scholarly journals Monocular vision is intrinsically unstable: a side-effect of binocular homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandre Reynaud ◽  
Kévin Blaize ◽  
Frédéric Chavane ◽  
Robert F. Hess
Keyword(s):  
Monocular Deprivation ◽  
Monocular Vision ◽  
Human Vision ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contrast Threshold ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Inhibitory Circuits ◽  
Contrast Gain ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIt is now accepted that short-term deprivation of one eye in adults results in not only a post-deprivation strengthening of the vision in the previously deprived eye but also a deterioration in the vision of the previously non-patched eye. Such monocular deprivation of 1-2 hours induces changes that last approximately 30-90 minutes. There is some support for this neuroplastic effect being the consequence of a change in the contrast gain within the binocular circuity. What is not known is when these changes in gain are initiated. One possibility is that they are initiated only once the patch is removed. The other possibility is that they are the result of a slow build up from the moment the patch is first applied.In this study, we measure monocular contrast detection thresholds of the non-deprived eye over time during the deprivation of the other eye. We show that contrast threshold increases over time during the deprivation of the other eye. This observation suggest that the patching effect is mediated by a slow build up over the deprivation period: reducing the vision of the non-deprived eye and enhancing the vision of the deprived eye reflecting reciprocal changes in sensitivity. These results highlight a hitherto unknown feature of human vision, namely that monocular vision per se is intrinsically unstable which is a consequence of the reciprocal inhibitory circuits that homeostatically regulate binocular vision. This questions a whole corpus of studies of visual function that rely on the assumption that monocular vision is intrinsically stable.

Long/Short Term Influences on Change

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 309-318
Author(s):  
Kaustuv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Change has been the rule in the history of life. Mammals today dominate the terrestrial habitats where dinosaurs once held sway. In modern oceans, ecologists can study many species of arthropods, but trilobites are long gone. Using data from the fossil record, David Raup estimated that only about one in a thousand species that ever lived on this planet is still alive today (Raup, 1991). On the other hand, the number of species and higher taxa has increased steadily over geologic time. Thus the history of life is essentially a history of turnover of species, lineages and higher taxa over time.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence based Intelligent Tourism System-Go My Way

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (VI) ◽  
pp. 248-253
Author(s):  
Alka Singh
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Mobile Application ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Travel Costs ◽  
Main Computer ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right ◽  
Time Planning ◽  
Over Time

At the moment, we find that tourists usually spend more time planning their trip because they need to spend every minute. In this context, this application aims to identify the main computer needs to support the improvement of the tourist promotion point, using the mobile application proposal. Currently, for regular tourists and travelers they spend a lot of time planning and deciding on their trip to achieve maximum satisfaction. In this case, the app aims to identify the main computer needs to support the development of the tourist promotion point. This paper suggests a model for use in an intelligent visitor information system. It uses the concept of knowledge-base. The model will be based on a study of human behavior as a tourism guide. It builds a relationship between an information-based system and a guide, to provide a service to any visitor who meets their needs and the purpose of obtaining location information. There are different modules, different methods of acquisition methods and a shorter way to acquire the ingenuity of the artificial intelligence in this thesis. The proposed system should be designed in such a way that it works on most devices namely palmtop and mobiles. So it can be helpful when visiting new places. This application will find the route using user terms. The short-term method of finding an algorithm should work well and in the right way in most cases. The system must find a method that fulfills the user's terms, indicating the name of the item, images related to a brief description of the location. It should also be able to find the distance, time and travel costs to your destination and over time the user can also make bookings using the app interface only.

Long / Short Term Influences on Change

2002 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Kaustuv Roy
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
The Other ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
Higher Taxa ◽  
Terrestrial Habitats ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Over Time

Change has been the rule in the history of life. Mammals today dominate the terrestrial habitats where dinosaurs once held sway. In modern oceans, ecologists can study many species of arthropods, but trilobites are long gone. Using data from the fossil record, David Raup estimated that only about one in a thousand species that ever lived on this planet is still alive today (Raup, 1991). On the other hand, the number of species and higher taxa has increased steadily over geologic time. Thus the history of life is essentially a history of turnover of species, lineages, and higher taxa over time.

scholarly journals The Mathematics (and Metaphysics) of Identical Twins

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-291
Author(s):  
Richard Playford
Keyword(s):  
Identical Twins ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Human Being ◽  
New Model ◽  
Monozygotic Twinning ◽  
Early Embryos ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Over Time

The metaphysics of early embryos is a hotly debated topic in contemporary bioethics and metaphysics. Many contemporary Aristotelians believe that a human being is present from the moment of conception. At the same time, certain findings in modern embryology about the formation of identical twins challenge this belief. It becomes much harder when these theories are taken into account to understand the continued identity over time of the embryo(s) given the twinning process. In this article, I will consider the philosophical implications of two models of monozygotic twinning within an Aristotelian metaphysical schema one of which is the standard, or traditional, model. The other of which is a new model recently put forward by Herranz. For the sake of completeness, I will also consider the philosophical implications of chimeras for the Aristotelian position. I will explain how Aristotelians can understand the process of twinning while holding on to their belief that a human being is present from the moment of conception. Summary: I will argue that a human being is present from the moment of conception. I will argue for this on Aristotelian grounds, and I will then defend this claim from criticisms based on a number of findings in modern embryology.

scholarly journals The Forest Manager's Entomological Dream

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-48
Author(s):  
Kenneth Graham
Keyword(s):  
Pest Management ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
The Other ◽  
Insect Pest Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Forest Insect ◽  
Positive Action ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Oriented Research

Decision-making in insect pest management requires a large resource of information for predicting, evaluating and interpreting causes of insect aggressions, and funds of information on alternatives between no action and various courses of positive action. The task of searching out relevant information for these purposes is immensely complex, and relevance is difficult to evaluate when seen only in the short term context which clamors for "action now".Research is conducted in two philosophically different ways. The more usual approach is technique-oriented and sifts extensively for the hidden truths of nature. Then the facts are surveyed for possible, and often unpredicted applications. Diverse motives spur an investigator on. Often it appears that he is unclear of the full relevance of his own effort in relation to the problem he hopes to solve. This is part of the price to be paid in the course of gaining factual revelations which are to be directly applicable to pest management, and for the information which assists other researchers in solving problems. The other approach in research reaches out to a speculated goal of manipulating nature in a specifically defined way. The obstacles are envisioned more clearly and attacked more narrowly and intensely. This is called "mission-oriented" research. It often involves more speculation and "intuition", circumventing broad exploration, but is capable of attaining some goals which would be scarcely attainable by the free-directional approach. Both philosophical approaches are complementary in solving problems.There is some justification in assertions that much of research lacks clear relevancy for forest insect pest management. Sometimes there appears no other reason for an undertaking than that it is a popular topic of the moment. However, the broad uncovering of new scientific territory in this way yields much that can be translated into action. Researchers might more often invest their talents in mission-oriented research which preconceives a possible workable goal more explicitly and clearly, using scientific speculation about the working of a facet of nature, then narrowing the experiments to test for workability.

How nonce borrowings become loanwords

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shana Poplack
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Grammatical Structure ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Speech Corpora ◽  
The Moment ◽  
First Time ◽  
And Diffusion ◽  
Over Time

Making use of a unique series of speech corpora collected between the 1940s and 2007, this chapter traces for the first time the diachronic trajectory of nonce forms in bilingual production over a real-time period of 61 years and nearly a century and a half in apparent time. It tests and refutes two standard assumptions about nonce borrowings: (1) they increase in frequency and diffusion, and (2) they originate as code-switches and are gradually converted to loanwords. Results show that nonce forms generally do not go on to become established loanwords: few persist, let alone increase over time. Based on several diagnostics, analysis of the linguistic trajectory of those that diffuse and increase in frequency shows that they are not integrated gradually; instead they assume recipient-language grammatical structure abruptly. Code-switches are not converted into borrowings; the decision to code-switch or borrow is made at the moment the other-language item is accessed.

Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissistic States in Interpersonal Situations

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Edershile ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Daily Life ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interpersonal Theory ◽  
Dynamic Processes ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Empirical Perspective ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Interpersonal Situations ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Clinicians have noted that narcissistic individuals fluctuate over time in their levels of grandiosity and vulnerability. However, these fluctuations remain poorly understood from an empirical perspective. Interpersonal theory asserts that interpersonal situations are central to the expression of personality and psychopathology, and therefore are a key context in which to understand state narcissism’s dynamic processes. The present study is the first to examine state narcissism assessed during interpersonal situations. Specifically, perceptions of others’ warmth and dominance, momentary grandiosity and vulnerability, and one’s own warm and dominant behavior were assessed across situations in daily life in a large sample (person N=286; occasion N=6,837). Results revealed that more grandiose individuals perceived others as colder and behaved in a more dominant and cold fashion, on average. But in the moment, relatively higher grandiosity was associated with perceiving others as warmer and more submissive and resulted in more dominant and warm behavior. On the other hand, trait vulnerability was associated with perceptions of coldness and cold behavior, and these effects were only amplified in momentary spikes of vulnerability. This study provides much needed insight into the contexts that contribute to fluctuations in grandiosity and vulnerability.

A Bird in the Hand Isn’t Good for Long

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Scherbaum ◽  
Simon Frisch ◽  
Maja Dshemuchadse
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Additional Time ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Folk Wisdom ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract. Folk wisdom tells us that additional time to make a decision helps us to refrain from the first impulse to take the bird in the hand. However, the question why the time to decide plays an important role is still unanswered. Here we distinguish two explanations, one based on a bias in value accumulation that has to be overcome with time, the other based on cognitive control processes that need time to set in. In an intertemporal decision task, we use mouse tracking to study participants’ responses to options’ values and delays which were presented sequentially. We find that the information about options’ delays does indeed lead to an immediate bias that is controlled afterwards, matching the prediction of control processes needed to counter initial impulses. Hence, by using a dynamic measure, we provide insight into the processes underlying short-term oriented choices in intertemporal decision making.

Emotional Impact Feedback Changes How We Remember Negative Autobiographical Experiences

2010 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie K. T. Takarangi ◽  
Deryn Strange
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
The Other ◽  
Personal Perspective ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Potential Mechanism ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Negative Memory ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Negative Memories ◽  
Over Time

When people are told that their negative memories are worse than other people’s, do they later remember those events differently? We asked participants to recall a recent negative memory then, 24 h later, we gave some participants feedback about the emotional impact of their event – stating it was more or less negative compared to other people’s experiences. One week later, participants recalled the event again. We predicted that if feedback affected how participants remembered their negative experiences, their ratings of the memory’s characteristics should change over time. That is, when participants are told that their negative event is extremely negative, their memories should be more vivid, recollected strongly, and remembered from a personal perspective, compared to participants in the other conditions. Our results provide support for this hypothesis. We suggest that external feedback might be a potential mechanism in the relationship between negative memories and psychological well-being.

Hidden “holes” in the capital of banks and the supply of credit to the real sector of economy

2018 ◽  
pp. 49-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Mamonov
Keyword(s):  
Credit Risk ◽  
The Other ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Capital Management ◽  
Loan Loss ◽  
Short Term ◽  
The Real ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The One

Our analysis documents that the existence of hidden “holes” in the capital of not yet failed banks - while creating intertemporal pressure on the actual level of capital - leads to changing of maturity of loans supplied rather than to contracting of their volume. Long-term loans decrease, whereas short-term loans rise - and, what is most remarkably, by approximately the same amounts. Standardly, the higher the maturity of loans the higher the credit risk and, thus, the more loan loss reserves (LLP) banks are forced to create, increasing the pressure on capital. Banks that already hide “holes” in the capital, but have not yet faced with license withdrawal, must possess strong incentives to shorten the maturity of supplied loans. On the one hand, it raises the turnovers of LLP and facilitates the flexibility of capital management; on the other hand, it allows increasing the speed of shifting of attracted deposits to loans to related parties in domestic or foreign jurisdictions. This enlarges the potential size of ex post revealed “hole” in the capital and, therefore, allows us to assume that not every loan might be viewed as a good for the economy: excessive short-term and insufficient long-term loans can produce the source for future losses.

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