scholarly journals Opsin gene expression in larval and adult deep-sea fishes supports a conserved cone-to-rod pathway in teleost visual development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nik Lupše ◽  
Fabio Cortesi ◽  
Marko Freese ◽  
Lasse Marohn ◽  
Jan-Dag Pohlman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Visual Development ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Cone Opsin ◽  
Epipelagic Zone ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cone Opsins

AbstractDeep-sea fishes show extraordinary visual adaptations to an environment where every photon of light that is captured might make the difference between life and death. While considerable effort has been made in understanding how adult deep-sea fishes see their world, relatively little is known about vision in earlier life stages. Similar to most marine species, larval deep-sea fishes start their life in the well-lit epipelagic zone, where food is abundant and predation relatively low. In this study, we show major changes in visual gene expression between larval and adult deep-sea fishes from eight different orders (Argentiniformes, Aulopiformes, Beryciformes, Myctophiformes, Pempheriformes, Scombriformes, Stomiiformes and Trachichthyiformes). Comparison between 18 species revealed that while adults mostly rely on rod opsin(s) (RH1) for vision in dim-light, larvae mostly express green-sensitive cone opsin(s) (RH2) in their retinas. Adults of the scombriform and three aulopiform species also expressed low levels of RH2, with the latter using different copies of the gene between ontogenetic stages. Cone opsins in adult fishes are rather surprising as most deep-sea fishes have lost their cone photoreceptors in favour of a highly sensitive pure rod retina. The expression of RH2 in larvae, on the other hand, shows that even in species that might not have any cones as adults, the larval retina is likely to be cone dominated first, before rod photoreceptors are added through ontogeny. Our study therefore supports a conserved pathway for the cone-to-rod developmental sequence of the teleost or even vertebrate retina.

Erratum: Temporal and spatial patterns of opsin gene expression in the zebrafish (Danio rerio): Corrections with additions

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 601-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELLEN A. SCHMITT ◽  
GEORGE A. HYATT ◽  
JOHN E. DOWLING
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Developmental Expression ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Morphological Development ◽  
Opsin Expression ◽  
Temporal And Spatial Patterns ◽  
Cone Opsin ◽  
Temporal And Spatial ◽  
Cone Opsins

We report here a reexamination of the developmental expression of cone opsins in the zebrafish retina. The red- and blue-sensitive opsins appear at 51 h postfertilization (hpf) whereas ultraviolet (UV) opsin is not seen until after 55 hpf. More cells show red cone opsin expression than blue at 51 and 55 hpf, indicating the sequence of cone opsin expression in zebrafish is first red, then blue, and finally UV. Curiously, morphological development of the cones is in reverse order; UV cones appear quite mature by day 6–7 postfertilization (pf), but morphologically, red cones do not appear adult-like until 15–20 days pf.

scholarly journals Six6 and Six7 coordinately regulate expression of middle-wavelength opsins in zebrafish

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 4651-4660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yohey Ogawa ◽  
Tomoya Shiraki ◽  
Yoshimasa Asano ◽  
Akira Muto ◽  
Koichi Kawakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Color Discrimination ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Chip Sequencing ◽  
Genetic Ablation ◽  
Cone Opsin ◽  
Opsin Genes ◽  
Cone Opsins

Color discrimination in the vertebrate retina is mediated by a combination of spectrally distinct cone photoreceptors, each expressing one of multiple cone opsins. The opsin genes diverged early in vertebrate evolution into four classes maximally sensitive to varying wavelengths of light: UV (SWS1), blue (SWS2), green (RH2), and red (LWS) opsins. Although the tetrachromatic cone system is retained in most nonmammalian vertebrate lineages, the transcriptional mechanism underlying gene expression of the cone opsins remains elusive, particularly for SWS2 and RH2 opsins, both of which have been lost in the mammalian lineage. In zebrafish, which have all four cone subtypes,rh2opsin gene expression depends on a homeobox transcription factor,sine oculishomeobox 7 (Six7). However, thesix7gene is found only in the ray-finned fish lineage, suggesting the existence of another evolutionarily conserved transcriptional factor(s) controllingrh2opsin expression in vertebrates. Here, we found that the reducedrh2expression caused bysix7deficiency was rescued by forced expression ofsix6b, which is asix7-related transcription factor conserved widely among vertebrates. The compensatory role ofsix6bwas reinforced by ChIP-sequencing analysis, which revealed a similar pattern of Six6b- and Six7-binding sites within and near the cone opsin genes. TAL effector nuclease-induced genetic ablation ofsix6bandsix7revealed that they coordinately regulate SWS2 opsin gene expression. Mutant larvae deficient for these transcription factors showed severely impaired visually driven foraging behavior. These results demonstrate that in zebrafish,six6bandsix7govern expression of the SWS2 and RH2 opsins responsible for middle-wavelength sensitivity, which would be physiologically important for daylight vision.

Topography of long- and middle-wavelength sensitive cone opsin gene expression in human and Old World monkey retina

2006 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 379-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAUREEN NEITZ ◽  
SHAWN D. BALDING ◽  
CARRIE MCMAHON ◽  
STACY A. SJOBERG ◽  
JAY NEITZ
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Messenger Rna ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Cone Opsin ◽  
Mrna Ratio ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Species Being

The topographical distributions of the relative ratio of long- (L) and middle- (M) wavelength sensitive cone opsin messenger RNA (mRNA) in human and baboon retinas were mapped using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The L:M mRNA ratio increased in a central-to-peripheral gradient in both species, being quite pronounced for humans.

scholarly journals Opsin gene evolution in amphibious and terrestrial combtooth blennies (Blenniidae)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabio Cortesi ◽  
Karen M Cheney ◽  
Georgina M Cooke ◽  
Terry Ord
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Gene Evolution ◽  
Opsin Gene ◽  
Light Spectrum ◽  
Cone Opsin ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Morphological Adaptations ◽  
Opsin Genes ◽  
Or Gene ◽  
Main Food Source

Evolutionary adaptations to life on land include changes to the physiology, morphology and behaviour of an animal in response to physical differences between water and air. The visual systems of amphibious species show pronounced morphological adaptations; yet, whether molecular changes also occur remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the molecular evolution of visual pigment genes (opsins) in amphibious and terrestrial fishes belonging to the Salariini division of blennies (Blenniidae). We hypothesized that when conquering land, blenny opsins adapt, in terms of sequence variation and/or gene expression, to match both higher light intensities as well as the broader light spectrum. Using retinal transcriptomes in six species ranging from fully aquatic to fully terrestrial, we found very little variation in opsin gene sequences or gene expression between species. All blennies expressed a single rod opsin gene as well as two cone opsin genes sensitive to longer-wavelengths of light: RH2A-1 (green-sensitive) and LWS (red-sensitive). They also expressed one or two short-wavelength-sensitive cone opsin genes (SWS2Aα, SWS2Aβ; blue-sensitive) in a phylogenetically inert manner. However, based on amino acid predictions, both SWS2A proteins confer similar peak spectral sensitivities and differential expression is therefore unlikely to be ecologically significant. Red-sensitivity is likely beneficial for feeding on algae and detritus, the main food source of Salariini blennies, and could be co-adapted to perceive visual displays in terrestrial species, which often use red dorsal fins to signal during aggressive disputes and courtship. Our data suggests that on the molecular level, the visual systems that evolved in aquatic blennies have been retained in species that have transitioned onto land.

scholarly journals Inherited colour vision deficiencies: From Dalton to molecular genetics

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 521-527
Author(s):  
Dragana Cvetkovic ◽  
Dobrosav Cvetkovic
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Colour Vision ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Regulatory Region ◽  
Cone Opsin ◽  
Opsin Genes ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vision Defects ◽  
Hybrid Genes ◽  
Cone Opsins

In recent years, great advances have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of colour vision defects, as well as of the patterns of genetic variation in individuals with normal colour vision. Molecular genetic analyses have explained the diversity of types and degrees of severity in colour vision anomalies, their frequencies, pronounced individual variations in test results, etc. New techniques have even enabled the determination of John Dalton?s real colour vision defect, 150 years after his death. Inherited colour vision deficiencies most often result from the mutations of genes that encode cone opsins. Cone opsin genes are linked to chromosomes 7 (the S or ?blue? gene) and X (the L or ?red? gene and the M or ?green? gene). The L and M genes are located on the q arm of the X chromosome in a head-to-tail array, composed of 2 to 6 (typically 3) genes - a single L is followed by one or more M genes. Only the first two genes of the array are expressed and contribute to the colour vision phenotype. The high degree of homology (96%) between the L and M genes predisposes them to unequal recombination, leading to gene deletion or the formation of hybrid genes (comprising portions of both the L and M genes), explaining the majority of the common red-green colour vision deficiencies. The severity of any deficiency is influenced by the difference in spectral sensitivity between the opsins encoded by the first two genes of the array. A rare defect, S monochromacy, is caused either by the deletion of the regulatory region of the array or by mutations that inactivate the L and M genes. Most recent research concerns the molecular basis of complete achromatopsia, a rare disorder that involves the complete loss of all cone function. This is not caused by mutations in opsin genes, but in other genes that encode cone-specific proteins, e.g. channel proteins and transducin.

scholarly journals Malpigmentation of Common Sole (Solea solea) during Metamorphosis Is Associated with Differential Synaptic-Related Gene Expression

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Menelaos Kavouras ◽  
Emmanouil E. Malandrakis ◽  
Ewout Blom ◽  
Kyriaki Tsilika ◽  
Theodoros Danis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
General Term ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Sole

In farmed flatfish, such as common sole, color disturbances are common. Dyschromia is a general term that includes the color defects on the blind and ocular sides of the fish. The purpose was to examine the difference in gene expression between normal pigmented and juveniles who present ambicoloration. The analysis was carried out with next-generation sequencing techniques and de novo assembly of the transcriptome. Transcripts that showed significant differences (FDR < 0.05) in the expression between the two groups, were related to those of zebrafish (Danio rerio), functionally identified, and classified into categories of the gene ontology. The results revealed that ambicolorated juveniles exhibit a divergent function, mainly of the central nervous system at the synaptic level, as well as the ionic channels. The close association of chromophore cells with the growth of nerve cells and the nervous system was recorded. The pathway, glutamate binding–activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors–long-term stimulation of postsynaptic potential–LTP (long term potentiation)–plasticity of synapses, appears to be affected. In addition, the development of synapses also seems to be affected by the interaction of the LGI (leucine-rich glioma inactivated) protein family with the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) ones.

scholarly journals Phylogenomic Insights into Distribution and Adaptation of Bdellovibrionota in Marine Waters

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 757
Author(s):  
Qing-Mei Li ◽  
Ying-Li Zhou ◽  
Zhan-Fei Wei ◽  
Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Genomics ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Glycerol Metabolism ◽  
Metabolic Reconstruction ◽  
Type Ii Secretion ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Epipelagic Zone ◽  
Chitin Binding Protein

Bdellovibrionota is composed of obligate predators that can consume some Gram-negative bacteria inhabiting various environments. However, whether genomic traits influence their distribution and marine adaptation remains to be answered. In this study, we performed phylogenomics and comparative genomics studies using 132 Bdellovibrionota genomes along with five metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from deep sea zones. Four phylogenetic groups, Oligoflexia, Bdello-group1, Bdello-group2 and Bacteriovoracia, were revealed by constructing a phylogenetic tree, of which 53.84% of Bdello-group2 and 48.94% of Bacteriovoracia were derived from the ocean. Bacteriovoracia was more prevalent in deep sea zones, whereas Bdello-group2 was largely distributed in the epipelagic zone. Metabolic reconstruction indicated that genes involved in chemotaxis, flagellar (mobility), type II secretion system, ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and penicillin-binding protein were necessary for the predatory lifestyle of Bdellovibrionota. Genes involved in glycerol metabolism, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) degradation, cell wall recycling and peptide utilization were ubiquitously present in Bdellovibrionota genomes. Comparative genomics between marine and non-marine Bdellovibrionota demonstrated that betaine as an osmoprotectant is probably widely used by marine Bdellovibrionota, and all the marine genomes have a number of genes for adaptation to marine environments. The genes encoding chitinase and chitin-binding protein were identified for the first time in Oligoflexia, which implied that Oligoflexia may prey on a wider spectrum of microbes. This study expands our knowledge on adaption strategies of Bdellovibrionota inhabiting deep seas and the potential usage of Oligoflexia for biological control.

scholarly journals An experimental assessment of social tolerance and den ecology in a high-density octopus population

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan A. O’Brien ◽  
Michelle L. Taylor ◽  
Heather D. Masonjones ◽  
Philipp H. Boersch-Supan ◽  
Owen R. O’Shea
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
High Density ◽  
Behavioural Plasticity ◽  
High Population Density ◽  
Social Tolerance ◽  
Potential Prey ◽  
The Bahamas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Den Use

AbstractLong held notions of the universally asocial octopus are being challenged due to the identification of high-density and interacting octopus populations in Australia, Indonesia, Japan and the deep sea. This study experimentally assessed the social tolerance and presence of potential prey items of Caribbean reef octopus, Octopus briareus, in a tropical marine lake (25°21′40″N, 76°30′40″W) on the island of Eleuthera, The Bahamas, by deploying artificial dens in multi-den groups or ‘units’ in the months of May and June 2019. Fifteen octopus were observed occupying dens (n = 100), resulting in 13 den units being occupied (n = 40). Two examples of adjacent occupation within a single den unit were identified but with zero examples of cohabitation/den sharing. Ecological models showed den and den unit occupation was predicted to increase with depth and differ between sites. Octopus also displayed no preference for isolated or communal units but preferred isolated dens over dens adjacent to others. Additionally, 47 % of occupied dens contained bivalve or crustacean items with no epifauna on their interior surface. The lack of epifauna suggests that these items have been recently ‘cleaned’ by occupying octopus and so represent likely prey. This study presents evidence of possible antisocial den use by O. briareus, a modification of the default ‘asocial’ ignoring of conspecifics typically attributed to octopus. This is likely in response to the high population density and may imply behavioural plasticity, making this system appropriate for further scrutiny as a research location on the influence of large, insular environments on marine species.

scholarly journals Intra-retinal variation of opsin gene expression in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata)

2011 ◽  
Vol 214 (19) ◽  
pp. 3248-3254 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Rennison ◽  
G. L. Owens ◽  
W. T. Allison ◽  
J. S. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Opsin Gene
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