scholarly journals Enterovirus-A76 of South-East Asian ancestry in a Captive Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) in Jos, Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Oragwa ◽  
U.E. George ◽  
T.O.C. Faleye ◽  
M.O. Adewumi ◽  
J.A. Adeniji
Keyword(s):  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Cdna Synthesis ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Mona Monkey ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline ◽  
East Asian Ancestry ◽  
Wild Life

ABSTRACTWe recently detected EV-A119 and EV-B111 (previously shown to co-circulate between nonhuman primates (NHPs) and humans) in Nigerian children diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). This study was designed to investigate and catalogue EVs present in captive NHPs in Nigeria.Twenty-seven fecal samples collected from captive NHPs in a Wild Life Park and Zoological garden at Jos, Nigeria in April 2016 were analyzed in this study. Samples were resuspended in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS)/chloroform mixture, and the clarified supernatant was subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, a Panenterovirus 5I-UTR assay, and three different enterovirus VP1 snPCR assays. All amplicons from the snPCR assays were sequenced, and enteroviruses identified using the enterovirus genotyping tool and phylogenetic analysis.Eight (29.63%) (two each from Chimpanzees, Patas Monkey, Mona Monkey and Baboon) of the 27 samples were positive for the 5I-UTR assay. One (3.70%) of the 27 samples was positive for the enterovirus VP1 snPCR assays in addition to its positivity by 5I-UTR assay. The same sample happens to be one of the two samples from Chimpanzees that tested positive for the 5I-UTR assay, and it was subsequently identified as EV-A76 of South-East Asia ancestry.This study documents the first recorded attempt to detect and identify enteroviruses in NHPs in Nigeria. It also reports the first detection and identification of EV-A76 in Nigeria and particularly in a NHP. It is of utmost importance that the enterovirus VP1 assays be improved to enable detection of EVs that have been detected in NHPs but yet to be described in humans.

scholarly journals Preponderance of Enterovirus Species C in RD-L20B cell culture negative stool samples from children diagnosed with Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Adeniji ◽  
A.O. Oragwa ◽  
U.E. George ◽  
U.I. Ibok ◽  
T.O.C. Faleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Clinical Specimen ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Afp Surveillance ◽  
Stool Samples

AbstractsRecently, a reverse transcriptase seminested polymerase chain reaction (RT-snPCR) assay was recommended by the WHO for direct detection of enteroviruses from clinical specimen. In this study, we use the assay and its modification to screen acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) samples previously confirmed negative for enteroviruses by the RD-L20B algorithm.Thirty paired stool suspensions collected in 2015 as part of the national AFP surveillance program in different states of Nigeria were analyzed in this study. The samples were previously confirmed negative for enteroviruses by the polio laboratory in accordance with the WHO recommended RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm. Two samples previously confirmed to contain enteroviruses were included as positive controls. All samples were subjected to RNA extraction, and the RT-snPCR assay and its modifications. All amplicons were sequenced and enteroviruses identified using the enterovirus genotyping tool.Overall, amplicons were recovered from the two controls and 50% (15/30) of samples screened. Fourteen were successfully typed of which, 7.1% (1/14), 21.4% (3/14), 64.3% (9/14) and 7.1% (1/14) were EV-A, EV-B, EV-C and a mixture of EV-B and C (EV-C99 and E25), respectively. The two controls were identified as EV-C99 and CV-A1, both EV-Cs. The PV-2 detected had VP1 ILE143. Hence, a vaccine strain.The results of this study showed that about 50% of enterovirus infections (including some Sabin PV2s) are being missed by the RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm. This highlights the value of the RT-snPCR assay and its modifications. The circulation and preponderance of EV-Cs in Nigeria was also confirmed.

scholarly journals Non-polio enteroviruses in faeces of children diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis in Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
TOC Faleye ◽  
MO Adewumi ◽  
MO Japhet ◽  
OM David ◽  
AO Oluyege ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Free World ◽  
Cdna Synthesis ◽  
Nigerian Children

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe need to investigate the contribution of non-polio enteroviruses to acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cannot be over emphasized as we move towards a poliovirus free world. Hence, we aim to identify non-polio enteroviruses recovered from the faeces of children diagnosed with AFP in Nigeria.MethodsNinety-six isolates, (95 unidentified and one previously confirmed Sabin poliovirus 3) recovered on RD cell culture from the stool of children <15 years old diagnosed with AFP in 2014 were analyzed. All isolates were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and three different PCR reactions (one panenterovirus 5′-UTR and two VP1 amplification assays). VP1 amplicons were then sequenced isolates identified.Results93.75% (90/96) of the isolates were detected by at least one of the three assays as an enterovirus. Precisely, 79.17% (76/96), 6.25% (6/96), 7.295% (7/96) and 6.25% (6/96) of the isolates were positive for both, positive and negative, negative and positive, as well as negative for both the 5′-UTR and VP1 assays, respectively. In this study, sixty-nine (69) of the 83 VP1 amplicons sequenced were identified as 27 different enterovirus types. The most commonly detected were CV-B3 (10 isolates) and EV-B75 (5 isolates). Specifically, one, twenty-four and two of the enterovirus types identified in this study belong to EV-A, EV-B and EV-C respectively.DiscussionThis study reports the circulating strains of 27 non-polio enterovirus types in Nigerian children with AFP in 2014 and Nigerian strains of CV-B2, CV-B4, E17, EV-B80, EV-B73, EV-B97, EV-B93, EV-C99 and EV-A120.

scholarly journals Abundance of Enterovirus C in RD-L20B cell culture negative stool samples from Acute Flaccid Paralysis cases in Nigeria is geographically defined

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Donbraye ◽  
O.I. Olasunkanmi ◽  
B.A. Opabode ◽  
T.R. Ishola ◽  
T.O.C. Faleye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Cdna Synthesis ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Stool Samples ◽  
Culture Negative

ABSTRACTWe recently showed that Enteroviruses (EVs); majorly species Cs (EV-Cs) were present in about 46.7% of faecal samples from children <15 years old diagnosed with Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria but declared to be EV free by the RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm. In this study, we investigated whether this observed preponderance of EVs (and EV-Cs) in such samples vary by geographical region.In all, 108 samples (i.e. 54 paired stool suspensions from 54 AFP cases) previously confirmed negative for EVs by the WHO recommended RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm were analyzed in this study. The 108 samples were made into 54 pools (27 each from Northwest [NW] and Southsouth [SS] Nigeria). All samples were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and the WHO recommended seminestedPCR (snPCR) assay and its modifications. All amplicons were sequenced, and enteroviruses identified using the enterovirus genotyping tool and phylogenetic analysis.Altogether, EVs were detected in 16 (29.63%) of the 54 samples screened but successfully identified in 14 (25.93%): 10 from NW- and 4 from SS-Nigeria. Precisely, one (7.14%), two (14.29%) and 11 (78.57%) of the strains detected were EV-A, EV-B and EV-C respectively. The 10 strains from NW-Nigeria are 7 EV types and include CV-A10, E29, CV-A13, CV-A17, CV-A19, CV-A24 and EV-C99. The four EV types recovered from SS-Nigeria include E31, CV-A1, EV-C99 and EV-C116. EV-C99 is the only EV type that was detected in both NW- and SS-Nigeria.The results of this study showed that the preponderance of EVs and consequently EV-Cs in AFP samples declared to be EV free by the RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm vary by geographical region in Nigeria. It further confirmed the EV-B bias of the RD-L20B cell culture based algorithm.

scholarly journals Identification of previously untypable RD cell line isolates and detection of EV-A71 genotype C1 in a child with AFP in Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.O. Adewumi ◽  
T.O.C. Faleye ◽  
C.O. Okeowo ◽  
A.M. Oladapo ◽  
J. Oyathelemhi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Acute Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Flaccid Paralysis ◽  
Cdna Synthesis ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
Sub Saharan

AbstractWe previously attempted to identify 96 nonpolio enteroviruses (EVs) recovered on RD cell culture from children <15 years with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in Nigeria. We succeeded in identifying 69 of the isolates. Here, we describe an attempt to identify the remaining 27 isolates.Twenty-six (the 27thisolate was exhausted) isolates that could not be typed previously were further analyzed. All were subjected to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis, enterovirus 5‟-UTR– VP2 PCR assay and a modified VP1 snPCR assay. Both the 5’-UTR – VP2 and VP1 amplicons were sequenced, isolates identified and subjected to phylogenetic analysis.Twenty of the 26 isolates analyzed were successfully identified. Altogether, 23 EV strains were recovered. Thesebelong to 11 EV (one EVA, nine EVB and one EVC) types which were EVA71 genotype C1 (1 strain), CVB3 (7 strains), CVB5 (1 strain), E5 (2 strain), E11 (3 strains), E13 (2 strain), E19 (1 strain), E20 (1 strain), E24 (2 strains), EVB75 (1 strain) and EVC99 (2 strains). Of the 11 EV types, the 5’-UTR-VP2 assay identified seven while the VP1 assay identified 10. Both assays simultaneously detected 7 of the 11 EV types identified in this study with 100% congruence.In this study we identified 20 of 26 samples that were previously untypable. In addition, we provided evidence that suggests that a clade of EVA71 genotype C1 might have been circulating in sub-Saharan Africa since 2008. Finally, we showed that the 5’-UTR-VP2 assay might be as valuable as the VP1 assay in EV identification.

scholarly journals Arginase 1 (Arg1) as an Up-Regulated Gene in COVID-19 Patients: A Promising Marker in COVID-19 Immunopathy

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Derakhshani ◽  
Nima Hemmat ◽  
Zahra Asadzadeh ◽  
Moslem Ghaseminia ◽  
Mahdi Abdoli Shadbad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cdna Synthesis ◽  
Arginase 1 ◽  
Global Pandemic

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been declared a global pandemic. It is well-established that SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to dysregulated immune responses. Arginase-1 (Arg1), which has a pivotal role in immune cells, can be expressed in most of the myeloid cells, e.g., neutrophils and macrophages. Arg1 has been associated with the suppression of antiviral immune responses. Methods: Whole blood was taken from 21 COVID-19 patients and 21 healthy individuals, and after RNA extraction and complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, gene expression of Arg1 was measured by real-time PCR. Results: The qPCR results showed that the expression of Arg1 was significantly increased in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy individuals (p < 0.01). The relative expression analysis demonstrated there were approximately 2.3 times increased Arg1 expression in the whole blood of COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed a considerable diagnostic value for Arg1 expression in COVID-19 (p = 0.0002 and AUC = 0.8401). Conclusion: Arg1 might be a promising marker in the pathogenesis of the disease, and it could be a valuable diagnostic tool.

scholarly journals NPY and sbGnRH gene expression in juvenile and adult male Brazilian flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1927-1930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius Farias Campos ◽  
Tiago Veiras Collares ◽  
Fabiana Kömmling Seixas ◽  
João Carlos Deschamps ◽  
Luis Fernando Fernandes Marins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Sea Bream ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Adult Fish ◽  
Cdna Synthesis ◽  
Hypothalamic Regulation ◽  
Measure Gene Expression ◽  
Paralichthys Orbignyanus

The objective of this study was to evaluate neuropeptide Y (NPY) and sea bream gonadotropin-release hormone (sbGnRH) gene expression in juvenile and adult males of Brazilian flounder. Hypothalamuses from fish were sampled for total RNA extraction. After cDNA synthesis, real-time PCR was used to measure gene expression. NPY showed approximately 2-fold increases in their mRNA levels while sbGnRH showed 3-fold increases in adult fish. These results suggest that these peptides could be involved on hypothalamic regulation of Brazilian flounder sexual maturation.

scholarly journals Plasma Derived Exosomal Biomarkers of Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in Nonhuman Primates

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 3427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amrita Cheema ◽  
Charles Hinzman ◽  
Khyati Mehta ◽  
Briana Hanlon ◽  
Melissa Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Nonhuman Primates ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Molecular Signature ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Plasma Metabolome ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Hydroxyl Fatty Acids

Exposure to ionizing radiation induces a cascade of molecular events that ultimately impact endogenous metabolism. Qualitative and quantitative characterization of metabolomic profiles is a pragmatic approach to studying the risks of radiation exposure since it provides a phenotypic readout. Studies were conducted in irradiated nonhuman primates (NHP) to investigate metabolic changes in plasma and plasma-derived exosomes. Specifically, rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were exposed to cobalt-60 gamma-radiation and plasma samples were collected prior to and after exposure to 5.8 Gy or 6.5 Gy radiation. Exosomes were isolated using ultracentrifugation and analyzed by untargeted profiling via ultra-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) based metabolomic and lipidomic analyses, with the goal of identifying a molecular signature of irradiation. The enrichment of an exosomal fraction was confirmed using quantitative ELISA. Plasma profiling showed markers of dyslipidemia, inflammation and oxidative stress post-irradiation. Exosomal profiling, on the other hand, enabled detection and identification of low abundance metabolites that comprise exosomal cargo which would otherwise get obscured with plasma profiling. We discovered enrichment of different classes of metabolites including N-acyl-amino acids, Fatty Acid ester of Hydroxyl Fatty Acids (FAHFA’s), glycolipids and triglycerides as compared to the plasma metabolome composition with implications in mediation of systemic response to radiation induced stress signaling.

scholarly journals First Report of Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus, Fragaria chiloensis latent virus, Strawberry mild yellow edge virus, Strawberry necrotic shock virus, and Strawberry pallidosis associated virus in Single and Mixed Infections in Strawberry in Central Mexico

Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 1002-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Silva-Rosales ◽  
M. N. Vázquez-Sánchez ◽  
V. Gallegos ◽  
M. L. Ortiz-Castellanos ◽  
R. Rivera-Bustamante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Latent Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Cryptic Virus ◽  
First Report ◽  
Detection And Identification ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Fragaria Chiloensis

For phytosanitary purposes, the prevalence and incidence of viruses found in strawberry production within a centralized breeding program was investigated in Abasolo and Irapuato Counties, Guanajuato State, Mexico. Single and mixed infections of Strawberry mottle virus (SMoV) and Strawberry crinkle virus (SCV) were originally reported in the area (3), and subsequently, Strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRSV) was also found (4). Samples of strawberry plants showing viral symptoms: stunting, mild chlorosis and reddening, occasional wrinkled, curled, and deformed leaves that may exhibit mottling, and chlorotic spots, forming a putative virus complex were collected in April and December 2007 and July and December 2008. The detection and identification of viruses reported in the United States, the country of origin of most of the imported plantlets, was carried out with sets of primers for 11 viruses, through reverse transcription (RT)-PCR (developed by Robert Martin and Ioannis Tzanetakis in Corvallis, OR). The endogenous NADH 2 subunit was employed to test the quality of the RNA extracted. Amplification conditions were: 40 cycles of 1 min at each temperature, denaturation at 95°C, annealing at 50°C for Strawberry necrotic shock virus (SNSV); 52°C for Strawberry mild yellow edge virus (SMYEV); 55°C for Fragaria chiloensis latent virus (FClLV), Strawberry pallidosis associated virus (SPaV), Fragaria chiloensis cryptic virus (FClCV), and SMoV; and 58°C for SCV and NADH dehydrogenase, followed by a final extension at 72°C of 5 min after completion of the 40 cycles. The cloning and nucleotide sequencing of amplified fragments revealed the presence of seven viral species in 40 samples collected. These were FClLV, SCV, SMoV, SNSV, SPaV, and SMYEV, which were allocated GenBank accession numbers of JQ629412, JQ629413, JQ629414, JQ629415, JQ629416, and JQ629417, respectively. Strawberry UC-4 and UC-10 (1,2) were planted as indicators of viral infections on an experimental plot. All seven viruses were detected in single or mixed infections. SMoV was the most commonly found in combination with other viruses. Out of 40 samples, 35 were positive for the presence of viruses and six had single infections, of which five had SMoV and one had SPaV. The remaining 29 samples had mixed infections with two or more viruses in a total of 22 combinations. The combination of FCICV + SMoV was present in five samples, whereas the combination of SMoV + SMYEV was in two samples. All other samples had two and up to six different viruses per plant. SMoV was detected in 26 out of the 40 samples tested. SNSV and FClCV were detected in 14 samples. SMYEV was present in 13 samples. SCV was present in nine samples, whereas SPaV and FClLV were found in eight samples each. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of FClLV, FClCV, SNSV, SMYEV, and SPaV in Mexico. References: (1) N. W. Frazier. Plant Dis. Rep. 58:28, 1974. (2) N. W. Frazier. Plant Dis. Rep. 58:203, 1974. (3) D. Teliz-Ortiz and A. Trejo-Reyes. Rev. Mex. Fitopatol. 7:38, 1989. (4) L. Pérez-Moreno et al. Rev. Mex. Fitopatol. 22:187, 2004.

scholarly journals Methods for Molecular Surveillance of Influenza Used in Macedonia

PRILOZI ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Golubinka Bosevska ◽  
Elizabeta Janceska ◽  
Gordana Kuzmanovska ◽  
Vladimir Mikik ◽  
Nikola Panovski
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Influenza Virus Infection ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Nose And Throat

AbstractThe aim: To present and compare different Nucleic Acid Testing assays used for laboratory diagnosis of influenza virus infection in our country.Materials and methods: Respiratory samples used were nose and throat swabs. The RNA extraction was performed with a QIAamp viral RNA kit. During the season 2009–2010 the first 25 samples were tested with: conventional gel-based RT-PCR and CDC rtRT-PCR using published specific matrix and HA gene primers and probes for influenza virus typing and subtyping.Results: Of 25 samples tested with conventional RT-PCR7(28%) were positive for influenza A, but negative for A/H1seasonal and A/H3. Retested with rtRT-PCR 9(36%) were positive for influenza A, 8(32%) were positive for A/H1pdm and 1(4%) was A/H3. Two samples positive with rtRT-PCR for influenza A were negative with RT-PCR. The sensitivity of the RT-PCR in comparison with rtRT-PCR is 100% and the specificity is 88.89%. Positive predictive value for RT-PCR is 77.78%, and negative predictive value is 100%. RT-PCR is a four-step and rtRT-PCR a one-step procedure. The turn-around time of RT-PCR is 6 hours and for rtRT-PCR it is 2 hours.Discussion and conclusion: For surveillance purposes nose and throat swabs are the more easy and practical to collect. It was proved that RT-PCR is too laborious, multi-step and time-consuming. The sensitivity of both assays is equal. The specificity of rtRT-PCR is higher. NAT assays for detection of influenza viruses have become an integral component of the surveillance programme in our country. They provide a fast, accurate and sensitive detection of influenza.

scholarly journals Comparison Between a Standard and SalivaDirect RNA Extraction Protocol for Molecular Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Using Nasopharyngeal Swab and Saliva Clinical Samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofía N. Rodríguez Flores ◽  
Luis Mario Rodríguez-Martínez ◽  
Bernardita L. Reyes-Berrones ◽  
Nadia A. Fernández-Santos ◽  
Elthon J. Sierra-Moncada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rna Extraction ◽  
Proteinase K ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Acid Extraction ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Extraction Protocol ◽  
Assay Performance ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Oropharyngeal Swab

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a certified laboratory of Tamaulipas, Mexico has processed over 100,000 samples of COVID-19 suspected patients, working a minimum of 100 tests daily. Thus, it would be beneficial for such certified laboratories nationwide to reduce the time and cost involved in performing the diagnosis of COVID-19, from sample collection, transportation to local lab, processing of samples, and data acquisition. Here, 30 nasopharyngeal swab and saliva samples from the same COVID-19 individuals were assessed by a standard nucleic acid extraction protocol, including protein lysis with proteinase K followed by binding to column, washing, and elution, and by the SalivaDirect protocol based on protein lysis, skipping the other steps to reduce processing time and costs. The genomic RNA was amplified using a SARS-CoV-2 Real-Time PCR kit. A variation (P &gt; 0.05) in the 95% CIs = 72.6%–96.7% was noted by using the SalivaDirect protocol and saliva samples (sensitivity of 88.2%) in comparison to those of standard protocol with oropharyngeal swab samples (95% CIs = 97.5%–100%; sensitivity of 100%) as reported elsewhere. However, when using nasopharyngeal swab samples in the SalivaDirect protocol (sensitivity of 93.6%; 95% CIs = 79.2%–99.2%), it was in concordance (P &lt; 0.05) with those of the standard one. The logical explanation to this was that two samples with Ct values of 38, and 40 cycles for gene E produced two false negatives in the SalivaDirect protocol in relation to the standard one; thus, there was a reduction of the sensitivity of 6.4% in the overall assay performance.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document