scholarly journals MONITORING AND MAPPING OF INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN MALARIA VECTOR, ANOPHELES SACHAROVI IN IRAN (1997-2020)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
H. Vatandoost ◽  
AA. Hanafi -Bojd ◽  
F. Nikpoor
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
World Health ◽  
African Region ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Decision ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Malaria is the main vector borne diseases worldwide. According to the recent record of World Health Organization, 228 million cases have been reported in 2018 mainly in in African region. One of the main important measures for vector control is using insecticides. Monitoring and mapping of insecticide resistance is the main measure for appropriate decision. All the date published about resistant status of Anopheles sacharovi were searched on Pubmed, Elsevier, Springer, Web of Science, Iranmedex, Majiran, google scholar, etc. The results showed that there is widespread, resistance/tolerance to different groups of insecticides in the country. Monitoring and mapping as well as detection of mechanisms of insecticide resistance is appropriate for vector control decision. The results of resistant of this malaria vector to different WHO insecticides will provide an appropriate guideline for the Ministry of health and Medical Education of the country for appropriate vector control.

scholarly journals From the Field to the Laboratory: Quantifying Outdoor Mosquito Landing Rate to Better Evaluate Topical Repellents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽  
Andrea Drago ◽  
Miguel A Miranda
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Vector-borne diseases are a worldwide threat to human health. Often, no vaccines or treatments exist. Thus, personal protection products play an essential role in limiting transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) arm-in-cage (AIC) test is the most common method for evaluating the efficacy of topical repellents, but it remains unclear whether AIC testing conditions recreate the mosquito landing rates in the field. This study aimed to estimate the landing rate outdoors, in an area of Europe highly infested with the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894, Diptera: Culididae)), and to determine how to replicate this rate in the laboratory. To assess the landing rate in the field, 16 individuals were exposed to mosquitoes in a highly infested region of Italy. These field results were then compared to results obtained in the laboratory: 1) in a 30 m3 room where nine volunteers were exposed to different mosquito abundances (ranges: 15–20, 25–30, and 45–50) and 2) in a 0.064 m3 AIC test cage where 10 individuals exposed their arms to 200 mosquitoes (as per WHO requirements). The highest mosquito landing rate in the field was 26.8 landings/min. In the room test, a similar landing rate was achieved using 15–20 mosquitoes (density: 0.50–0.66 mosquitoes/m3) and an exposure time of 3 min. In the AIC test using 200 mosquitoes (density: 3,125 mosquitoes/m3), the landing rate was 229 ± 48 landings/min. This study provides useful reference values that can be employed to design new evaluation standards for topical repellents that better simulate field conditions.

scholarly journals Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Chan ◽  
Tiffany Sham ◽  
Tayyab Shahzada ◽  
Caroline Dubois ◽  
Zhe Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is expanding the global at-risk population for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM) framework emphasises the importance of primary prevention of biological hazards and its value in protecting against VBDs. The framework encourages stakeholder coordination and information sharing, though there is still a need to reinforce prevention and recovery within disaster management. This keyword-search based narrative literature review searched databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline between January 2000 and May 2020, and identified 134 publications. In total, 10 health-EDRM primary prevention measures are summarised at three levels (personal, environmental and household). Enabling factor, limiting factors, co-benefits and strength of evidence were identified. Current studies on primary prevention measures for VBDs focus on health risk-reduction, with minimal evaluation of actual disease reduction. Although prevention against mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria, has been well-studied, research on other vectors and VBDs remains limited. Other gaps included the limited evidence pertaining to prevention in resource-poor settings and the efficacy of alternatives, discrepancies amongst agencies’ recommendations, and limited studies on the impact of technological advancements and habitat change on VBD prevalence. Health-EDRM primary prevention measures for VBDs require high-priority research to facilitate multifaceted, multi-sectoral, coordinated responses that will enable effective risk mitigation.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Controlling Urban Mosquito-Borne Diseases in a Changing Urban Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ligsay ◽  
Olivier Telle ◽  
Richard Paul
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Cities worldwide are facing ever-increasing pressure to develop mitigation strategies for all sectors to deal with the impacts of climate change. Cities are expected to house 70% of the world’s population by 2050 and developing related resilient health systems is a significant challenge. Because of their physical nature, cities’ surface temperatures are often substantially higher than that of the surrounding rural areas, generating the so-called Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Whilst considerable emphasis has been placed on strategies to mitigate against the UHI-associated negative health effects of heat and pollution, the World Health Organization estimates that one of the main consequences of global warming will be an increased burden of such vector-borne diseases. Many of the major mosquito-borne diseases are urban and thus the global population exposed to these pathogens will steadily increase. Mitigation strategies beneficial for one sector may, however, be detrimental for another. Implementation of inter-sectoral strategies that can benefit many sectors (such as water, labour and health) do exist and would enable optimal use of the meagre resources available. Discussion among inter-sectoral stakeholders should be actively encouraged.

scholarly journals Recent trends in global insecticide use for disease vector control and potential implications for resistance management

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henk van den Berg ◽  
Haroldo Sergio da Silva Bezerra ◽  
Samira Al-Eryani ◽  
Emmanuel Chanda ◽  
Bhupender N. Nagpal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Pyrethroid Resistance ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Vector Borne

AbstractInsecticides have played a major role in the prevention, control, and elimination of vector-borne diseases, but insecticide resistance threatens the efficacy of available vector control tools. A global survey was conducted to investigate vector control insecticide use from 2010 to 2019. Out of 140 countries selected as sample for the study, 87 countries responded. Also, data on ex-factory deliveries of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) were analyzed. Insecticide operational use was highest for control of malaria, followed by dengue, leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Vector control relied on few insecticide classes with pyrethroids the most used overall. Results indicated that IRS programs have been slow to react to detection of pyrethroid resistance, while proactive resistance management using insecticides with unrelated modes of action was generally weak. The intensive use of recently introduced insecticide products raised concern about product stewardship regarding the preservation of insecticide susceptibility in vector populations. Resistance management was weakest for control of dengue, leishmaniasis or Chagas disease. Therefore, it will be vital that vector control programs coordinate on insecticide procurement, planning, implementation, resistance monitoring, and capacity building. Moreover, increased consideration should be given to alternative vector control tools that prevent the development of insecticide resistance.

scholarly journals EFEKTIFITAS PENGGUNAAN KELAMBU BERINSEKTISIDA (LLINs) TERHADAP KASUS MALARIA (Studi Di Desa Ngreco Kecamatan Tegalombo Kabupaten Pacitan Tahun 2016)

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rizka Ilmawati ◽  
Sri Mardoyo ◽  
Suroso Bambang Eko Warno
Keyword(s):  
Vector Control ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Malaria Vector Control ◽  
Insecticide Treated Nets ◽  
Mosquito Net ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
The World ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Health Organization

ABSTRACTMalaria is a contagious disease that still becomes wide health problem in the world, including Indonesia.In 2014, API of Pacitan was the highest in East Java with 75 patients suffered from malaria. One of the endemicvillage in Pacitan is Ngreco village. Malaria vector control effort undertaken in the village is the use of insecticidetreatedbed nets, as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The use of insecticide-treated netseffectively prevent transmission of malaria when supported with good care to insecticide-treated nets.This study aims to determine the effectiveness of insecticide-treated nets used by Ngreco Villagecommunity as malaria vector control to the decline in malaria cases. This is a quasi-experimental research. Thedata were collected through interview and sampling. The research sample was 29 homes for interviews and 4insecticide-treated nets used by the community for Bio-assay Test.The results of this study shows a decrease in new case of malaria in 2007-2010 from 23 new cases into2 new cases in 2011 to 2015. The results of efficacy test conducted on four samples of net used by thecommunity showed that net with 30 months of use (effectiveness <80%) are no longer effective to be used as avector control of malaria, while net with 12 months of use (effectiveness> 80%) is still effective to be used asmalaria vector control.The society should pay more attention on how to laundry the net that it is durable as malaria vectorcontrol. The health center needs to conduct controlling of mosquito nets routinely to find out whether the netsare still effective that replacement or dyeing of the of net can be performed.Keywords: Insecticidal mosquito net, effectiveness, malaria

Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Delta State, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chioma C Ojianwuna ◽  
Ahmed I Omotayo ◽  
Victor N Enwemiwe ◽  
Fouad A Adetoro ◽  
Destiny N Eyeboka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
World Health ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.

Panel 2.2: Surveillance, Early Warning Alert, and Response: Communicable and Vector-Borne Diseases

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Collette Roure ◽  
Asheena Khalakdina ◽  
Kumnuan Ungchusak ◽  
Media Yulizar ◽  
P. Ravindran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Early Warning Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Tsunami Disaster ◽  
Laboratory Capacity ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Key Questions

AbstractThis is a summary of the presentations and discussion of Surveillance, Early Warning Alert and Response at the Conference, Health Aspects of the Tsunami Disaster in Asia, convened by the World Health Organization (WHO)in Phuket, Thailand, 04–06 May 2005. The topics discussed included issues related to the surveillance, early warning alert, and response to communicable and vector-borne diseases as pertaining to the responses to the damage created bythe Tsunami. It is presented in the following major sections: (1) key questions; (2) needs assessment; (3) coordination(4) gap filling; and (5) capacity building. The key questions section is presented in six sub-sections: (1) communicable diseases; (2) early warning; (3) laboratory capacity and referral networking; (4) coordination of disease surveillance, early warning, and response; (5) health infrastructure rebuilding; and (6) using existing national surveillance plans toenhance disease surveillance and early warning systems.

scholarly journals Increased prevalence of insecticide resistance in Anopheles coluzzii populations in the city of Yaoundé, Cameroon and influence on pyrethroid-only treated bed net efficacy

Parasite ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Roland Bamou ◽  
Edmond Kopya ◽  
Leslie Diane Nkahe ◽  
Benjamin D. Menze ◽  
Parfait Awono-Ambene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insecticide Resistance ◽  
Malaria Vector ◽  
Blood Feeding ◽  
World Health ◽  
Bed Nets ◽  
Anopheles Coluzzii ◽  
Feeding Inhibition ◽  
Cone Bioassay ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The City

In Cameroon, pyrethroid-only long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) are still largely used for malaria control. The present study assessed the efficacy of such LLINs against a multiple-resistant population of the major malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii, in the city of Yaoundé via a cone bioassay and release-recapture experimental hut trial. Susceptibility of field mosquitoes in Yaoundé to pyrethroids, DDT, carbamates and organophosphate insecticides was investigated using World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tube tests. Mechanisms of insecticide resistance were characterised molecularly. Efficacy of unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 was evaluated against untreated control nets using a resistant colonised strain of An. coluzzii. Mortality, exophily and blood feeding inhibition were estimated. Field collected An. coluzzii displayed high resistance with mortality rates of 3.5% for propoxur (0.1%), 4.16% for DDT (4%), 26.9% for permethrin (0.75%), 50.8% for deltamethrin (0.05%), and 80% for bendiocarb (0.1%). High frequency of the 1014F west-Africa kdr allele was recorded in addition to the overexpression of several detoxification genes, such as Cyp6P3, Cyp6M2, Cyp9K1, Cyp6P4 Cyp6Z1 and GSTe2. A low mortality rate (23.2%) and high blood feeding inhibition rate (65%) were observed when resistant An. coluzzii were exposed to unwashed PermaNet® 2.0 net compared to control untreated net (p < 0.001). Furthermore, low personal protection (52.4%) was observed with the resistant strain, indicating reduction of efficacy. The study highlights the loss of efficacy of pyrethroid-only nets against mosquitoes exhibiting high insecticide resistance and suggests a switch to new generation bed nets to improve control of malaria vector populations in Yaoundé.

scholarly journals Rescuing Troves of Data to Tackle Emerging Mosquito-Borne Diseases

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel S.C. Rund ◽  
Micaela Elvira Martinez
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Vector Control ◽  
Health Knowledge ◽  
Mosquito Control ◽  
World Health ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The Us ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
And Control

AbstractAccording to the World Health Organization, every year more than a billion people are infected with vector-borne diseases worldwide. There are no vaccines for most vector-borne diseases. Vector control, therefore, is often the only way to prevent outbreaks. Despite the major impact of vectors on human health, knowledge gaps exist regarding their natural population dynamics. Even the most basic information—such as spatiotemporal abundance— is not available. Mosquitoes transmit malaria and the viruses causing Yellow Fever, West Nile, Dengue, Chikungunya, and Zika in the Americas. The Americas have a long history of mosquito control efforts, including the unsustained but successful Aedes aegypti eradication initiative. In the US, municipalities have independently created agencies for mosquito control and monitoring. We propose that the ensemble of US mosquito control agencies can, and should, be used to develop a national—and potentially international—system for Cross-Scale Vector Monitoring and Control (CSVMaC), in which local level monitoring and control efforts are cross-linked by unified real-time data streaming to build the data capital needed to gain a mechanistic understanding of vector population dynamics. Vectors, and the pathogens they transmit, know no jurisdictions. The vision of CSVMaC is, therefore, to provide data for (i) the general study of mosquito ecology and (ii) to inform vector control during epidemics/outbreaks that impact multiple jurisdictions (i.e., counties, states, etc.). We reveal >1000 mosquito control agencies in the US with enormous troves of data that are hidden among many data silos. For CSVMaC, we propose the creation of a nationally-coordinated open-access database to collate mosquito data. The database would provide scientific and public health communities with highly resolved spatiotemporal data on arboviral disease vectors, empowering new interventions and insights while leveraging pre-existing human efforts, operational infrastructure, and investments already funded by taxpayers.

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