scholarly journals Non-linear disease tolerance curves reveal distinct components of host responses to viral infection

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanika Gupta ◽  
Pedro F. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Host Defence ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Disease Tolerance ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Immune Pathway ◽  
Pathogen Burden ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Linear Logistic Model

AbstractThe ability to tolerate infection is a key component of host defence and offers potential novel therapeutic approaches for infectious diseases. To yield successful targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important that the analytical tools employed to measure disease tolerance are able to capture distinct host responses to infection. Here, we show that commonly used methods that estimate tolerance as a linear relationship may be inadequate, and that more flexible, non-linear estimates of this relationship may reveal variation in distinct components of host defence. To illustrate this, we measured the survival of Drosophila melanogaster carrying either a functional or non-functional regulator of the JAK-STAT immune pathway (G9a) when challenged with a range of concentrations of Drosophila C Virus (DCV). While classical linear model analyses indicated that G9a affected tolerance only in females, a more powerful non-linear logistic model showed that G9a mediates viral tolerance to different extents in both sexes. This analysis also revealed that G9a acts by changing the sensitivity to increasing pathogen burdens, but does not reduce the ultimate severity of infection. These results indicate that fitting non-linear models to host health-pathogen burden relationships may offer better and more detailed estimates of disease tolerance.

scholarly journals Nonlinear disease tolerance curves reveal distinct components of host responses to viral infection

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (7) ◽  
pp. 170342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanika Gupta ◽  
Pedro F. Vale
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Model ◽  
Nonlinear Models ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Disease Tolerance ◽  
Severity Of Disease ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Immune Pathway ◽  
Pathogen Burden ◽  
Analytical Tools

The ability to tolerate infection is a key component of host defence and offers potential novel therapeutic approaches for infectious diseases. To yield successful targets for therapeutic intervention, it is important that the analytical tools employed to measure disease tolerance are able to capture distinct host responses to infection. Here, we show that commonly used methods that estimate tolerance as a linear relationship should be complemented with more flexible, nonlinear estimates of this relationship which may reveal variation in distinct components such as host vigour, sensitivity to increases in pathogen loads, and the severity of the infection. To illustrate this, we measured the survival of Drosophila melanogaster carrying either a functional or non-functional regulator of the JAK-STAT immune pathway ( G9a ) when challenged with a range of concentrations of Drosophila C virus (DCV). While classical linear model analyses indicated that G9a affected tolerance only in females, a more powerful nonlinear logistic model showed that G9a mediates viral tolerance to different extents in both sexes. This analysis also revealed that G9a acts by changing the sensitivity to increasing pathogen burdens, but does not reduce the ultimate severity of disease. These results indicate that fitting nonlinear models to host health–pathogen burden relationships may offer better and more detailed estimates of disease tolerance.

G Optimal Design in Non linear Models to Increase Silicon Oxide Purity Levels and Electrical Conductivity

2018 ◽  
pp. 150-155
Author(s):  
Muklas Rivai
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Optimal Design ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Information Matrix ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Non Linear

Optimal design is a design which required in determining the points of variable factors that would be attempted to optimize the relevant information so that fulfilled the desired criteria. The optimal fulfillment criteria based on the information matrix of the selected model.

Modelling development ofCallosobruchus maculatusandAnisopteromalus calandraeat various constant temperatures using linear and non-linear models

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1308-1320 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mobarakian ◽  
A.A. Zamani ◽  
J. Karmizadeh ◽  
N. Moeeny Naghadeh ◽  
M.S. Emami
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Non Linear

scholarly journals Early Detection of Defects through the Identification of Distortion Characteristics in Ultrasonic Responses

Mathematics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 850
Author(s):  
Pietro Burrascano ◽  
Matteo Ciuffetti
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Additive Noise ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Damage Index ◽  
Hammerstein Model ◽  
Linear Behavior ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques ◽  
Detection Of Defects

Ultrasonic techniques are widely used for the detection of defects in solid structures. They are mainly based on estimating the impulse response of the system and most often refer to linear models. High-stress conditions of the structures may reveal non-linear aspects of their behavior caused by even small defects due to ageing or previous severe loading: consequently, models suitable to identify the existence of a non-linear input-output characteristic of the system allow to improve the sensitivity of the detection procedure, making it possible to observe the onset of fatigue-induced cracks and/or defects by highlighting the early stages of their formation. This paper starts from an analysis of the characteristics of a damage index that has proved effective for the early detection of defects based on their non-linear behavior: it is based on the Hammerstein model of the non-linear physical system. The availability of this mathematical model makes it possible to derive from it a number of different global parameters, all of which are suitable for highlighting the onset of defects in the structure under examination, but whose characteristics can be very different from each other. In this work, an original damage index based on the same Hammerstein model is proposed. We report the results of several experiments showing that our proposed damage index has a much higher sensitivity even for small defects. Moreover, extensive tests conducted in the presence of different levels of additive noise show that the new proposed estimator adds to this sensitivity feature a better estimation stability in the presence of additive noise.

Testing linear restrictions on non-linear models

1984 ◽  
Vol 15 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 91-96
Author(s):  
K.R. Sawyer ◽  
M.C. Rosalsky
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
Non Linear ◽  
Linear Restrictions ◽  
Testing Linear

scholarly journals Role of the Inflammasome, IL-1β, and IL-18 in Bacterial Infections

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 2037-2050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoranjan Sahoo ◽  
Ivonne Ceballos-Olvera ◽  
Laura del Barrio ◽  
Fabio Re
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Host Responses ◽  
Inflammasome Activation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Molecular Aspects ◽  
Immune Pathway ◽  
Innate Immune Pathway ◽  
Receptor Family

The inflammasome is an important innate immune pathway that regulates at least two host responses protective against infections: (1) secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1βand IL-18 and (2) induction of pyroptosis, a form of cell death. Inflammasomes, of which different types have been identified, are multiprotein complexes containing pattern recognition receptors belonging to the Nod-like receptor family or the PYHIN family and the protease caspase-1. The molecular aspects involved in the activation of different inflammasomes by various pathogens are being rapidly elucidated, and their role during infections is being characterized. Production of IL-1βand IL-18 and induction of pyroptosis of the infected cell have been shown to be protective against many infectious agents. Here, we review the recent literature concerning inflammasome activation in the context of bacterial infections and identify important questions to be answered in the future.

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