scholarly journals Cycling in degradation of organic polymers and uptake of nutrients by a litter-degrading fungus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aurin M. Vos ◽  
Robert-Jan Bleichrodt ◽  
Koen C. Herman ◽  
Robin A. Ohm ◽  
Karin Scholtmeijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Carbon Cycling ◽  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Button Mushroom ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Cyclic Degradation ◽  
Uptake Of Nutrients

SummaryWood and litter degrading fungi are the main decomposers of lignocellulose and thus play a key role in carbon cycling in nature. Here we provide evidence for a novel lignocellulose degradation strategy employed by the litter degrading fungus Agaricus bisporus (known as the white button mushroom). Fusion of hyphae allows this fungus to synchronize the activity of its mycelium over large distances (50 cm). The synchronized activity has an 13-hour interval that increases to 20 h before becoming irregular and is associated with a 3.5-fold increase in respiration while compost temperature increases up to 2 °C. Transcriptomic analysis of this burst-like phenomenon supports a cyclic degradation of lignin, deconstruction of (hemi-) cellulose and microbial cell wall polymers, and uptake of degradation products during vegetative growth of A. bisporus. Cycling in expression of the ligninolytic system, enzymes involved in saccharification, and nutrient uptake is proposed to provide an efficient way for degradation of substrates such as litter.

scholarly journals Evolution of Fungal Carbohydrate-Active Enzyme Portfolios and Adaptation to Plant Cell-Wall Polymers

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Hayat Hage ◽  
Marie-Noëlle Rosso
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Lignocellulose Degradation ◽  
Substrate Preferences ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

The postindustrial era is currently facing two ecological challenges. First, the rise in global temperature, mostly caused by the accumulation of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere, and second, the inability of the environment to absorb the waste of human activities. Fungi are valuable levers for both a reduction in CO2 emissions, and the improvement of a circular economy with the optimized valorization of plant waste and biomass. Soil fungi may promote plant growth and thereby increase CO2 assimilation via photosynthesis or, conversely, they may prompt the decomposition of dead organic matter, and thereby contribute to CO2 emissions. The strategies that fungi use to cope with plant-cell-wall polymers and access the saccharides that they use as a carbon source largely rely on the secretion of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In the past few years, comparative genomics and phylogenomics coupled with the functional characterization of CAZymes significantly improved the understanding of their evolution in fungal genomes, providing a framework for the design of nature-inspired enzymatic catalysts. Here, we provide an overview of the diversity of CAZyme enzymatic systems employed by fungi that exhibit different substrate preferences, different ecologies, or belong to different taxonomical groups for lignocellulose degradation.

Effect of compost and growing structures on growth and yield of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (lange) imbach)

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Harvinder Kumar Singh ◽  
Anurag Kerketta ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Shukla
Keyword(s):  
Agaricus Bisporus ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Button Mushroom

scholarly journals Effect of Exogenously Applied 24-Epibrassinolide and Brassinazole on Xylogenesis and Microdistribution of Cell Wall Polymers in Leucaena leucocephala (Lam) De Wit

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Pramod ◽  
M. Anju ◽  
H. Rajesh ◽  
A. Thulaseedharan ◽  
Karumanchi S. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cell Wall ◽  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Wall Structure ◽  
Vessel Element ◽  
Xylem Differentiation ◽  
Cell Wall Polymers

AbstractPlant growth regulators play a key role in cell wall structure and chemistry of woody plants. Understanding of these regulatory signals is important in advanced research on wood quality improvement in trees. The present study is aimed to investigate the influence of exogenous application of 24-epibrassinolide (EBR) and brassinosteroid inhibitor, brassinazole (BRZ) on wood formation and spatial distribution of cell wall polymers in the xylem tissue of Leucaena leucocephala using light and immuno electron microscopy methods. Brassinazole caused a decrease in cambial activity, xylem differentiation, length and width of fibres, vessel element width and radial extent of xylem suggesting brassinosteroid inhibition has a concomitant impact on cell elongation, expansion and secondary wall deposition. Histochemical studies of 24-epibrassinolide treated plants showed an increase in syringyl lignin content in the xylem cell walls. Fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy studies revealed the inhomogenous pattern of lignin distribution in the cell corners and middle lamellae region of BRZ treated plants. Immunolocalization studies using LM10 and LM 11 antibodies have shown a drastic change in the micro-distribution pattern of less substituted and highly substituted xylans in the xylem fibres of plants treated with EBR and BRZ. In conclusion, present study demonstrates an important role of brassinosteroid in plant development through regulating xylogenesis and cell wall chemistry in higher plants.

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