scholarly journals Heritability of the structures and 13C fractionation in tomato leaf wax alkanes: a genetic model system to inform paleoenvironmental reconstructions

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda L.D. Bender ◽  
Daniel H. Chitwood ◽  
Alexander S. Bradley
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Implicit Assumption ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Paleoclimate Proxy

AbstractLeaf wax n-alkanes are broadly used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental information. However, the utility of the n-alkane paleoclimate proxy is modulated by the extent to which genetic as well as environmental factors influence the structural and isotopic variability of leaf waxes. In paleoclimate applications, there is an implicit assumption that most variation of leaf wax traits through a time series can be attributed to environmental change and that biological sources of variability within plant communities are small. For example, changes in hydrology affect the δ2 H of waxes though rainwater and the δ13C of leaf waxes by changing plant communities (i.e., C3 versus C4 input). Here we test the assumption of little genetic control over 5 C variation of leaf wax by presenting the results of an experimental greenhouse growth study in which we estimate the role of genetic variability on structural and isotopic leaf wax traits in a set of 76 introgression lines (ILs) between two interfertile Solanum (tomato) species: S. lycopersicum cv M82 (hereafter cv M82) and S. pennellii. We found that the leaves of S. pennellii, a wild desert tomato relative, produces significantly more iso-alkanes than cv M82, a domesticated tomato cultivar adapted to water-replete conditions; we introduce a methylation index to summarize the ratio of branched (iso- and anteiso-) to total alkanes. Between S. pennellii and cv M82, the iso-alkanes were found to be enriched in 13C by 1.2–1.4%o over n-alkanes. By modeling our results from the ILs, we report the broad-sense heritability values (H2) of leaf wax traits to describe the degree to which genetic variation contributes to variation of these traits. Individual carbon isotope values of alkanes are of low heritability (H2 = 0.13–0.19), suggesting that δ13C of leaf waxes from this study are strongly influenced by environmental variance, which supports the interpretation that variation in the 5 C of wax compounds recorded in sediments reflects paleohydrological changes. Average chain length (ACL) values of n-alkanes are of intermediate heritability (H2 = 0.30), suggesting that ACL values are strongly influenced by genetic cues.

Genetic Studies of the Offspring of Identical Twins - A Model for the Analysis of Quantitative Inheritance in Man

1976 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter E. Nance
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Genetic Variance ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Additive Genetic Effect ◽  
Quantitative Inheritance ◽  
Ridge Count ◽  
Environmental Variance ◽  
Genetic Studies

In conjunction with full-sib and parental observations, half-sib analysis permits an estimation of the genetic and environmental variance as well as a partitioning of the genetic variance into its additive, dominance and epistatic components. The offspring of identical twins are a unique class of human half-sibs who provide an unusual opportunity to resolve and measure several additional potentially important sources of human variation including maternal effects, the influences of common environmental factors and assortative mating.The genetic model thus developed for the analysis of quantitative inheritance in man has been applied to the analysis of total ridge count and birth weight, confirming the existence of a major additive genetic effect on ridge count and a significant maternal effect on birth weight.

scholarly journals Leaf waxes in litter and topsoils along a European transect

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke Schäfer ◽  
Verena Lanny ◽  
Jörg Franke ◽  
Timothy I. Eglinton ◽  
Michael Zech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Alkanoic Acid ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Alkanoic Acids

Abstract. Lipid biomarkers are increasingly used to reconstruct past environmental and climate conditions. Leaf wax derived long chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids may have great potential for reconstructing past changes in vegetation, but the factors that affect the leaf wax distribution in fresh plant material, as well as in soils and sediments are not yet fully understood and need further research. We systematically investigated the influence of vegetation and soil depth on leaf waxes in litter and topsoils along a European transect. Our deciduous forest sites are often dominated by the n-C27 alkane and n-C28 alkanoic acid. Conifers produce few n-alkanes, but show high abundances of the C24 n-alkanoic acid. Grasslands are characterized by relatively high amounts of C31 and C33 n-alkanes and C32 and C34 n-alkanoic acids. Chain length ratios thus may allow to distinguish between different vegetation types, but caution must be exercised given the large species-specific variability of chain length patterns. An updated endmember model with a new n-alkane ratio is provided to illustrate, and tentatively account for, degradation effects on n-alkanes.

scholarly journals Leaf wax composition and distribution of Tillandsia landbeckii reflects moisture gradient across the hyperarid Atacama Desert

2022 ◽  
Vol 308 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Contreras ◽  
Manlio Landahur ◽  
Karla García ◽  
Claudio Latorre ◽  
Mark Reyers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atacama Desert ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Carbon Preference Index ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Preference Index ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Northern Zone ◽  
Structural Adaptations ◽  
Total Average

AbstractIn the hyperarid Atacama Desert, water availability plays a crucial role in allowing plant survival. Along with scant rainfall, marine advective fog frequently occurs along the coastal escarpment fueling isolated mono-specific patches of Tillandsia vegetation. In this study, we investigate the lipid biomarker composition of the bromeliad Tillandsia landbeckii (CAM plant) to assess structural adaptations at the molecular level as a response to extremely arid conditions. We analyzed long-chain n-alkanes and fatty acids in living specimens (n = 59) collected from the main Tillandsia dune ecosystems across a 350 km coastal transect. We found that the leaf wax composition was dominated by n-alkanes with concentrations (total average 160.8 ± 91.4 µg/g) up to three times higher than fatty acids (66.7 ± 40.7 µg/g), likely as an adaptation to the hyperarid environment. Significant differences were found in leaf wax distribution (Average Chain Length [ACL] and Carbon Preference Index [CPI]) in the northern zone relative to the central and southern zones. We found strong negative correlations between fatty acid CPI and n-alkane ACL with precipitation and surface evaporation pointing at fine-scale adaptations to low moisture availability along the coastal transect. Moreover, our data indicate that the predominance of n-alkanes is reflecting the function of the wax in preventing water loss from the leaves. The hyperarid conditions and good preservation potential of both n-alkanes and fatty acids make them ideal tracers to study late Holocene climate change in the Atacama Desert.

QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN GENETIC PARAMETERS FOR WING TRAITS

Genetics ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 549-566
Author(s):  
David E Cowley ◽  
William R Atchley ◽  
J J Rutledge
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Dosage Compensation ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Genetic Model ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Error Variance ◽  
Minor Effect ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environmental Variance

ABSTRACT Sexual dimorphism in genetic parameters is examined for wing dimensions of Drosophila melanogaster. Data are fit to a quantitative genetic model where phenotypic variance is a linear function of additive genetic autosomal variance (common to both sexes), additive genetic X-linked variances distinct for each sex, variance due to common rearing environment of families, residual environmental variance, random error variance due to replication, and variance due to measurement error and developmental asymmetry (left vs. right sides). Polygenic dosage compensation and its effect on genetic variances and covariances between sexes is discussed. Variance estimates for wing length and other wing dimensions highly correlated with length support the hypothesis that the Drosophila system of dosage compensation will cause male X-linked genetic variance to be substantially larger than female X-linked variance. Results for various wing dimensions differ, suggesting that the level of dosage compensation may differ for different traits. Genetic correlations between sexes for the same trait are presented. Total additive genetic correlations are near unity for most wing traits; this indicates that selection in the same direction in both sexes would have a minor effect on changing the magnitude of difference between sexes. Additive X-linked correlations suggest some genotype × sex interactions for X-linked effects.

scholarly journals Leaf waxes in litter and topsoils along a European transect

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imke K. Schäfer ◽  
Verena Lanny ◽  
Jörg Franke ◽  
Timothy I. Eglinton ◽  
Michael Zech ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chain Length ◽  
Deciduous Forest ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Large Species ◽  
Alkanoic Acid ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Alkanoic Acids

Abstract. Lipid biomarkers are increasingly used to reconstruct past environmental and climate conditions. Leaf-wax-derived long-chain n-alkanes and n-alkanoic acids may have great potential for reconstructing past changes in vegetation, but the factors that affect the leaf wax distribution in fresh plant material, as well as in soils and sediments, are not yet fully understood and need further research. We systematically investigated the influence of vegetation and soil depth on leaf waxes in litter and topsoils along a European transect. The deciduous forest sites are often dominated by the n-C27 alkane and n-C28 alkanoic acid. Conifers produce few n-alkanes but show high abundances of the C24 n-alkanoic acid. Grasslands are characterized by relatively high amounts of C31 and C33 n-alkanes and C32 and C34 n-alkanoic acids. Chain length ratios thus may allow for distinguishing between different vegetation types, but caution must be exercised given the large species-specific variability in chain length patterns. An updated endmember model with the new n-alkane ratio (n-C31 + n-C33) / (n-C27 + n-C31 + n-C33) is provided to illustrate, and tentatively account for, degradation effects on n-alkanes.

Ultrastructure and chemistry of Clarkia elegans leaf wax: A comparative study with brassica leaf waxes

1976 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 353-360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace M. Hunt ◽  
P.J. Holloway ◽  
E.A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Leaf Waxes

scholarly journals Agronomic characteristics of tomato plant cultivar Santa Cruz Kada grafted on species of the genus Solanum

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 419-424 ◽  
Author(s):  
André R Zeist ◽  
Juliano TV Resende ◽  
Israel FL Silva ◽  
João RF Oliveira ◽  
Cacilda MDR Faria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Santa Cruz ◽  
Solanum Pennellii ◽  
Tomato Cultivar ◽  
Production Characteristic ◽  
Average Mass ◽  
Wild Tomato Species ◽  
Tomato Species ◽  
Grafting Methods

ABSTRACT In this study were evaluated gas exchanges, fruit production and fruit quality of tomato Santa Cruz Kada grafted onto different species of the genus Solanum, using two grafting methods. For the grafted tomato cultivation, the authors used a randomized complete block design, in a 8x2 factorial scheme, evaluating eight rootstocks: accessions of mini tomatos (0224-5, RVTC 57, RVTC 20 and 6889-50); wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites var. hirsutum (PI-127826); Solanum pennellii (LA716); Solanum sessiliflorum (cubiu); and tomato cultivar Santa Cruz Kada (self-grafting, control), and two grafting methods {cleft grafting (FC) and approach grafting (EC)}. The authors verified a significant interaction between rootstock x grafting method. The S. pennellii rootstock provided the best results for physico-chemical characteristics, when grafted using the cleft method. However, the same method, along with cubiu rootstock, presented lower fruit production. Considering the gas exchange and productive characteristics, S. habrochaites as rootstock for tomato Santa Cruz provided the best results for photosynthetic yield and water use efficiency, and for the commercial fruit production characteristic, both grafting methods, and for the average mass of commercial fruits when grafted using FC, with about 5.03 kg/plant and 163.5 g/fruit, respectively. In relation to the grafting methods, the cleft showed to be the most suitable.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Foliar Damage That Threatens a Millennial-Age Tree, Araucaria araucana (Molina) K. Koch, Using Leaf Waxes

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 59
Author(s):  
Gerald Cifuentes ◽  
Sergio Contreras ◽  
Carol Cerda-Peña
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Protective Layer ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Average Chain Length ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Foliar Damage ◽  
Araucaria Araucana

A. araucana is an endemic species of the temperate forests from Chile and Argentina; protected in both countries and categorized as in danger of extinction. Individuals of this species have begun to show foliar damage (i.e., discoloration) in branches and upper parts. The discoloration begins from the base to the top and from the trunk to the branches with necrotic rings appearing; in some cases causing death; and is currently attributed to an as yet unknown disease. This study focuses on the first protective layer of plants against environmental stress and pathogens; known as leaf waxes. The abundance and distribution of three classes of leaf waxes (long chain fatty acids; alkanes and alcohols) were measured in healthy individuals of A. araucana from different sites and individuals that present foliar damage (sick individuals). In the case of sick individuals; their leaf waxes were measured considering the level of leaf damage; that is; leaves without; medium and full foliar damage. The most abundant class of leaf wax in both sick and healthy individuals was fatty acids; followed by alkanes and then alcohols; with common dominant chains; C28 fatty acid; C29 alkane and C24 alcohol. Sick individuals have higher abundances of alkanes and alcohols than healthy individuals. The leaves of sick individuals have lower values of distribution indices (the carbon preference index of fatty acids and average chain length of alkanes) as foliar damage increases that are interpreted as a reduction of in vivo biosynthesis of waxes. This is the first evidence of A. araucana response to a still unknown disease that is killing individuals of this endemic species.

scholarly journals Distinguishing between old and modern permafrost sources in the northeast Siberian land–shelf system with compound-specific <i>δ</i><sup>2</sup>H analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1879-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorien E. Vonk ◽  
Tommaso Tesi ◽  
Lisa Bröder ◽  
Henry Holmstrand ◽  
Gustaf Hugelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Leaf Wax ◽  
Leaf Waxes ◽  
Shelf Slope ◽  
Siberian Arctic ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Ice Complex

Abstract. Pleistocene ice complex permafrost deposits contain roughly a quarter of the organic carbon (OC) stored in permafrost (PF) terrain. When permafrost thaws, its OC is remobilized into the (aquatic) environment where it is available for degradation, transport or burial. Aquatic or coastal environments contain sedimentary reservoirs that can serve as archives of past climatic change. As permafrost thaw is increasing throughout the Arctic, these reservoirs are important locations to assess the fate of remobilized permafrost OC.We here present compound-specific deuterium (δ2H) analysis on leaf waxes as a tool to distinguish between OC released from thawing Pleistocene permafrost (ice complex deposits; ICD) and from thawing Holocene permafrost (from near-surface soils). Bulk geochemistry (%OC; δ13C; %total nitrogen, TN) was analyzed as well as the concentrations and δ2H signatures of long-chain n-alkanes (C21 to C33) and mid- to long-chain n-alkanoic acids (C16 to C30) extracted from both ICD-PF samples (n =  9) and modern vegetation and O-horizon (topsoil-PF) samples (n =  9) from across the northeast Siberian Arctic. Results show that these topsoil-PF samples have higher %OC, higher OC ∕ TN values and more depleted δ13C-OC values than ICD-PF samples, suggesting that these former samples trace a fresher soil and/or vegetation source. Whereas the two investigated sources differ on the bulk geochemical level, they are, however, virtually indistinguishable when using leaf wax concentrations and ratios. However, on the molecular isotope level, leaf wax biomarker δ2H values are statistically different between topsoil PF and ICD PF. For example, the mean δ2H value of C29 n-alkane was −246 ± 13 ‰ (mean ± SD) for topsoil PF and −280 ± 12 ‰ for ICD PF. With a dynamic isotopic range (difference between two sources) of 34 to 50 ‰; the isotopic fingerprints of individual, abundant, biomarker molecules from leaf waxes can thus serve as endmembers to distinguish between these two sources. We tested this molecular δ2H tracer along with another source-distinguishing approach, dual-carbon (δ13C–Δ14C) isotope composition of bulk OC, for a surface sediment transect in the Laptev Sea. Results show that general offshore patterns along the shelf-slope transect are similar, but the source apportionment between the approaches vary, which may highlight the advantages of either. This study indicates that the application of δ2H leaf wax values has potential to serve as a complementary quantitative measure of the source and differential fate of OC thawed out from different permafrost compartments.

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