scholarly journals Anthropogenic food enhancement alters the timing of maturational landmarks among wild savanna monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Schmitt ◽  
Alicia M. Rich ◽  
Stacy-Anne R. Parke ◽  
Maryjka B. Blaszczyk ◽  
Jennifer Danzy Cramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Fat Deposition ◽  
Anthropogenic Landscapes ◽  
Reproductive Maturation ◽  
Chlorocebus Pygerythrus ◽  
Anthropogenic Resources ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Anthropogenic Food

ABSTRACTAnthropogenic landscapes are rapidly replacing natural nonhuman primate habitats. Yet, the access to anthropogenic resources on primate biology, health, and fitness remain poorly studied. Given their ubiquity across a range of human impacted landscapes, from cities to national parks, savanna monkeys (Chlorocebus spp.) provide an excellent study system in which to test these effects. We compared body condition and reproductive maturation in vervets (Chlorocebus pygerythrus) inhabiting a private farm in !Gariep Dam, with ample access to anthropogenic foods, and wild-foraging vervets in Soetdoring Nature Reserve, South Africa. Overall, vervets in !Gariep show significantly thicker skin folds, and higher BMI and body mass, than those in Soetdoring, suggesting increased fat deposition. Males in !Gariep have larger relative testis volumes at peri-pubescent ages compared to those in Soetdoring, suggesting early reproductive maturation associated with age-specific increases in body mass. Females from !Gariep showed evidence of an earlier onset of reproduction than those in Soetdoring, based on parity status as assessed by nipple length and evidence of lactation. Parity status at sub-adult dental ages was also strongly associated with body mass. These results are consistent with a positive effect of anthropogenic food-enhancement on body fat deposition, potentially linked to an earlier onset of reproductive maturation. Further investigation into primate responses to cultivated resources will inform our understanding of the broader effects of food enhancement on developmental plasticity.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic Status, Institutional Power, and Body Mass Index among Chinese Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (20) ◽  
pp. 10620
Author(s):  
Weidong Li ◽  
Shuzhuo Li ◽  
Marcus W. Feldman
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Chinese Adults ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Force Dynamics ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

Despite the vast literature on the socioeconomic status (SES) gradient of obesity among adult people, no study has investigated the relationship between institutional power and body mass index. Using national survey data from the “China Labor-force Dynamics Survey 2016” (CLDS 2016), multistage cluster-stratified probability proportional to size (PPS) sampling was employed to select cases from 29 provinces, cities, and autonomous regions in China. This study adopts an institutional approach to explore the influences of SES and institutional power on the state of being overweight or severely overweight (obese) among Chinese adults. It is shown that SES has a non-linear influence on being overweight or obese, higher education has a negative effect on being overweight or obese, income has an inverted U-shaped effect on being overweight or obese, and having a managerial or administrative job has a positive effect on being overweight but less so on obesity. These findings reveal that disparities in health outcome and risks are due to inequality in SES. The work unit is a stronger predictor of adults being overweight or obese than occupation. Working in the public sector has a positive effect on being overweight relative to working in the private sector, and only state institutions and government departments have a positive association with obesity. Our results indicate that institutional structure still has effects on individuals’ life chances in the era of China’s market transition.

scholarly journals Developmental speed affects ecological stoichiometry and adult fat reserves in Drosophila melanogaster

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Indrikis A. Krams ◽  
Ronalds Krams ◽  
Priit Jõers ◽  
Māris Munkevics ◽  
Giedrius Trakimas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Fruit Flies ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Feeding Rates ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Fat Reserves

Abstract The elemental composition of organisms belongs to a suite of functional traits that change during development in response to environmental conditions. However, associations between adaptive variations in developmental speed and elemental body composition are not well understood. We compared body mass, elemental body composition, food uptake and fat metabolism of Drosophila melanogaster male fruit flies in relation to their larval development speed. Slowly developing flies had higher body carbon concentration than rapidly developing and intermediate flies. Rapidly developing flies had the highest body nitrogen concentration, while slowly developing flies had higher body nitrogen levels than flies with intermediate speed of development. The carbon-to-nitrogen ratio was therefore lower in rapidly developing flies than in slow and intermediate flies. We also had a group of flies grown individually and their body mass and elemental body composition were similar to those of rapidly developing individuals grown in groups. This suggests that rapid growth is not suppressed by stress. Feeding rates were lowest in the slowly developing flies. The amount of triacylglycerides was highest in the flies with intermediate developmental speed which optimizes development under many climatic conditions. Although low food intake slows down developmental speed and the accumulation of body fat reserves in slowly developing flies, their phenotype conceivably facilitates survival under higher stochasticity of their environments. Rapidly developing flies grew with less emphasis on storage build-up. Overall, this study shoes that a combination of bet-hedging, adaptive tracking and developmental plasticity enables fruit flies to respond adaptively to environmental uncertainty.

scholarly journals Ontogenetic Allometry of Body Height and Body Mass of Girl in Baduy, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Eneng Nunuz Rohmatullayaly ◽  
Alex Hartana ◽  
Yuzuru Hamada ◽  
Bambang Suryobroto
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Developmental Plasticity ◽  
Body Height ◽  
The Body ◽  
Growth Trajectory ◽  
Growth Spurt ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Age At Menarche ◽  
Ontogenetic Allometry

Several small-scale populations exhibited phenotypic plasticity whereby growth spurt of body height occurred much earlier than age at menarche and this was not followed by same early spurt of body weight. This leads to question whether growth trajectory of stature follow the same growth trajectory of body mass and whether the trajectory itself is associated to sexual maturity. We evaluated developmental plasticity observed in Baduy girl, a traditional population in Indonesia, in facing strenuous environmental and biocultural conditions. We measured stature and body mass cross-sectionally. We determined age at menarche as population average of age of girls that had already got their first menstruation. Growths of body fat and weight followed a same mode and timing and their spurts pivoted on the age at menarche. In contrast, growth spurt of body height occurred four years earlier than menarche and velocity curve of body linearity progressed in opposite direction to that of body ponderality. The prevailing poor nutrition and high physical activity elicited principle of ontogenetic allometry to synchronize the acceleration and deceleration of growths in body linearity and ponderality whereby growth in body height functions to reach the body size target and to provide skeletal framework for development of body mass. The biocultural conditions lead to slow bodily growth rate with low spurt resulting in the characteristics of Baduy girl that was small in size and late in both sexual maturity and full-grown ages.

scholarly journals Situational Analysis on Nutritional Status of Adolescent Girls: A Study from Rural Karnataka, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Rubavel M ◽  
Jonas Richard A ◽  
Winnie Joyce A
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Maternal Mortality Ratio ◽  
The Body ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Positive Effect

<span lang="EN-IN">Adolescence is a critical period of life. This is a time of rapid development of the body, brain, and behaviours. They undergo puberty changes and also face difficulties that may affect health throughout life which is a setback for the growth of adolescent girls. It is important to study the nutritional status of adolescent girls. The study has been taken up on the Nutritional aspects of the Adolescent girls to focus on the Socio-Economic conditions of the families, Nutritional intake of the Adolescent Girls, and status of Body Mass Index (BMI) and Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) among the adolescents and to suggest recommendation to improve the Nutritional status of adolescent girls. This study would help to create a positive effect in reducing health problems and bring out strategies to improve the health condition of Adolescent Girls. It would help to create a positive effect on the problem of Maternal Mortality Ratio, Infant Mortality Rate, Neonatal Mortality Rate, and Crude Birth Rate. It may help to reduce the drop-out rate in school as well as in pursuing Higher Education. This study focuses on the situational analysis of the nutritional status of adolescents by measuring the BMI (Body Mass Index) in the rural villages of Karnataka, India, and suggests intervention strategies and proposes policies to enhance the health of the adolescent girls.</span>

Effects of Visually Augmented Gait Training on Foot-Ground Clearance: An Intervention to Reduce Tripping-Related Falls

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-26
Author(s):  
Rob van der Straaten ◽  
Oren Tirosh ◽  
William A. (Tony) Sparrow ◽  
Rezaul Begg
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Gait Training ◽  
Treadmill Walking ◽  
Information Feedback ◽  
Aging Effects ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
Training Effects ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Positive Effect

Minimum toe clearance (MTC ∼10–30 mm) is a hazardous mid-swing gait event, characterized by high-foot velocity (∼4.60 m·s−1) and single-foot support. This experiment tested treadmill-based gait training effects on MTC. Participants were 10 young (4 males and 6 females) and 10 older (6 males and 4 females) healthy ambulant individuals. The mean age, stature, and body mass for the younger group was 23 (2) years, 1.72 (0.10) m, and 67.5 (8.3) kg, and for older adults was 77 (9) years, 1.64 (0.10) m, and 71.1 (12.2) kg. Ten minutes of preferred speed treadmill walking (baseline) was followed by 20 minutes with MTC information (feedback) and 10 minutes without feedback (retention). There were no aging effects on MTC in baseline or feedback. The MTC in baseline for older adults was 14.2 (3.5) mm and feedback 27.5 (8.7) mm, and for the younger group, baseline was 12.7 (2.6) mm and feedback 28.8 (5.1) mm, respectively. Retention MTC was significantly higher for both groups, indicating a positive effect of augmented information: younger 40.8 (7.3) mm and older 27.7 (13.6) mm. Retention joint angles relative to baseline indicated that the young modulated joint angles control MTC differently using increased ankle dorsiflexion at toe off and modulating knee and hip angles later in swing closer to MTC.

scholarly journals Peak Oxygen Uptake Responses to Training in Obese Adolescents: A Multilevel Allometric Framework to Partition the Influence of Body Size and Maturity Status

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Humberto M. Carvalho ◽  
Gerusa E. Milano ◽  
Wendell A. Lopes ◽  
António J. Figueiredo ◽  
Rosana B. Radominski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Sexual Maturity ◽  
Aerobic Training ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Explanatory Variables ◽  
Positive Effect

The influence of body size and maturation on the responses in peak oxygen uptake (VO2) to a 12-week aerobic training and nutritional intervention in obese boys (; 10–16 years) was examined using multilevel allometric regressions. Anthropometry, sexual maturity status, peak VO2, and body composition were measured pre- and postintervention. Significant decrements for body mass, body mass indexz-score, and waist circumference and increments for stature, fat-free mass, and peak oxygen uptake were observed after intervention. Partitioning body size on peak VO2, the responses of the individuals to training were positive (11.8% to 12.7% for body mass; 7.6% to 8.1% for fat-free mass). Body mass and fat-free mass were found as significant explanatory variables, with an additional positive effect for chronological. The allometric coefficients () in the initial models were and for body mass and fat-free mass, respectively. The coefficients decreased when age was considered ( for body mass; for fat-free mass). Including maturity indicator in the models was not significant, thus the influence of variability in sexual maturity status in responses to exercise-based intervention in peak VO2may be mediated by the changes in body dimensions.

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