scholarly journals Rescuing Troves of Data to Tackle Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S.C. Rund ◽  
Micaela Elvira Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization, every year more than a billion people are infected with vector-borne diseases worldwide. There are no vaccines for most vector-borne diseases. Vector control, therefore, is often the only way to prevent outbreaks. Despite the major impact of vectors on human health, knowledge gaps exist regarding their natural population dynamics. Even the most basic information—such as spatiotemporal abundance— is not available. Mosquitoes transmit malaria and the viruses causing Yellow Fever, West Nile, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in the Americas. The Americas have a long history of mosquito control efforts, including the unsustained but successful Aedes aegypti eradication initiative. In the US, municipalities have independently created agencies for mosquito control and monitoring. We propose that the ensemble of US mosquito control agencies can, and should, be used to develop a national—and potentially international—system for Cross-Scale Vector Monitoring and Control (CSVMaC), in which local level monitoring and control efforts are cross-linked by unified real-time data streaming to build the data capital needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of vector population dynamics. Vectors, and the pathogens they transmit, know no jurisdictions. The vision of CSVMaC is, therefore, to provide data for (i) the general study of mosquito ecology and (ii) to inform vector control during epidemics/outbreaks that impact multiple jurisdictions (i.e., counties, states, etc.). We reveal >1000 mosquito control agencies in the US with enormous troves of data that are hidden among many data silos. For CSVMaC, we propose the creation of a nationally-coordinated open-access database to collate mosquito data. The database would provide scientific and public health communities with highly resolved spatiotemporal data on arboviral disease vectors, empowering new interventions and insights while leveraging pre-existing human efforts, operational infrastructure, and investments already funded by taxpayers.

scholarly journals Vaccine and Therapeutic Options To Control Chikungunya Virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Powers
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Future Development ◽  
Chikungunya Virus ◽  
Therapeutic Options ◽  
Protective Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
Integrated Vector Control

SUMMARYBeginning in 2004, chikungunya virus (CHIKV) went from an endemic pathogen limited to Africa and Asia that caused periodic outbreaks to a global pathogen. Given that outbreaks caused by CHIKV have continued and expanded, serious consideration must be given to identifying potential options for vaccines and therapeutics. Currently, there are no licensed products in this realm, and control relies completely on the use of personal protective measures and integrated vector control, which are only minimally effective. Therefore, it is prudent to urgently examine further possibilities for control. Vaccines have been shown to be highly effective against vector-borne diseases. However, as CHIKV is known to rapidly spread and generate high attack rates, therapeutics would also be highly valuable. Several candidates are currently being developed; this review describes the multiple options under consideration for future development and assesses their relative advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals Recommendations for Intersectoral Collaboration for the Prevention and Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: Results From a Modified Delphi Process

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (Supplement_8) ◽  
pp. S726-S731
Author(s):  
Carl Abelardo T Antonio ◽  
Amiel Nazer C Bermudez ◽  
Kim L Cochon ◽  
Ma Sophia Graciela L Reyes ◽  
Chelseah Denise H Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Delphi Process ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intersectoral Collaboration ◽  
Intersectoral Action ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Modified Delphi ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Intersectoral collaboration in the context of the prevention and control of vector-borne diseases has been broadly described in both the literature and the current global strategy by the World Health Organization. Our aim was to develop a framework that will distill the currently known multiple models of collaboration. Methods Qualitative content analysis and logic modeling of data abstracted from 69 studies included in a scoping review done by the authors were used to develop 9 recommendation statements that summarized the composition and attributes of multisectoral approaches, which were then subjected to a modified Delphi process with 6 experts in the fields of health policy and infectious diseases. Results Consensus for all statements was achieved during the first round. The recommendation statements were on (1–3) sectoral engagement to supplement government efforts and augment public financing; (4) development of interventions for most systems levels; (5–6) investment in human resource, including training; (7–8) intersectoral action to implement strategies and ensure sustainability of initiatives; and (9) research to support prevention and control efforts. Conclusions The core of intersectoral action to prevent vector-borne diseases is collaboration among multiple stakeholders to develop, implement, and evaluate initiatives at multiple levels of intervention.

scholarly journals The ecological dimensions of vector-borne disease research and control

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (suppl 1) ◽  
pp. S155-S167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brett R. Ellis ◽  
Bruce A. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Ecological Problem ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control ◽  
Ecological Dimension ◽  
Ecosystem Approaches

Alarming trends in the resurgence of vector-borne diseases are anticipated to continue unless more effective action is taken to address the variety of underlying causes. Social factors, anthropogenic environmental modifications and/or ecological changes appear to be the primary drivers. The ecological dimension of vector-borne disease research and management is a pervasive element because this issue is essentially an ecological problem with biophysical, social, and economic dimensions. However there is often a lack of clarity about the ecological dimension, the field of ecology (e.g. role, limitations), and related concepts pertinent to ecosystem approaches to health. An ecological perspective can provide foresight into the appropriateness of interventions, provide answers to unexpected vector control responses, and contribute to effective management solutions in an ever-changing environment. The aim of this paper is to explore the ecological dimension of vector-borne diseases and to provide further clarity about the role of "ecological thinking" in the development and implementation of vector control activities (i.e. ecosystem approaches to vector-borne diseases).

scholarly journals MONITORING AND MAPPING OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN MALARIA VECTOR, ANOPHELES SACHAROVI IN IRAN (1997-2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
H. Vatandoost ◽  
AA. Hanafi -Bojd ◽  
F. Nikpoor
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria is the main vector borne diseases worldwide. According to the recent record of World Health Organization, 228 million cases have been reported in 2018 mainly in in African region. One of the main important measures for vector control is using insecticides. Monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance is the main measure for appropriate decision. All the date published about resistant status of Anopheles sacharovi were searched on Pubmed, Elsevier, Springer, Web of Science, Iranmedex, Majiran, google scholar, etc. The results showed that there is widespread, resistance/tolerance to different groups of insecticides in the country. Monitoring and mapping as well as detection of mechanisms of insecticide resistance is appropriate for vector control decision. The results of resistant of this malaria vector to different WHO insecticides will provide an appropriate guideline for the Ministry of health and Medical Education of the country for appropriate vector control.

scholarly journals Wolbachia: endosymbiont of onchocercid nematodes and their vectors

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranju Ravindran Santhakumari Manoj ◽  
Maria Stefania Latrofa ◽  
Sara Epis ◽  
Domenico Otranto
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Wolbachia Endosymbiont ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Wolbachia is an obligate intracellular maternally transmitted, gram-negative bacterium which forms a spectrum of endosymbiotic relationships from parasitism to obligatory mutualism in a wide range of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes, respectively. In arthropods Wolbachia produces reproductive manipulations such as male killing, feminization, parthenogenesis and cytoplasmic incompatibility for its propagation and provides an additional fitness benefit for the host to protect against pathogens, whilst in onchocercid nematodes, apart from the mutual metabolic dependence, this bacterium is involved in moulting, embryogenesis, growth and survival of the host. Methods This review details the molecular data of Wolbachia and its effect on host biology, immunity, ecology and evolution, reproduction, endosymbiont-based treatment and control strategies exploited for filariasis. Relevant peer-reviewed scientic papers available in various authenticated scientific data bases were considered while writing the review. Conclusions The information presented provides an overview on Wolbachia biology and its use in the control and/or treatment of vectors, onchocercid nematodes and viral diseases of medical and veterinary importance. This offers the development of new approaches for the control of a variety of vector-borne diseases. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals From the Field to the Laboratory: Quantifying Outdoor Mosquito Landing Rate to Better Evaluate Topical Repellents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽  
Andrea Drago ◽  
Miguel A Miranda
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Vector-borne diseases are a worldwide threat to human health. Often, no vaccines or treatments exist. Thus, personal protection products play an essential role in limiting transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) arm-in-cage (AIC) test is the most common method for evaluating the efficacy of topical repellents, but it remains unclear whether AIC testing conditions recreate the mosquito landing rates in the field. This study aimed to estimate the landing rate outdoors, in an area of Europe highly infested with the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894, Diptera: Culididae)), and to determine how to replicate this rate in the laboratory. To assess the landing rate in the field, 16 individuals were exposed to mosquitoes in a highly infested region of Italy. These field results were then compared to results obtained in the laboratory: 1) in a 30 m3 room where nine volunteers were exposed to different mosquito abundances (ranges: 15–20, 25–30, and 45–50) and 2) in a 0.064 m3 AIC test cage where 10 individuals exposed their arms to 200 mosquitoes (as per WHO requirements). The highest mosquito landing rate in the field was 26.8 landings/min. In the room test, a similar landing rate was achieved using 15–20 mosquitoes (density: 0.50–0.66 mosquitoes/m3) and an exposure time of 3 min. In the AIC test using 200 mosquitoes (density: 3,125 mosquitoes/m3), the landing rate was 229 ± 48 landings/min. This study provides useful reference values that can be employed to design new evaluation standards for topical repellents that better simulate field conditions.

scholarly journals Management of insecticides for use in disease vector control: a global survey

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Bhupender Nath Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Worker Safety ◽  
External Support ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Global Survey ◽  
Pesticide Management ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Vector Borne

Abstract Background: Vector control plays a critical role in the prevention, control and elimination of vector-borne diseases, and interventions of vector control continue to depend largely on the action of chemical insecticides. A global survey was conducted on the management practices of vector control insecticides at country level to identify gaps to inform future strategies on pesticide management, seeking to improve efficacy of interventions and reduce the side effects of chemicals used on health and the environment.Methods: A survey by questionnaire on the management practices of vector control insecticides was disseminated among all WHO Member States. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics.Results: Responses were received from 94 countries, or a 48% response rate . Capacity for insecticide resistance monitoring was established in 68-80% of the countries in most regions, often with external support; however, this capacity was largely lacking from the European & Others Region. Procurement of vector control insecticides was in 50-75% of countries taking place by agencies other than the central-level procuring agency, over which the central authorities lacked control, for example, to select the product or assure product quality. Moreover, some countries experienced problems with estimating the correct amounts for procurement, especially for emergency purposes. Large fractions of countries across regions showed shortcomings in worker safety, pesticide storage practices, and pesticide waste disposal. Shortcomings were most pronounced in countries of the European & Others region, which has long been relatively free from mosquito-borne diseases but have recently faced challenges of re-emerging vector-borne diseases.Conclusions: Critical shortcomings in the management of vector control insecticides are common in countries across regions, with risks of adverse pesticide effects on health and the environment. Advocacy and resource mobilization are needed at regional and country level to address these challenges.

Vector Control, Optimal Control, and Vector-Borne Disease Dynamics

2020 ◽  
pp. 267-288
Author(s):  
Michael B. Bonsall
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Control ◽  
Population Genetics ◽  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Disease Suppression ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Vector Borne Disease ◽  
Vector Borne

Understanding methods of vector control is essential to vector-borne disease (VBD) management. Vaccines or standard medical interventions for many VDBs do not exist or are poorly developed so disease control is focused on managing vector numbers and dynamics. This involves understanding not only the population dynamics but also the population genetics of vectors. Using mosquitoes as a case study, in this chapter, the modern genetics-based methods of vector control (self-limiting, self-sustaining) on mosquito population and disease suppression will be reviewed. These genetics-based methods highlight the importance of understanding the interplay between genetics and ecology to develop optimal, cost-effective solutions for control. The chapter focuses on how these genetics-based methods can be integrated with other interventions, and concludes with a summary of regulatory and policy perspectives about the use of these approaches in the management of VBDs.

scholarly journals Entomological Surveillance for Zika and Dengue Virus in Aedes Mosquitoes: Implications for Vector Control in Thailand

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 442
Author(s):  
Nathamon Kosoltanapiwat ◽  
Jarinee Tongshoob ◽  
Preeraya Singkhaimuk ◽  
Chanyapat Nitatsukprasert ◽  
Silas A. Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Dengue Case ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Entomological Surveillance ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Envelope Sequence ◽  
Surveillance Programs

Entomological surveillance for arthropod-borne viruses is vital for monitoring vector-borne diseases and informing vector control programs. In this study, we conducted entomological surveillance in Zika virus endemic areas. In Thailand, it is standard protocol to perform mosquito control within 24 h of a reported dengue case. Aedes females were collected within 72 h of case reports from villages with recent Zika–human cases in Kamphaeng Phet Province, Thailand in 2017 and 2018. Mosquitoes were bisected into head-thorax and abdomen and then screened for Zika (ZIKV) and dengue (DENV) viruses using real-time RT-PCR. ZIKV RNA was detected in three samples from two female Ae. aegypti (1.4%). A partial envelope sequence analysis revealed that the ZIKV sequences were the Asian lineage identical to sequences from ZIKV-infected cases reported in Thailand during 2016 and 2017. Dengue virus-1 (DENV-1) and dengue virus-4 (DENV-4) were found in four Ae. aegypti females (2.8%), and partial capsid sequences were nearly identical with DENV-1 and DENV-4 from Thai human cases reported in 2017. Findings in the current study demonstrate the importance of entomological surveillance programs to public health mosquito-borne disease prevention measures and control.

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