing the authorship of one's action to an imagined agent. This transformation is sufficiently bizarre that it has been something of an obsession in both the popular press and in scientific literature. Much of the liveliness of the field of anthropology, for instance, has to do with the documentation of intriguing practices of spirit possession in various cultures around the world. To confront the topic of virtual authorship, then, is to try to understand how the very seat of human agency can be transformed. The chapter examines action projection to imaginary agents of all kinds, beginning with ordinary forms of pretend play and role enactment, and proceeding to cases of channeling and mediumship, spirit possession, and dissociative identity disorder.

scholarly journals State of the Research on Artificial Intelligence Based Apps for Post-Secondary Students with Disabilities

2022 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 62-76
Author(s):  
Catherine Fichten ◽  
David Pickup ◽  
Jennison Asunsion ◽  
Mary Jorgensen ◽  
Christine Vo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Students With Disabilities ◽  
Secondary Students ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Post Secondary ◽  
College And University ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Google Search ◽  
Post Secondary Students

We conducted a general Google search and a scoping review of various types of artificial intelligence (AI) based technology – mobile, web-based, software, hardware – used by college and university students to do schoolwork. The main findings indicate that (1) there is no generally agreed upon definition of AI, and (2) there is a huge discrepancy between the popular press articles that are behind the AI hype and the scientific literature. The popular press provides an overview of the AI tools available to students with disabilities and discusses how students can use these tools. The scientific literature is primarily devoted to tool development and has poor methodology. We conclude that the potential of AI for post-secondary students with disabilities is enormous, but that informed research about these tools is scant, with a profound lack of demonstrated scalability. Research needs to address “real-world” uses of AI-based tools by post-secondary students with disabilities.

The Measurement of Reproductivity

1948 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 288-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Pollard
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Birth Rate ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
List Type ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Statistical Measure ◽  
Australian Population ◽  
Female Rate ◽  
If Current ◽  
Current Fertility

The measurement of the rate of population growth has attracted considerable attention in scientific literature of recent years. This is, no doubt, a result of the continual decline in the birth-rate which has formed the topic of innumerable articles in the popular press and elsewhere. Several attempts have been made to obtain a simple statistical measure of the reproductivity of a population at a particular time—that is, a measure of the extent to which a population will be replacing itself if current fertility and mortality continue indefinitely. It is the aim of this paper, in section 1,to discuss the simple approximate formulae that have been suggested;in section 2,to discuss some more elaborate and more efficient formulae;in section 3,to analyse the effect on the formulae of section 2 of a change in the proportions married at a given age;in section 4,to outline the male versus female rate anomaly;in section 5,to suggest a formula which avoids the anomaly; and finally,in section 6,to discuss the application of these formulae to Australian population statistics.

scholarly journals Do cosmetic products which are prevent sweating cause breast cancer?Terlemeyi önleyen kozmetik ürünler meme kanserine mi neden oluyor?

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Sevil Güler Demir ◽  
Hülya Bulut
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Breast Cancer Risk ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Cosmetic Products

<p>Today, underarm and antiperspirant deodorants are extensively consumed cosmetic products in order to prevent sweating. Increasing use of these products is revived the claims of increasing of breast cancer risk. While discussing these claims, drawn attention at society, in the popular press and on the Internet, it has begun to discuss in the scientific literature at the same time. There are academic studies which are shown the relation between underarm cosmetic products and breast cancer as well as the opposites. In this article, literature about whether there is relationship between underarm cosmetic products and breast cancer is reviewed and obtained findings are explained. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Özet</strong></p><p>Günümüzde koltuk altı ve antiperspirant deodorantlar terlemeyi önlemek amacıyla yaygın olarak kullanılan kozmetik ürünlerdir. Bu ürünlerin kullanımının artması, özellikle meme kanseri riskini arttırdığı iddialarını gündeme getirmiştir. Toplumun ilgisini de çeken bu iddialar popüler basın ve internet üzerinde tartışılırken, aynı zamanda bilimsel literatürde de tartışılmaya başlamıştır. Literatürde koltuk altı kozmetik ürünlerle meme kanseri arasında ilişki olduğunu belirten çalışmaların yanı sıra ilişki olmadığını gösteren çalışmalarda yer almaktadır. Bu makalede, koltuk altı kozmetik ürünlerle meme kanseri arasında ilişki olup olmadığına ilişkin literatür taranmış ve elde edilen bulgular açıklanmıştır.</p>

Exposure to Video Games and Decision Making

2018 ◽  
pp. 3296-3308
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Curcio ◽  
Sara Peracchia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Video Games ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Computer Games ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Popular Press ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
The Brain

In the last years, it is ever more frequent to read on popular press stories about the effects of video and/or computer games on the brain and on the behaviour. In some cases we can read something claiming that video games “damage the brain”, while in other that these activities can “boost brain power”, and such conflicting proclamation create confusion about the real or potential effects of this activity on human beings. Thus, it is very interesting to deeply understand the effect that exposure to video games (VGs) can have on cognitive processes, with particular attention to decision making. Only a few studies have been carried out on this issue: the main aim of this contribution is to clarify these aspects, critically reviewing the existing scientific literature. Particular attention has been dedicated to normal and pathological players, different types of VGs, and moral aspects of decision making vulnerable to VGs. It has been concluded that research in this area is still in its early days, and this short review aims at discussing several issues and challenges that should be addressed to forward this research field.

A 200-Year History of the Study of Childhood Language Disorders of Unknown Origin: Changes in Terminology

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence B. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Language Impairment ◽  
Specific Language Impairment ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Developmental Language Disorder ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Many

Purpose The current “specific language impairment” and “developmental language disorder” discussion might lead to important changes in how we refer to children with language disorders of unknown origin. The field has seen other changes in terminology. This article reviews many of these changes. Method A literature review of previous clinical labels was conducted, and possible reasons for the changes in labels were identified. Results References to children with significant yet unexplained deficits in language ability have been part of the scientific literature since, at least, the early 1800s. Terms have changed from those with a neurological emphasis to those that do not imply a cause for the language disorder. Diagnostic criteria have become more explicit but have become, at certain points, too narrow to represent the wider range of children with language disorders of unknown origin. Conclusions The field was not well served by the many changes in terminology that have transpired in the past. A new label at this point must be accompanied by strong efforts to recruit its adoption by clinical speech-language pathologists and the general public.

Development of Reading Remediation for Dyslexic Individuals

2016 ◽  
Vol 224 (4) ◽  
pp. 240-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mélanie Bédard ◽  
Line Laplante ◽  
Julien Mercier
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Behavioral Data ◽  
Educational Neuroscience ◽  
Reading Remediation ◽  
Functional Brain ◽  
Neurophysiological Data ◽  
Brain Correlates ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
The Brain

Abstract. Dyslexia is a phenomenon for which the brain correlates have been studied since the beginning of the 20th century. Simultaneously, the field of education has also been studying dyslexia and its remediation, mainly through behavioral data. The last two decades have seen a growing interest in integrating neuroscience and education. This article provides a quick overview of pertinent scientific literature involving neurophysiological data on functional brain differences in dyslexia and discusses their very limited influence on the development of reading remediation for dyslexic individuals. Nevertheless, it appears that if certain conditions are met – related to the key elements of educational neuroscience and to the nature of the research questions – conceivable benefits can be expected from the integration of neurophysiological data with educational research. When neurophysiological data can be employed to overcome the limits of using behavioral data alone, researchers can both unravel phenomenon otherwise impossible to document and raise new questions.

Working with psychology journal editors to correct problems in the scientific literature.

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 342-348
Author(s):  
Harris L. Friedman ◽  
Douglas A. MacDonald ◽  
James C. Coyne
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Journal Editors
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