scholarly journals From the Field to the Laboratory: Quantifying Outdoor Mosquito Landing Rate to Better Evaluate Topical Repellents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽  
Andrea Drago ◽  
Miguel A Miranda
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Vector-borne diseases are a worldwide threat to human health. Often, no vaccines or treatments exist. Thus, personal protection products play an essential role in limiting transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) arm-in-cage (AIC) test is the most common method for evaluating the efficacy of topical repellents, but it remains unclear whether AIC testing conditions recreate the mosquito landing rates in the field. This study aimed to estimate the landing rate outdoors, in an area of Europe highly infested with the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894, Diptera: Culididae)), and to determine how to replicate this rate in the laboratory. To assess the landing rate in the field, 16 individuals were exposed to mosquitoes in a highly infested region of Italy. These field results were then compared to results obtained in the laboratory: 1) in a 30 m3 room where nine volunteers were exposed to different mosquito abundances (ranges: 15–20, 25–30, and 45–50) and 2) in a 0.064 m3 AIC test cage where 10 individuals exposed their arms to 200 mosquitoes (as per WHO requirements). The highest mosquito landing rate in the field was 26.8 landings/min. In the room test, a similar landing rate was achieved using 15–20 mosquitoes (density: 0.50–0.66 mosquitoes/m3) and an exposure time of 3 min. In the AIC test using 200 mosquitoes (density: 3,125 mosquitoes/m3), the landing rate was 229 ± 48 landings/min. This study provides useful reference values that can be employed to design new evaluation standards for topical repellents that better simulate field conditions.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Controlling Urban Mosquito-Borne Diseases in a Changing Urban Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ligsay ◽  
Olivier Telle ◽  
Richard Paul
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Cities worldwide are facing ever-increasing pressure to develop mitigation strategies for all sectors to deal with the impacts of climate change. Cities are expected to house 70% of the world’s population by 2050 and developing related resilient health systems is a significant challenge. Because of their physical nature, cities’ surface temperatures are often substantially higher than that of the surrounding rural areas, generating the so-called Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Whilst considerable emphasis has been placed on strategies to mitigate against the UHI-associated negative health effects of heat and pollution, the World Health Organization estimates that one of the main consequences of global warming will be an increased burden of such vector-borne diseases. Many of the major mosquito-borne diseases are urban and thus the global population exposed to these pathogens will steadily increase. Mitigation strategies beneficial for one sector may, however, be detrimental for another. Implementation of inter-sectoral strategies that can benefit many sectors (such as water, labour and health) do exist and would enable optimal use of the meagre resources available. Discussion among inter-sectoral stakeholders should be actively encouraged.

scholarly journals Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Chan ◽  
Tiffany Sham ◽  
Tayyab Shahzada ◽  
Caroline Dubois ◽  
Zhe Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is expanding the global at-risk population for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM) framework emphasises the importance of primary prevention of biological hazards and its value in protecting against VBDs. The framework encourages stakeholder coordination and information sharing, though there is still a need to reinforce prevention and recovery within disaster management. This keyword-search based narrative literature review searched databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline between January 2000 and May 2020, and identified 134 publications. In total, 10 health-EDRM primary prevention measures are summarised at three levels (personal, environmental and household). Enabling factor, limiting factors, co-benefits and strength of evidence were identified. Current studies on primary prevention measures for VBDs focus on health risk-reduction, with minimal evaluation of actual disease reduction. Although prevention against mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria, has been well-studied, research on other vectors and VBDs remains limited. Other gaps included the limited evidence pertaining to prevention in resource-poor settings and the efficacy of alternatives, discrepancies amongst agencies’ recommendations, and limited studies on the impact of technological advancements and habitat change on VBD prevalence. Health-EDRM primary prevention measures for VBDs require high-priority research to facilitate multifaceted, multi-sectoral, coordinated responses that will enable effective risk mitigation.

scholarly journals Climate change and vector-borne diseases: what are the implications for public health research and policy?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1665) ◽  
pp. 20130552 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diarmid Campbell-Lendrum ◽  
Lucien Manga ◽  
Magaran Bagayoko ◽  
Johannes Sommerfeld
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Climate Change ◽  
Political Support ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Financial Investment ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Disease Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne

Vector-borne diseases continue to contribute significantly to the global burden of disease, and cause epidemics that disrupt health security and cause wider socioeconomic impacts around the world. All are sensitive in different ways to weather and climate conditions, so that the ongoing trends of increasing temperature and more variable weather threaten to undermine recent global progress against these diseases. Here, we review the current state of the global public health effort to address this challenge, and outline related initiatives by the World Health Organization (WHO) and its partners. Much of the debate to date has centred on attribution of past changes in disease rates to climate change, and the use of scenario-based models to project future changes in risk for specific diseases. While these can give useful indications, the unavoidable uncertainty in such analyses, and contingency on other socioeconomic and public health determinants in the past or future, limit their utility as decision-support tools. For operational health agencies, the most pressing need is the strengthening of current disease control efforts to bring down current disease rates and manage short-term climate risks, which will, in turn, increase resilience to long-term climate change. The WHO and partner agencies are working through a range of programmes to (i) ensure political support and financial investment in preventive and curative interventions to bring down current disease burdens; (ii) promote a comprehensive approach to climate risk management; (iii) support applied research, through definition of global and regional research agendas, and targeted research initiatives on priority diseases and population groups.

scholarly journals Short communication: New report of Aedes albopictus in Souk Ahras, Northeast Algeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaouther Hamaidia ◽  
Noreddine Soltani
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Albopictus ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Breeding Sites ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
Mosquito Breeding ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
The City ◽  
Residential Garden

Abstract. Hamaidia K, Soltani N. 2021. Short communication: New report of Aedes albopictus in Souk Ahras, Northeast Algeria. Biodiversitas 22: 2901-2906. The present paper reports the occurrence of Aedes albopictus (Skuse), an aggressive Asian tiger mosquito in the city of Souk-Ahras (Northeast of Algeria). A “26 April” estate’ inhabitants (Souk-Ahras province) have reported unusual daytime bites by a striped mosquito. On early September 2020, an intensive field inspection was carried out for potential mosquito breeding sites in the locations around the city. A total of 105 specimens (8 larvae, 24 pupae and 73 adults) of Ae. albopictus were collected in a pile of old tyres in a residential garden. After previous records of this species in Algeria, this is the first evidence of its presence in Souk-Ahras province, and the findings enhance combined public participation with professional validation in surveillance of vector borne-diseases programs with emphasis on the need for sensitising citizens about controlling this important vector.

Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Delta State, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chioma C Ojianwuna ◽  
Ahmed I Omotayo ◽  
Victor N Enwemiwe ◽  
Fouad A Adetoro ◽  
Destiny N Eyeboka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
World Health ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.

Panel 2.2: Surveillance, Early Warning Alert, and Response: Communicable and Vector-Borne Diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collette Roure ◽  
Asheena Khalakdina ◽  
Kumnuan Ungchusak ◽  
Media Yulizar ◽  
P. Ravindran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Laboratory Capacity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Surveillance, Early Warning Alert and Response at the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO)in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to the surveillance, early warning alert, and response to communicable and vector-borne diseases as pertaining to the responses to the damage created bythe Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) key questions; (2) needs assessment; (3) coordination(4) gap filling; and (5) capacity building. The key questions section is presented in six sub-sections: (1) communicable diseases; (2) early warning; (3) laboratory capacity and referral networking; (4) coordination of disease surveillance, early warning, and response; (5) health infrastructure rebuilding; and (6) using existing national surveillance plans toenhance disease surveillance and early warning systems.

scholarly journals New Insights into the Degradation Path of Deltamethrin

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3811
Author(s):  
Federica Aiello ◽  
Marcel G. Simons ◽  
Jan W. van Velde ◽  
Paulo Dani
Keyword(s):  
Degradation Products ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Insecticidal Efficacy ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Low Toxicity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
By Products ◽  
Insecticidal Compounds

Pyrethroids are among the insecticidal compounds indicated by the World Health Organization for mitigation of vector-borne diseases. Active deltamethrin (with chiral configuration α-S,1-R-cis) is one of the most effective pyrethroids characterized by low toxicity to humans, and it is currently tested as active ingredient for insecticidal paints. Nevertheless, several degradation processes can occur and affect the insecticidal efficacy in the complex paint matrix. In the present study, a detailed NMR analysis of deltamethrin stability has been carried out under stress conditions, mimicking a water-based insecticidal paint environment. Two novel by-products, having a diastereomeric relationship, were identified and their structure was elucidated by combining NMR, HPLC, GC-MS, and ESI-MS analyses. These compounds are the result from a nucleophilic addition involving deltamethrin and one of its major degradation products, 3-phenoxybenzaldehyde. Given the known toxicity of the aldehyde, this reaction could represent a way to reduce its concentration into the matrix. On the other hand, the toxicology of these compounds towards humans should be addressed, as their presence may adversely affect the performance of deltamethrin-containing products.

scholarly journals MONITORING AND MAPPING OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN MALARIA VECTOR, ANOPHELES SACHAROVI IN IRAN (1997-2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
H. Vatandoost ◽  
AA. Hanafi -Bojd ◽  
F. Nikpoor
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria is the main vector borne diseases worldwide. According to the recent record of World Health Organization, 228 million cases have been reported in 2018 mainly in in African region. One of the main important measures for vector control is using insecticides. Monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance is the main measure for appropriate decision. All the date published about resistant status of Anopheles sacharovi were searched on Pubmed, Elsevier, Springer, Web of Science, Iranmedex, Majiran, google scholar, etc. The results showed that there is widespread, resistance/tolerance to different groups of insecticides in the country. Monitoring and mapping as well as detection of mechanisms of insecticide resistance is appropriate for vector control decision. The results of resistant of this malaria vector to different WHO insecticides will provide an appropriate guideline for the Ministry of health and Medical Education of the country for appropriate vector control.

REVIEW OF THE EXISTING POLICIES PERTAINING TO DENGUE IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS AND IDENTIFICATION OF GAP IN RESEARCH

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shairah Basar ◽  
Zulhabri Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Health Problem ◽  
Construction Projects ◽  
World Health ◽  
Construction Sites ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Disease Research ◽  
Hard Time ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) identifies that more than half of the world’s population are at risk for vector-borne diseases. Vectors are living organisms that transmit infectious diseases and mosquitoes are the best-known carrier of vector-borne diseases. Among the vector-borne diseases, dengue has become a widespread health problem faced by Malaysians. There has been various research studies in curbing dengue issues; however, the Malaysian government is still having a hard time in reducing the number of dengue issues. Existing guidelines and legislation seem insufficient in controlling and reducing the number of dengue cases. It has been reported from January 2015 to October 2015, that there were 96,222 of dengue cases and 263 deaths cases in Malaysia. Construction projects have been identified as one of the reasons for the high incidences of dengue menace. The construction activities and uncleanliness of the construction sites have caused a spate of dengue cases. This paper seeks to review the existing policies pertaining to dengue in construction projects and to identify the gap in vector-borne disease research. The findings may act as a catalyst for conducting further researches in this field of study. 

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