scholarly journals Climatic-niche evolution of SARS-CoV-2

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka Bajaj ◽  
Prakash Chandra Arya
Keyword(s):  
Latitudinal Gradient ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Phylogenetic Network ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Tropics

AbstractCOVID-19 pandemic is studied by several field experts. However, it is still unclear why it was restricted to higher latitudes during the initial days & later cascaded in the tropics. Here, we analyzed 176 SARS-CoV-2 genomes across different latitudes & climate (Koppen’s climate) that provided insights about within species virus evolution & its relation to abiotic factors. Two genetically variant groups, named as G1 & G2 were identified, well defined by four mutations. The G1 group (ancestor), is mainly restricted to warm & moist, temperate climate (Koppen’s C climate) while its descendent G2 group surpasses the climatic restrictions of G1, initially cascading into neighboring cold climate (D) of higher latitudes & later into hot climate of the tropics (A). It appears that the gradation of temperate climate (Cfa-Cfb) to “cold climate” (Dfa-Dfb) climate drives the evolution of G1 into G2 variant group which later adapted to tropical climate (A) as well. It seems this virus follows inverse latitudinal gradient in the beginning due to its preference towards temperate (C) & cold climate (D). Nevertheless, due to the uncertainty of COVID-19 data, the results must be cautiously interpreted & should not be extrapolated to climate types and climatic conditions other than those analyzed here for the early evolution period. Our work elucidates virus evolutionary studies combined with climatic studies can provide crucial information about the pathogenesis & natural spreading pathways in such outbreaks which is hard to achieve through individual studies.Graphical AbstractIn BriefThe authors elucidate adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 to different climates by studying phylogenetics & the distribution of strains on Koppen’s climate map.HighlightsSARS-CoV-2 follows inverse latitudinal gradient during initial days.Phylogenetic network divides SARS-CoV-2 strains into two variant groups, G1 & G2.G1 strains is restricted to Koppen’s “temperate” climate (mainly Cfa-Cfb).G2 strains has evolved from G1 to sustain in mainly “humid-continental” (Dfa-Dfb) & “tropical-savannah” (Aw) climate.

scholarly journals Effect of exercise and humid heat upon pulse rate, blood pressure, body temperature, and blood concentration

1920 ◽  
Vol 91 (636) ◽  
pp. 111-126 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Body Temperature ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Short Time

The effect of exercise on the human body has been made the subject of much study at different times. Researches have been carried out under atmospheric conditions such as prevail in different parts of Northern Europe, and they have been extended in a few instances to the effects of high temperature and humidity upon the human body. In the latter observations the conditions such as high temperature and varying humidity were produced by artificial means only, and general deductions as to the influence of an actual tropical climate upon the human organism cannot be safely drawn from them. In these experiments the subjects were living in a temperate climate, were exposed to heat and humidity for a short time only, and left the hot chamber at the end of the experiment for an atmosphere of coolness and comfort; in the tropics, on the other hand, the inhabitants are continuously exposed to heat and humidity without respite. Conclusions of real value can thus be drawn only from observations actually carried out in a hot climate, and systematic work in this direction is still lacking. Although observations have been made in the tropics on body temperature, blood pressure, pulse and respiration rate, and metabolism, yet their object has only been to obtain normal standards for the tropics for comparison with those of Europe.

scholarly journals Evaluation of thermal energy consumption in broiler farms and saving strategies

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (6) ◽  
pp. 2355-2364
Author(s):  
A. Jahedi ◽  
A. Zarei
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Thermal Energy ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Breeding Period ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Dry Climates

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate thermal energy consumption in broiler farms and provide solutions to reduce it. This study was performed with a completely randomized design under 4 climatic conditions, including Ardabil (cold climate representative), Khuzestan (warm climate representative), Isfahan (dry climate representative) and Guilan (temperate climate representative) in 4 replicates (4 broiler farms in each climate) and with 5 repetitions (5 periods of breeding per unit) and a capacity of 492,700, Ross 308 broiler in each breeding period. According to the results, in all climates, the proposed solutions to save thermal energy were able to create a significant difference (P<0.05). The experimental results also showed that the difference in thermal energy consumption in cold and dry climates wasmuch higher than in temperate and warm climates (P<0.05). Overall, the results of the present study show that, by optimizing andmodernizing construction equipment in broiler farms, thermal energy losses can be reduced in all climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Effects of Habitat Conversion on Ant Functional Groups: A Global Review

Sociobiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 6071
Author(s):  
Roberta De Jesus Santos ◽  
Pavel Dodonov ◽  
Jacques Hubert C. Delabie
Keyword(s):  
Functional Groups ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Land Conversion ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
Habitat Conversion ◽  
The Tropics

Conversion of natural to anthropogenic environments affects biodiversity, and the understanding of these impacts may be improved by assessing how different functional groups respond to such land conversion. We studied land conversion impacts on ant functional groups, as ants are ecologically important and respond well to various environmental changes. We hypothesized that conversion of natural to anthropogenic environments modifies the composition of functional groups, fostering generalist and opportunistic groups over specialist ones, with more responses of this type in tropical than in temperate regions. We recovered 412 papers from ISI Web of Science, of which we selected 17 studies, published between 1993 and 2018, that addressed our study’s question. We assessed whether each functional group responded positively or negatively to conversion of natural habitat into anthropogenic land uses and used Monte Carlo tests to assess significance. Ants were affected by natural habitat conversion into monoculture and polyculture and by the conversion of savannas and of tropical and subtropical forests. Land conversion affected six of the 13 functional groups assessed here. In the temperate zone, cryptic species, predators, subordinate Camponotini, cold-climate specialists and tropical-climate specialists were impaired, whereas hot-climate specialists were favored. In the tropics, land conversion negatively impacted fungus-growers and predators. In both climatic zones, several functional groups, mainly those with broad ecological niches, did not respond to land conversion. Our results corroborate that land conversion effects vary among ant functional groups and indicate that the ant fauna of temperate ecosystems may be more susceptible than that of tropical regions.

scholarly journals Enzymatic Activity of Soil under Spelt Grown in An Organic Farming System in Poland’s Temperate Climate

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 930 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Filipek-Mazur ◽  
Katarzyna Pużyńska ◽  
Monika Tabak ◽  
Stanisław Pużyński
Keyword(s):  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Low Fertility ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Organic System ◽  
The Impact

Wheat spelt is a very valuable plant, especially in organic farming. Its high nutritional values combined with low soil and climate requirements increase the interest in growing spelt in various soils. Spelt can be grown in different soil types, including sandy, wet, poor, non-draining and low-fertility soils. It is well adapted to cold climate. Compared to common wheat, it requires less nutrients and is more competitive against weeds. Activities of enzymes in soil under winter spelt have not been studied yet. We sought to determine whether the choice of varieties will also shape the enzymatic activities in different soil types and whether these activities will be the same under different climatic conditions of 2007, 2010 and 2013 year. The aim of this field experiment was to assess the impact of growing different winter spelt varieties (Oberkulmer Rotkorn, Franckenkorn, Schwabenkorn, Ostro) on the enzymatic activity on two different soil complexes. In the years 2007–2013, two three-year rotations of the experiment were carried out (the first ended in 2010 and the second in 2013). Spelt was cultivated in an organic system. Physicochemical properties of the two different types of soil after three and six years of the experiment were compared to the soil properties before the experiment. The catalase activity ranged between 3.33 and 6.75 µmol H2O2 g−1 d.m. min.−1, the dehydrogenase activity ranged between 1.6 and 87.7 nmol TPF g−1 d.m. 24 h−1, and the arylsulfatase activity ranged between 37.5 and 157 µmol pNF g−1 d.m. h−1. The enzymatic activity in the soil depended on the type of soil (as a rule, the activity was higher in a stagnic luvisol than in a haplic cambisol) and on the spelt variety (although no variety had a clear beneficial effect on the activities of all enzymes). Spelt cultivation in an organic system led to an increase of enzymatic activity in a stagnic luvisol, but not always in a haplic cambisol soil type.

scholarly journals Variation in root secondary metabolites is shaped by past climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoe Bont ◽  
Tobias Züst ◽  
Meret Huber ◽  
Matthias Erb
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
List Type ◽  
Heritable Trait ◽  
Root Herbivore ◽  
Herbivore Pressure ◽  
The Impact

AbstractPlants can adapt to changing environments by adjusting the production and maintenance of diverse sets of bioactive secondary metabolites. To date, the impact of past climatic conditions relative to other factors such as soil abiotic factors and herbivore pressure on the evolution of plant secondary metabolites is poorly understood, especially for plant roots.We explored associations between root latex secondary metabolites in 63 Taraxacum officinale populations across Switzerland and past climatic conditions, soil abiotic parameters, and root herbivore pressure. To assess the contribution of environmental effects, root secondary metabolites were measured in F0 plants in nature and F2 plants under controlled greenhouse conditions.Concentrations of root latex secondary metabolites were most strongly associated with past climatic conditions, while current soil abiotic factors or root herbivore pressure did not show a clear association with root latex chemistry. Results were identical for natural and controlled conditions, suggesting heritable trait variation rather than environmental plasticity as underlying factor.Synthesis. We conclude that climatic conditions likely play a major role in the evolution of root secondary metabolites. Direct abiotic effects are likely underlying this pattern, hinting at a novel role of root latex metabolites the tolerance of abiotic stress.

scholarly journals Natural durability and improved resistance of 20 Amazonian wood species after 30 years in ground contact

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Nunes Gouveia ◽  
Marcelo Fontana da Silveira ◽  
Alencar Garlet
Keyword(s):  
Wood Species ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Natural Durability ◽  
Amazon Forest ◽  
Ground Contact ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Ground Test ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Dipteryx Odorata ◽  
Copper Arsenate

Abstract This study aimed to assess the natural durability of 20 Amazonian wood species preserved with chromated copper arsenate (CCA) after 30 years in ground contact in an experimental field test at National Forest of Tapajós, Pará state - Brazil. Heartwood samples with a cross-section of 5 × 5 cm and 50 cm of length were half-buried in soil and inspected every year for decay. The species were classified according to natural durability following the classification method proposed by Findlay (Findlay, W.P.K. (1985). The nature and durability of wood. In: Findlay, W.P.K. (Ed.), Preservation of timber in the tropics. Springer Science, Whitchurch, pp. 1–13). After 30 years in ground test, six species were classified as Perishable, seven as Non-durable, three as Durable and four as Very durable, namely: Trichilia lecointei, Lecythis pisonis, Pseudopiptadenia suaveolens, and Dipteryx odorata (Very durable), Protium tenuifolium, Dinizia excelsa, and Ormosia paraensis (Durable), Endopleura uchi, Goupia glabra, Pouteria egregia, Tachigali chrysophylla, Tachigali paraensis, Vatairea sericea, and Vochysia maxima (Non-durable) and Chrysophyllum lucentifolium, Couratari oblongifolia, Didymopanax morototoni, Lueheopsis duckeana, Sterculia excelsa, and Xylopia nitida (Perishable). CCA preservative treatment was effective to promote timber protection, even under harsh climatic conditions of the Amazon forest environment.

scholarly journals Stochastic Simulation of Mould Growth Performance of Wood-Frame Building Envelopes under Climate Change: Risk Assessment and Error Estimation

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Lin Wang ◽  
Maurice Defo ◽  
Zhe Xiao ◽  
Hua Ge ◽  
Michael A. Lacasse
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Error Estimation ◽  
Ventilation Rate ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Mould Growth ◽  
Frame Building ◽  
Wood Frame ◽  
Water Tightness

Previous studies have shown that the effects of climate change on building structures will increase the mould growth risk of the wood-frame building envelope in many circumstances. This risk can be controlled by wind-driven rain deflection, improving water tightness of the exterior facade, and improving cladding ventilation. However, the effectiveness of these risk mitigation strategies are subject to various uncertainties, such as the uncertainties of wall component properties and micro-climatic conditions. The objective of this paper is to apply stochastic hygrothermal simulation to evaluate the mould growth risk of a brick veneer-clad wood-frame wall with a drainage cavity under historical and future climatic conditions of Ottawa, a Canadian city located in a cold climate zone. An extensive literature review was conducted to quantify the range of stochastic variables including rain deposition factor, rain leakage moisture source, cladding ventilation rate and material properties of brick. The randomised Sobol sequence-based sampling method, one of the Randomized Quasi-Monte Carlo (RQMC) methods, was applied for risk assessment and error estimation. It was found that, under the climatic condition of Ottawa, limiting the amount of wind-driven rain to which walls are subjected is a more robust mitigation measure than improving cladding ventilation in controlling mould growth risk, the improving of water tightness of exterior façade is not as robust as wind-driven rain deflection and cladding ventilation, however, the reduction of rainwater penetration can reduce the mould growth risk at different levels of rain deposition factor and cladding ventilation rate.

scholarly journals Identifying appropriate sampling and modelling approaches for analysing distributional patterns of Antarctic terrestrial arthropods along the Victoria Land latitudinal gradient

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 742-748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tancredi Caruso ◽  
Ian D. Hogg ◽  
Roberto Bargagli
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Factors ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Terrestrial Arthropods ◽  
Victoria Land ◽  
Dispersal Capability ◽  
Modelling Techniques

AbstractBiotic communities in Antarctic terrestrial ecosystems are relatively simple and often lack higher trophic levels (e.g. predators); thus, it is often assumed that species’ distributions are mainly affected by abiotic factors such as climatic conditions, which change with increasing latitude, altitude and/or distance from the coast. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors other than geographical gradients affect the distribution of organisms with low dispersal capability such as the terrestrial arthropods. In Victoria Land (East Antarctica) the distribution of springtail (Collembola) and mite (Acari) species vary at scales that range from a few square centimetres to regional and continental. Different species show different scales of variation that relate to factors such as local geological and glaciological history, and biotic interactions, but only weakly with latitudinal/altitudinal gradients. Here, we review the relevant literature and outline more appropriate sampling designs as well as suitable modelling techniques (e.g. linear mixed models and eigenvector mapping), that will more adequately address and identify the range of factors responsible for the distribution of terrestrial arthropods in Antarctica.

Principal operators' farm risk attitudes in hot and cold climates

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Zia Wahdat ◽  
Michael Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Risk Attitudes ◽  
Ordered Logit ◽  
Climate Classification ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Hot Climate ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Government

PurposeThe study investigates whether there is an association between climate types and farm risk attitudes of principal operators.Design/methodology/approachThe study exploits temperature variation in the diverse climate types across the US and defines hot- and cold-climate states. Ordered logit and generalized ordered logit models are used to model principal operators' farm risk attitudes, which are measured on a Likert scale. The study uses two datasets. The first dataset is a 2017 survey of US large commercial producers (LCPs). The second dataset provides a Köppen-Geiger climate classification of the US at a spatial resolution of 5 arcmin for a 25-year period (1986–2010).FindingsThe study finds that principal operators in hot-climate states are 4–5% more likely to have a higher willingness to take farm risk compared to principal operators in cold-climate states.Research limitations/implicationsIt is likely that farm risk mitigation decisions differ between hot- and cold-climate states. For instance, the authors show that corn acres' enrollment in federal crop insurance and computers' usage for farm business are pursued more intensely in cold-climate states than in hot-climate states. A differentiation of farm risk attitude by hot- and cold-climate states may help agribusiness, the government and economists in their farm product offerings, farm risk management programs and agricultural finance models, respectively.Originality/valueBased on Köppen-Geiger climate classification, the study introduces hot- and cold-climate concepts to understand the relationship between climate types and principal operators' farm risk attitudes.

scholarly journals The Potential of Solar Air Heating in the Turkish Industrial Sector

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Balázs Bokor ◽  
Hacer Akhan ◽  
Dogan Eryener ◽  
László Kajtár
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Conventional Heating ◽  
Industrial Building ◽  
High Solar Radiation ◽  
Mathematical Correlation

Transpired solar collector (TSC) systems are simple solutions for the preheating of ventilation air with solar energy. Their performance is a function of several environmental factors, so the climatic conditions of the location play an important role. In this paper, the effect of different climatic zones on the thermal performance of the TSC is investigated. To exclude other sources of influence, the same reference industrial building is examined in four Turkish locations (Antalya, Istanbul, Ankara and Sivas) representing different climatic conditions. RETScreen simulation is carried out for all four regions to obtain the drop of conventional heating requirement in case absorber azimuth of 0°, 45° and 90°. To illustrate the performance, temperature rise, heating energy savings and annual solar fraction are presented. Generally, it can be stated that a location with cold climate and high solar radiation at the same time benefits most from the use of a TSC system. A mathematical correlation has been found showing the solar fraction's dependence on solar radiation and heating degree days. Finally, simulation results have been compared to a set of measurement data from an industrial building's TSC system near Istanbul.

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