scholarly journals Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in Smilodon: Implications for social behavior in an extinct Pleistocene predator

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairin A. Balisi ◽  
Abhinav K. Sharma ◽  
Carrie M. Howard ◽  
Christopher A. Shaw ◽  
Robert Klapper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Hip Dysplasia ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Historical Interpretation ◽  
Congenital Condition ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

AbstractReconstructing the behavior of extinct species is challenging, particularly for those with no living analogues. However, damage preserved as paleopathologies on bone can record how an animal moved in life, potentially reflecting patterns of behavior. Here, for the first time, we use computed tomography (CT) to assess hypothesized etiologies of pathology in a pelvis and associated right femur of an adult Smilodon fatalis saber-toothed cat, one of the best-studied mammal species from the Pleistocene-age Rancho La Brea asphalt seeps, Los Angeles, California. The pelvis exhibits massive destruction of the right acetabulum that previously was interpreted, for nearly a century, to have resulted from trauma and infection. We evaluated this historical interpretation using CT imaging to supplement gross morphology in identifying symptoms of traumatic, infective, or degenerative arthritis. We found that the pathologic distortions are inconsistent with degenerative changes that started only later in life, as in the case of infective or traumatic arthritis. Rather, they characterize chronic remodeling that began at birth and led to degeneration of the joint over time. These findings suggest that this individual suffered from hip dysplasia, a congenital condition common in domestic dogs and cats.The individual examined in this study reached adulthood (at least four to seven years of age) but never could have hunted properly nor defended territory on its own. As such, this individual, and other critically pathologic Smilodon like it, likely survived to adulthood by association with a social group that assisted it with feeding and protection. The pathologic specimens examined here in detail are consistent with a spectrum of social strategies in Smilodon supported by a predominance of previous studies. This application of a relatively new and interdisciplinary technique to an old question therefore informs the longstanding debate between social and solitary hypotheses for the behavior of an extinct predator.

scholarly journals Computed tomography reveals hip dysplasia in the extinct Pleistocene saber-tooth cat Smilodon

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mairin A. Balisi ◽  
Abhinav K. Sharma ◽  
Carrie M. Howard ◽  
Christopher A. Shaw ◽  
Robert Klapper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Social Group ◽  
Hip Dysplasia ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Social Strategies ◽  
Extinct Species ◽  
Congenital Condition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Chronic Remodeling ◽  
Rancho La Brea

AbstractReconstructing the behavior of extinct species is challenging, particularly for those with no living analogues. However, damage preserved as paleopathologies on bone can record how an animal moved in life, potentially reflecting behavioral patterns. Here, we assess hypothesized etiologies of pathology in a pelvis and associated right femur of a Smilodon fatalis saber-toothed cat, one of the best-studied species from the Pleistocene-age Rancho La Brea asphalt seeps, California, USA, using visualization by computed tomography (CT). The pelvis exhibits massive destruction of the right hip socket that was interpreted, for nearly a century, to have developed from trauma and infection. CT imaging reveals instead that the pathological distortions characterize chronic remodeling that began at birth and led to degeneration of the joint over the animal’s life. These results suggest that this individual suffered from hip dysplasia, a congenital condition common in domestic dogs and cats. This individual reached adulthood but could not have hunted properly nor defended territory on its own, likely relying on a social group for feeding and protection. While extant social felids are rare, these fossils and others with similar pathologies are consistent with a spectrum of social strategies in Smilodon supported by a predominance of previous studies.

Application of Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography Bronchography and Angiography Reconstruction in Thoracoscopic Segmentectomy and Segmental Structure Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1137-1143
Author(s):  
Chao Yang Pan ◽  
Guoqiu Xu ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Wei Gan ◽  
Yunkun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Pulmonary Nodules ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Surgical Safety ◽  
Segmental Bronchus ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Segmental Arteries

In thoracoscopic segmentectomy, accurate preoperative identification of intersegmental vessels, bronchi, and the surgical safety margin is vital. We applied three dimensional computed tomography bronchography and angiography (3D-CTBA) reconstruction to appropriately plan thoracoscopic segmentectomy for Patients with pulmonary nodules. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness and accuracy of 3D-CTBA reconstruction for the identification of segmental anatomical structures and variation during thoracoscopic segmentectomy.We retrospectively analyzed data of 30 patients who underwent 3D-CTBA reconstruction before thoracoscopic segmentectomy between January and May 2019 in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. We compared the individual target segment arteries, veins, and bronchi identified during surgery with the preoperative 3D-CTBA model to evaluate its effectiveness and accuracy. The accuracy of the preoperative 3D-CTBA model for the identification of target segmental arteries, veins, and bronchi was 99.08% (108/109), 98.39% (122/124), and 100% (118/118), respectively. Through 3DCTBA modeling, we found mediastinal and interlobar types of lingular segmental arteries in six patients, and central veins were not found in seven patients. In addition, we detected rare anatomical variations in two patients; one patient had the right apical segmental bronchus that stemmed solely from the right primary bronchus (tracheal bronchus), and the other had rare right basal segmental variant bronchi and vessels. The 3D-CTBA model can precisely predict segmental bronchi and vessels and identify anatomical structure variations before operation, which can aid surgeons to avoid incorrect operation and improve surgical efficiency. This has important implications for thoracoscopic segmentectomy.

scholarly journals ETHOS, MORALITY, HARMA: TO THE GUESTION OF THE OBJECT OF DESCRIPTIVE ETHICS

2020 ◽  
pp. 37-54
Author(s):  
Vadym Derkach
Keyword(s):  
Social Impact ◽  
Individual Behavior ◽  
Narrow Sense ◽  
Social Communications ◽  
Descriptive Ethics ◽  
The Social ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Selective Mechanism

In line with the discussion of the ambiguity and confusion of definitions of the term morality, the concept of morality as a multilayered phenomenon and the object of descriptive ethics is clarified. Morality includes (1) behavioral patterns, regularly reproduced in human communities (part of the ethos), which in turn are associated with (2) specific psycho-emotional and motivational-volitional mechanisms of regulation of individual behavior in the social environment, (3) a special way of recording information in social memory and the cultural-genetic mechanism of imitation, ie belongs to socio-cultural mechanisms and is not limited to what operates at the level of individual mental organization. And the fourth layer here is the actual mental activity, woven into a network of social communications, which affects individual behavior (morality in the narrow sense). Component of the ethos of the community, which is reproduced as a cultivated norm of the “right” person, which includes his ability to subject his will to certain rules of relations, to lead a proper life, which is highly valued in this community, which increases social status and self-esteem. the desire to imitate her and protect her as one’s own, as a personal value, as a significant person, is a harma. The harmа of ethos is a cultivated model of man as a social measure of “humanity”, its paradigm. He who meets this standard, the charm, is his own and deserves to be like him. Otherwise, the mechanism of xenophobic alienation is triggered. The presented distinction between the terms morality, ethos and haram allows us to more clearly structure the problematic field of descriptive ethics, distinguishing between established patterns of behavior characteristic of a particular community (its ethos), cultivated in it a sample of “his”, which fixed protection and selective mechanism (in the narrow sense) as part of the social impact on the individual and social consciousness in the form of teachings, guidelines, explanations, and so on.

Self-identification as a mechanism of personality identity formation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (152) ◽  
pp. 146-152
Author(s):  
V. A. Shekhovtsova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Identity Formation ◽  
Personal Development ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
Patterns Of Behavior ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Own Name

The article considers the process of self-identification as social progress. Theoretical researches of concepts of self-identification and identity are stated. The relationship of self-identification as a factor in the formation of personal identity is analyzed. The process of self-identification can be considered as a component of identification of a person with certain social groups, norms, values, traditions, religious dogmas, certain patterns of behavior and so on. Self-identification is a process of formation of personal identities, which includes the search for a certain identity as a model for personal development, identity formation or change its structure, the choice of certain values and qualities in the structure of the identity. Self-identification is a dynamic process of development of human self-consciousness, which is an important mechanism for the formation of personality. Through the concept of «identification» Freud defines the mechanisms of cognition and understanding of another person and social groups. Identification acts as a mechanism of personality development which consists in the unconscious identification of the subject with the object. Freud emphasizes that all types of identification are mechanisms of personality development. E. Erickson, characterizes the concept of self-identification through the concept of «identity». In turn, identity acts as an assimilated image of the individual in relation to the world around him. The concept of identity and self-identification is essentially plural, thanks to which it is actively applied to various aspects of modern reality. For a person whose originality and uniqueness are postulated from birth and by their own name and the right to show individual character traits, the concept of self-identification is extremely relevant. At the same time, the concept of «self-identification» is unstable and mobile, while acting as a leading and guiding self-concept of the person in the changing system of today. Self-identification is also an expression of the need to integrate certain values into the structure of personality, the desire to master certain knowledge and competencies. The process of self-identification includes identifying oneself with another person, social group, community of people, a certain pattern or image, defining oneself, one's social and moral guidelines, influencing one's own behavior and decisions. In this case, the individual must answer questions about their self-determination, place in life, their desires, goals and plans, opportunities, limitations, ideal image, and so on. The connection between self-identification and morality, on which the preservation of a certain identification status depends, should be taken into account here.

Coronariaeredési anomáliák kardio-CT-vizsgálatok során

2020 ◽  
Vol 161 (47) ◽  
pp. 1995-1999
Author(s):  
László Barna ◽  
Zsuzsanna Takács-Szabó ◽  
László Kostyál
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Chest Pain ◽  
Coronary Artery ◽  
Right Coronary Artery ◽  
Sinus Of Valsalva ◽  
Coronary Anomalies ◽  
Coronary Computed Tomography ◽  
Left Circumflex Artery ◽  
The Right ◽  
Left Sinus Of Valsalva

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Congenitalis coronariaanomáliának tekintik azokat a coronariamorfológiai rendellenességeket, melyek 1%-nál kisebb gyakorisággal fordulnak elő. Többségük nem jár tünettel, olykor azonban okozhatnak mellkasi fájdalmat, eszméletvesztést, és hirtelen halálhoz is vezethetnek. A coronariaanomáliák gyakoriságáról Magyarországon eddig csak invazív koronarográfiás adatok alapján jelent meg közlemény. Célkitűzés: Jelen vizsgálatunkban a coronariák eredési rendellenességeinek gyakoriságát mértük fel intézetünk coronaria-komputertomográfiás angiográfián átesett betegeinél. Módszer: A coronaria-komputertomográfiás vizsgálatra került betegek felvételeinek értékelésekor rögzítettük a coronariaanomália jelenlétét. A vizsgálat indikációja általában mellkasi fájdalom volt. 128 szeletes berendezést használtunk, a vizsgálatok során részben retrospektív, részben prospektív EKG-kapuzást alkalmaztunk. Eredmények: 1751 beteg komputertomográfiás angiográfiás felvételeit elemeztük. A betegek között a férfiak aránya 38,4%, a vizsgálatra kerülők életkorának átlaga pedig 58,07 ± 11,07 év volt. Eredési anomáliát 1,83%-ban találtunk, ezen belül a leggyakoribb volt a körbefutó ág (ramus circumflexus) és az elülső leszálló ág különálló eredése a bal Valsalva-sinusból (1%). A további rendellenességek a következők voltak: a jobb coronaria eredése magasan az aortából (0,34%), ramus circumflexus a jobb sinusból vagy a jobb coronariából (0,34%), jobb coronaria a bal Valsalva-sinusból (0,057%), elülső leszálló ág részben a bal Valsalva-sinusból a circumflexustól külön, részben a jobb coronariából (kettős elülső leszálló ág, 0,057%). Következtetés: Mindössze 0,057%-ban fordult elő potenciálisan tünetet okozó coronariaeredési rendellenesség (a bal sinusból eredő jobb coronaria). A komputertomográfiás angiográfia segítségével a coronariaeredés helye pontosan megállapítható, tisztázható az ér lefutása és ennek során viszonya a környező struktúrákhoz. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(47): 1995–1999. Summary. Introduction: Congenital coronary artery anomaly is defined as a coronary morphology which occurs in less than 1% of the cases. Usually these anomalies do not result in symptoms but sometimes they can cause chest pain, syncope and sudden death. In Hungary, the prevalence of these abnormalities was published only from data of invasive coronary angiography. Objective: In this study, we evaluated the prevalence of the anomalies of coronary origin in the patients of our institution undergoing coronary computed tomography. Method: While reading the computed tomography angiograms of our patients, we registered the presence of coronary anomalies. In most of the cases, the indication of the coronary computed tomography was chest pain. A scanner with 128 detectors was used, scans were performed partly with prospective, partly with retrospective ECG gating. Results: We assessed 1751 patients. The ratio of males was 38.4%, while the average age of patients 58.07 ± 11.07 years. Anomaly of coronary origin was present in 1.83% of our patients, with the separate origin of left anterior descending and left circumflex artery being the most frequent (1%) among them. Other anomalies were as follows: high take-off of the right coronary artery from the ascending aorta (0.34%), left circumflex arising from the right sinus of Valsalva or from the right coronary (0.34%), right coronary artery from the left sinus of Valsalva (0.057%), left anterior descending arising partly from the left sinus of Valsalva, apart from the left circumflex, partly from the right coronary (dual left anterior descending artery, 0.057%). Conclusion: The prevalence of potentially symptomatic coronary anomalies was only 0.057% in our series (right coronary from the left sinus of Valsalva). The computed tomography angiography can precisely define the origin of the coronary artery, depict its run-off and its relationship to the neighbouring structures. Orv Hetil. 2020; 161(47): 1995–1999.

Boundaries of Restricting the Rights of Human and Citizen

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Manol Stanin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractLimitation of rights is a measure proved its effectiveness with positive results for the community in war, military or another emergency.Attitude to rightsmust be human with a view to the right-to-human relationshipbecause the crossing of a certain boundary leads to a disintegration of rights and a negative impact on the personality.This implies necessity from legal institutionalization of clear criteria to refine the limitation of rights, both for the purpose of their protection and for the purpose of protecting the individual.

Tourism as a Tool for the Fulfilment of the Rights to Rest and Leisure Enshrined in Article No. 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Bianca Nicla Romano
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Title V ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Real Right ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Italian Constitution

Art. 24 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights recognises and protects the right of the individual to rest and leisure. This right has to be fully exercised without negative consequences on the right to work and the remuneration. Tourism can be considered one of the best ways of rest and leisure because it allows to enrich the personality of the individual. Even after the reform of the Title V this area is no longer covered by the Italian Constitution, the Italian legal system protects and guarantees it as a real right, so as to get to recognize its existence and the consequent compensation of the so-called “ruined holiday damage”. This kind of damage has not a patrimonial nature, but a moral one, and the Tourist-Traveler can claim for it when he has not been able to fully enjoy his holiday - the essential fulcrum of tourism - intended as an opportunity for leisure and/or rest, essential rights of the individual.

VALUE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Narayan Patra ◽  
Jayanta Mete
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Values are like seeds that sprout, become saplings, grow into trees and spread their branches all around. To be able to think right, to feel the right kind of emotions and to act in the desirable manner are the prime phases of personality development. Building up of values system starts with the individual, moves on to the family and community, reorienting systems, structures and institutions, spreading throughout the land and ultimately embracing the planet as a whole. The culture of inclusivity is particularly relevant and important in the context of our society, nation and making education a right for all children.

Ayurveda dietary guidelines during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481
Author(s):  
Ishwari Gaikwad ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Regimen ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same.  Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha  (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases.

Fulfilling the Right to Food for South Africa: Justice, Security, Sovereignty and the Politics of Malnutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-152
Author(s):  
Busiso Helard Moyo ◽  
Anne Marie Thompson Thow
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Food Justice ◽  
System Transformation ◽  
Right To Food ◽  
Economic Rights ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Despite South Africa’s celebrated constitutional commitments that have expanded and deepened South Africa’s commitment to realise socio-economic rights, limited progress in implementing right to food policies stands to compromise the country’s developmental path. If not a deliberate policy choice, the persistence of hunger, food insecurity and malnutrition in all its forms is a deep policy failure.  Food system transformation in South Africa requires addressing wider issues of who controls the food supply, thus influencing the food chain and the food choices of the individual and communities. This paper examines three global rights-based paradigms – ‘food justice’, ‘food security’ and ‘food sovereignty’ – that inform activism on the right to food globally and their relevance to food system change in South Africa; for both fulfilling the right to food and addressing all forms of malnutrition. We conclude that the emerging concept of food sovereignty has important yet largely unexplored possibilities for democratically managing food systems for better health outcomes.

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