scholarly journals Modelling the effects of environmental heterogeneity within the lung on the tuberculosis life-cycle

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pitcher ◽  
Ruth Bowness ◽  
Simon Dobson ◽  
Raluca Eftimie ◽  
Stephen H. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Blood Perfusion ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Latent Stage ◽  
Environmental Attributes ◽  
Air Ventilation ◽  
Alveolar Tissue ◽  
Disease Stages

AbstractProgress in shortening the duration of tuberculosis (TB) treatment is hampered by the lack of a predictive model that accurately reflects the diverse environment within the lung. This is important as TB has been shown to produce distinct localisations to different areas of the lung during different disease stages, with the environmental heterogeneity within the lung of factors such as air ventilation, blood perfusion and oxygen tension believed to contribute to the apical localisation witnessed during the post-primary form of the disease.Building upon our previous model of environmental lung heterogeneity, we present a networked metapopulation model that simulates TB across the whole lung, incorporating these notions of environmental heterogeneity across the whole TB life-cycle to show how different stages of the disease are influenced by different environmental and immunological factors. The alveolar tissue in the lung is divided into distinct patches, with each patch representing a portion of the total tissue and containing environmental attributes that reflect the internal conditions at that location. We include populations of bacteria and immune cells in various states, and events are included which determine how the members of the model interact with each other and the environment. By allowing some of these events to be dependent on environmental attributes, we create a set of heterogeneous dynamics, whereby the location of the tissue within the lung determines the disease pathological events that occur there.Our results show that the environmental heterogeneity within the lung is a plausible driving force behind the apical localisation during post-primary disease. After initial infection, bacterial levels will grow in the initial infection location at the base of the lung until an adaptive immune response is initiated. During this period, bacteria are able to disseminate and create new lesions throughout the lung. During the latent stage, the lesions that are situated towards the apex are the largest in size, and once a post-primary immune-suppressing event occurs, it is the uppermost lesions that reach the highest levels of bacterial proliferation. Our sensitivity analysis also shows that it is the differential in blood perfusion, causing reduced immune activity towards the apex, which has the biggest influence of disease outputs.

Research on Evaluation Index System for Green Manufacturing Based on PSR Model and Life Cycle

2010 ◽  
Vol 34-35 ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Song Wang ◽  
Xue Liang Yuan ◽  
Da Yong Cao ◽  
Chun Yuan Ma ◽  
Kai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Index System ◽  
Green Manufacturing ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Evaluation Index System ◽  
Evaluation Index ◽  
Research On Evaluation ◽  
Life Cycle Theory ◽  
Rapid Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Attributes

Green manufacturing is the important manufacturing pattern to achieve sustainable development. The core is to reduce the damage on the environment and to realize sustained rapid economic growth. The Paper establishes evaluation index system of green manufacturing using life cycle theory and the “pressure - state – response” model. The index system is the 3-tier indicator system, a total of 39 sub-indicators, including 17 environmental attributes index, 8 energy property index, 7 resource properties index and 7 economic attributes index.

Design Method Research on Green Modular that Oriented Remanufacturing Engineering

2013 ◽  
Vol 365-366 ◽  
pp. 545-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Rong Yang ◽  
Qi Yuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Modular Design ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Modern Mathematic ◽  
Environmental Characteristics ◽  
Design Purpose ◽  
Full Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Attributes ◽  
Full Life ◽  
In The Beginning

In the green modular design method that oriented remanufacturing engineering, the equipment remanufacturing is taken as the design purpose, the modular design method as the basis, the green design and the modern mathematic method as the auxiliary means. In the beginning of remanufacturing, that is, before the birth of the entity life, the environmental attributes of the equipment and the reuse of the parts in the full life cycle are fully taken into account, and the green degree reflecting the environmental characteristics and the module degrees reflecting the functionality and usability features are evaluated and tested. The proposed design method can meet environmental attributes of the equipment and remanufacturing requirements at the same time, and it is satisfied with the fundamental purpose of remanufacturing.

scholarly journals Correction to The Significance of Environmental Attributes as Indicators of the Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Packaging and Food Service Ware

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (24) ◽  
pp. 16260-16260
Author(s):  
Jorge Vendries ◽  
Beverly Sauer ◽  
Troy R. Hawkins ◽  
Janet M. Mosley ◽  
Troy A. Hottle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Environmental Attributes

scholarly journals Modelling the effects of environmental heterogeneity within the lung on the tuberculosis life-cycle

2020 ◽  
Vol 506 ◽  
pp. 110381
Author(s):  
Michael J. Pitcher ◽  
Ruth Bowness ◽  
Simon Dobson ◽  
Raluca Eftimie ◽  
Stephen H. Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Heterogeneity

Trichinella Spiralis-Ab3 (IgG, IgM, IgA), IL-6 and Tnf Levels in Murine Trichinellosis

1992 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Haralabidis ◽  
S. Frydas ◽  
E. Karagouni ◽  
C. Himonas
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Antibody Level ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Classical Pattern

The syngeneic anti-anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab3) IgG, -IgM, and -IgA induced by polyclonal mouse anti-idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) against the rabbit F(ab) T. spiralis-Ab1, was studied. IL-6 level and cytotoxic activity (TNFα and LT) in the serum of mice infected with L1- T. spiralis or immunized with T. spiralis-Ab2 antibodies were also determined. The Ab1 antibody response was found to reflect the life cycle of the parasite. High IgA-, IgM-, and IgG-Ab1 levels, as well as corresponding levels of cytotoxic activity (62.3, 88.8 and 107.8 5/ml) and IL-6 (216, 447 and 789 U/ml) on days 10, 20 and 28 after the infection, respectivelly, were detected. The Ab3 antibody response against the polyclonal T. spiralis-Ab2, followed the classical pattern of antibody level after initial infection with an immunogen. IgM was first detected 10 days p.i., while IgA and IgG were detected 20 days p.i. Cytotoxic activity of 93.2, 245.9, and 326.7 U/ml, and IL-6 levels of 237, 304, and 487 U/ml, were detected on 10, 20, and 28 days p.i., respectivelly. Although Ab3 bound to T. spiralis-Ab2 antibodies or to L1 -T-spiralis antigen and cytotoxic activity in mice immunized with T. spiralis-Ab2 antibodies was increased, there was no protection against the parasitic infection.

scholarly journals The Significance of Environmental Attributes as Indicators of the Life Cycle Environmental Impacts of Packaging and Food Service Ware

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 5356-5364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Vendries ◽  
Beverly Sauer ◽  
Troy R. Hawkins ◽  
David Allaway ◽  
Peter Canepa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Environmental Attributes

scholarly journals Insights to SARS-CoV-2 life cycle, pathophysiology, and rationalized treatments that target COVID-19 clinical complications

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis P. Trougakos ◽  
Kimon Stamatelopoulos ◽  
Evangelos Terpos ◽  
Ourania E. Tsitsilonis ◽  
Evmorfia Aivalioti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Tissue Damage ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Virus Antigen ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Clinical Complications

Abstract Background Gaining further insights into SARS-CoV-2 routes of infection and the underlying pathobiology of COVID-19 will support the design of rational treatments targeting the life cycle of the virus and/or the adverse effects (e.g., multi-organ collapse) that are triggered by COVID-19-mediated adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and/or other pathologies. Main body COVID-19 is a two-phase disease being marked by (phase 1) increased virus transmission and infection rates due to the wide expression of the main infection-related ACE2, TMPRSS2 and CTSB/L human genes in tissues of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract, as well as by (phase 2) host- and probably sex- and/or age-specific uncontrolled inflammatory immune responses which drive hyper-cytokinemia, aggressive inflammation and (due to broad organotropism of SARS-CoV-2) collateral tissue damage and systemic failure likely because of imbalanced ACE/ANGII/AT1R and ACE2/ANG(1–7)/MASR axes signaling. Conclusion Here we discuss SARS-CoV-2 life cycle and a number of approaches aiming to suppress viral infection rates or propagation; increase virus antigen presentation in order to activate a robust and durable adaptive immune response from the host, and/or mitigate the ARDS-related “cytokine storm” and collateral tissue damage that triggers the severe life-threatening complications of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Activating the DNA Damage Response and Suppressing Innate Immunity: Human Papillomaviruses Walk the Line

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire D. James ◽  
Dipon Das ◽  
Molly L. Bristol ◽  
Iain M. Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Dna Damage Response ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Viral Life Cycle ◽  
Human Papillomaviruses ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Damage Response

Activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) by external agents can result in DNA fragments entering the cytoplasm and activating innate immune signaling pathways, including the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway. The consequences of this activation can result in alterations in the cell cycle including the induction of cellular senescence, as well as boost the adaptive immune response following interferon production. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are the causative agents in a host of human cancers including cervical and oropharyngeal; HPV are responsible for around 5% of all cancers. During infection, HPV replication activates the DDR in order to promote the viral life cycle. A striking feature of HPV-infected cells is their ability to continue to proliferate in the presence of an active DDR. Simultaneously, HPV suppress the innate immune response using a number of different mechanisms. The activation of the DDR and suppression of the innate immune response are essential for the progression of the viral life cycle. Here, we describe the mechanisms HPV use to turn on the DDR, while simultaneously suppressing the innate immune response. Pushing HPV from this fine line and tipping the balance towards activation of the innate immune response would be therapeutically beneficial.

scholarly journals Exploring the Stochastic Host-Pathogen Tuberculosis Model with Adaptive Immune Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
S. P. Rajasekar ◽  
M. Pitchaimani ◽  
Quanxin Zhu ◽  
Kaibo Shi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Environmental Influence ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Stochastic Perturbations ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Latent Stage ◽  
Tuberculosis Model ◽  
Host Pathogen

In this literature, we probe a stochastic host-pathogen tuberculosis model with the adaptive immune response of four states of epidemiological classification: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, uninfected macrophages, infected macrophages, and immune response CD4+ T cells. This model is pertinent to the latent stage of tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis-infected individuals. The stochastic host-pathogen tuberculosis model in pathology is constituted based on the environmental influence on the Mycobacterium tuberculosis and macrophage population, elucidated by stochastic perturbations, and it is proportional to each state. We evince the existence and a unique global positive solution of a stochastic tuberculosis model. We attain sufficient conditions for the extinction of the tubercle bacillus. Moreover, we acquire the existence of the stationary distribution of the positive solutions by the Lyapunov function method. Eventually, numerical simulations validate analytical findings and the dynamics of the stochastic TB model.

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