Association of cannabis use-related predictor variables and self-reported psychotic disorders: US adults, 2001-2002 and 2012-2013

Objective: To determine the association of cannabis use-related variables and self-reported psychotic disorders during two time periods (2001-2002; 2012-2013). Methods: Logistic regression was used to analyze data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC, 2001-2002; N=43,093) and NESARC-III (2012-2013; N=36,309). Among those with and without cannabis predictors (any and frequent [≥3 times a week] non-medical use, DSM-IV cannabis use disorders [CUD], cannabis dependence [CD]), standardized prevalence of past-year self-reported psychotic disorders were estimated. Association was indicated by within-survey differences in psychotic disorders by cannabis-related predictor status. Whether associations changed over time was indicated by difference-in-difference tests (contrasts between the surveys). Results: In both surveys, self-reported psychotic disorders were significantly more prevalent in those with than those without any non-medical cannabis use (2001-2002: 1.65% vs 0.27%; 2012-2013: 1.89% vs. 0.68%), with similar associations in both periods. Self-reported psychotic disorders were unrelated to frequent non-medical use in 2001-2002 but were significantly more prevalent in those with than without frequent non-medical use in 2012-2013 (2.68% vs. 0.71%), with no significant difference over time. In both surveys, self-reported psychotic disorders were significantly more prevalent in those with than without CUD (2001-2002: 2.43% vs. 0.30%; 2012-2013: 3.26% vs. 0.72%), with no significant differences in the associations over time. Self-reported psychotic disorders were unrelated to CD in 2001-2002 but were significantly more prevalent in those with than without CD in 2012-2013 (8.54% vs. 0.73%), showing a significantly stronger relationship in 2012-2013; similarly, among past-year non-medical cannabis users, the association was significantly stronger in 2012-2013. Conclusions: Cannabis-related variables, especially cannabis dependence, remain related to self-reported psychotic disorders. Therefore, clinicians should closely monitor cannabis-dependent users and assess the need for preventive and therapeutic interventions for these individuals.

Download Full-text

Cannabis use disorders in the USA: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291706008361 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (10) ◽

pp. 1447-1460 ◽

Cited By ~ 264

Author(s):

FREDERICK S. STINSON ◽

W. JUNE RUAN ◽

ROGER PICKERING ◽

BRIDGET F. GRANT

Keyword(s):

Native American ◽

Low Income ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Cannabis Dependence ◽

Cannabis Abuse ◽

Co Morbidity ◽

The Usa ◽

Axis I ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Cannabis Use Disorders

Background. The purpose of this study was to present 12-month and lifetime estimates of the prevalence, sociodemographic and clinical correlates, and psychiatric co-morbidity of DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence.Method. Data were derived from a large nationally representative survey (n=43093) of US adults.Results. The prevalence of 12-month and lifetime DSM-IV cannabis abuse (1·1% and 7·2%) exceeded the corresponding rates of cannabis dependence (0·3% and 1·3%). Being male, Native American, widowed/separated/divorced, and residing in the West increased the odds whereas being Black, Asian or Hispanic decreased the odds of cannabis abuse and dependence. Cannabis dependence was significantly associated with low income. Ages of onset for both cannabis use disorders occurred in adolescence and the majority of individuals with these disorders remained untreated. Co-morbidity was high between cannabis use disorders and other Axis I and II disorders.Conclusions. Cannabis use disorders continue to present a widespread and serious personal and public health problem. Native Americans were found to have high rates of cannabis use disorders, warranting closer attention to the mental health needs of this subgroup. Associations between cannabis abuse and dependence and Axis I and II disorders were strong, signaling the need for more comprehensive assessment of individuals with cannabis use disorders. Further controlled treatment studies are needed, especially among co-morbid individuals, in view of growing evidence of the adverse personal, medical and societal impacts of cannabis use disorders in the USA.

Download Full-text

Schizophrenia is not disappearing in south-west Scotland

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.177.1.38 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 177 (1) ◽

pp. 38-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

J. Allardyce ◽

G. Morrison ◽

J. Van Os ◽

J. Kelly ◽

R. M. Murray ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rate Ratio ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Linear Trend ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

South West ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Icd 10 ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Over Time ◽

Methodological Difficulties

BackgroundRecent work has reported a decline in the incidence of schizophrenia, but it is unclear if these findings reflect a true decrease in its incidence or are an artefact arising from methodological difficulties.AimsTo take account of these methodological difficulties and report service-based incidence rates for schizophrenia in Dumfries and Galloway in south-west Scotland for 1979–98.MethodUsing both clinical diagnoses and diagnoses generated from the Operational Checklist for Psychotic Disorders (OPCRIT) computer algorithm for ICD–10 and DSM–IV schizophrenia, we measured change in the incidence rates over time. We used indirect standardisation techniques and Poisson models to measure the rate ratio linear trend.ResultsThere was a monotonic and statistically significant decline in clinically diagnosed schizophrenia. The summary rate ratio linear trend was 0.77. However, using OPCRIT-generated ICD–10 and DSM–IV diagnoses, there was no significant difference over time.ConclusionsOPCRIT-generated consistent diagnoses revealed no significant fall in the incidence of schizophrenia. Changes in diagnostic practice have caused the declining rates of clinically diagnosed schizophrenia in Dumfries and Galloway.

Download Full-text

The relationship between cannabis use and DSM-IV cannabis abuse and dependence: results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey

Journal of Substance Abuse ◽

10.1016/s0899-3289(99)00006-1 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 255-264 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Bridget F Grant ◽

Roger Pickering

Keyword(s):

Cannabis Use ◽

Cannabis Abuse ◽

Epidemiologic Survey ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

The Relationship

Download Full-text

CANreduce 2.0 – the effects of adherence-focused guidance for Internet self-help among cannabis misusers: results of a three-arm randomized controlled trial (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.27463 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Christian Baumgartner ◽

Michael Patrick Schaub ◽

Andreas Wenger ◽

Doris Malischnig ◽

Mareike Augsburger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Anxiety Symptoms ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Cannabis Use Disorder ◽

General Anxiety ◽

Cannabis Dependence ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Self Help ◽

Significant Difference

BACKGROUND Despite increasing demand for treatment among cannabis misusers in many countries, most misusers are not in treatment. Internet-based self-help offers an alternative for those hesitant to seek face-to-face therapy, though low-effectiveness and adherence issues often arise. Through adherence-focused guidance enhancement (AFGE), we aimed to increase adherence to, and the effectiveness of Internet-based self-help among cannabis misusers. OBJECTIVE A three-arm randomized controlled trial was conducted comparing the effectiveness of (1) an AFGE Internet-based self-help intervention with social presence (AFGE-SP), (2) a similar intervention with an impersonal service team (AFGE-ST), and (3) Internet access as usual (IAU, controls). METHODS From July 2016—May 2019, 575 cannabis misusers (70.6% males, mean age=28.3) not otherwise in treatment were recruited from the general population. The primary outcome was cannabis-use days over the preceding 30 days. Secondary outcomes included cannabis-dependence severity, changes in cannabis misuse disorder (CMD) symptoms, and intervention adherence. RESULTS All groups exhibited reduced cannabis-use days after 3 months (AFGE-SP: -8.2; AFGE-ST: -9.8; IAU: -4.2). AFGE-ST participants reported significantly fewer cannabis-use days than IAU controls (P = .01, d = .60); a similar reduction in the AFGE-SP (d=.40) group failed to achieve significance (P =.07). There was no significant difference between the two intervention groups. AFGE-ST patients also exhibited superior improvements in cannabis-use disorder, cannabis-dependence severity, and general anxiety symptoms after three months. CONCLUSIONS Adding an impersonal service team to the AFGE Internet-based self-help intervention significantly reduced cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, dependence severity, and general anxiety symptoms. CLINICALTRIAL http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN11086185

Download Full-text

Theoretical and Observed Subtypes of DSM-IV Alcohol-and Cannabis-Use Disorders in the Australian Population*

Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs ◽

10.15288/jsad.2010.71.597 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 597-606 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Orla McBride ◽

Maree Teesson ◽

Tim Slade ◽

Andrew Baillie

Keyword(s):

Cannabis Use ◽

Australian Population ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

Cannabis Use Disorders

Download Full-text

Cannabis Use Patterns and Their Association with DSM-IV Cannabis Dependence and Gender

European Addiction Research ◽

10.1159/000333338 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 321-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

R. Noack ◽

M. Höfler ◽

U. Lueken

Keyword(s):

Cannabis Use ◽

Cannabis Dependence ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Dsm Iv ◽

And Gender

Download Full-text

The Potential Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on the Prevalence of Cannabis Use Disorder and Psychotic Disorders: A Retrospective Observational Study: L’effet potentiel de la légalisation du cannabis récréatif sur la prévalence du trouble d’utilisation du cannabis et des troubles psychotiques : une étude observationnelle rétrospective

The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0706743720984684 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 070674372098468

Author(s):

Catherine Vignault ◽

Amélie Massé ◽

David Gouron ◽

Jacques Quintin ◽

Khashayar Djahanbakhsh Asli ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Observational Study ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Mixed Model ◽

Linear Mixed Model ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

University Hospital ◽

Retrospective Observational Study ◽

Cannabis Use Disorder ◽

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire ◽

Significant Difference

Objectives: The principal objective of our study was to document the short-term impact of the legalization of recreational cannabis on active cannabis use, cannabis use disorder, and various psychotic disorders. Methods: We carried out a retrospective observational study of patients who were at least 12 years old and who had visited a psychiatrist in the emergency unit of the Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS). We included all the consultations of this type over a 5-month period, immediately following the legalization of recreational cannabis in Canada. We then divided our population into an adult (over 18) and teenager group (12 to 17) compared the data to the data from consultations made 2 years earlier, using a generalized linear mixed model. Results: We examined consultations in patients over 18 years old in prelegalization ( n = 1,247) and postlegalization ( n = 1,368) groups. We observed a statistically significant increase in the use of cannabis (28.0% to 37.1%; odds ratio [ OR] = 1.81 [1.34 to 2.44], P = 0.00011) as well as an increase in diagnoses of active cannabis use disorder (17.7% to 24.3%; OR = 1.53 [1.13 to 2.08], P = 0.0064). The increase in cannabis use disorder was more prominent among patients between 18 and 24 years old (17.3% to 25.9%; OR = 2.27 [1.17 to 4.40], P = 0.015). We observed no statistically significant difference in terms of psychotic disorder diagnoses (27.4% to 29.2%; OR = 1.17 [0.84 to 1.63], P = 0.35)]. Conversely, we identified a greater proportion of patients who had a personality disorder diagnosis in the postlegalization period (39.6% to 44.9%; OR = 1.35 [1.02 to 1.80], P = 0.038). Examination of pediatric (under 18 years old) consultations revealed no statistically significant differences. Conclusion: Although an affirmative conclusion is tentative, the current findings suggest a first link between the legalization of cannabis in Canada and increased diagnoses of cannabis use disorder, as well as cannabis use in general among patients in a university hospital psychiatric emergency department.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of Cannabidiol for Δ-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Psychotic Symptoms, Schizophrenia, and Cannabis Use Disorders: A Narrative Review

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10061303 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (6) ◽

pp. 1303

Author(s):

Francesco Bartoli ◽

Ilaria Riboldi ◽

Bianca Bachi ◽

Angela Calabrese ◽

Federico Moretti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Studies ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Cochrane Library ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Positive Symptoms ◽

Therapeutic Properties ◽

Cannabis Use Disorders ◽

Insight Into

Although cannabis’ major psychoactive component, Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has been linked to both earlier onset and poorer outcomes of psychotic disorders, Cannabidiol (CBD) seems to have different pharmacological mechanisms and potential therapeutic properties. However, no clinical study has investigated CBD for the treatment of co-occurring psychotic and cannabis use disorders so far, even though its utility seems grounded in a plausible biological basis. The aim of this work is thus to provide an overview of available clinical studies evaluating the efficacy of CBD for psychotic symptoms induced by THC, schizophrenia, and cannabis use disorders. After searching for relevant studies in PubMed, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov, we included 10 clinical studies. Available evidence suggests that CBD may attenuate both psychotic-like symptoms induced by THC in healthy volunteers and positive symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. In addition, preliminary data on the efficacy of CBD for cannabis use disorders show mixed findings. Evidence from ongoing clinical studies will provide insight into the possible role of CBD for treating psychotic and cannabis use disorders.

Download Full-text

Abstract 1122‐000209: Cannabis and Cerebrovascular Outcomes: A National Registry Analysis

Stroke: Vascular and Interventional Neurology ◽

10.1161/svin.01.suppl_1.000209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (S1) ◽

Author(s):

Amol Mehta ◽

Neha Siddiqui ◽

Johanna T Fifi ◽

Reade DeLeacy

Keyword(s):

Legal Status ◽

The United States ◽

National Registry ◽

Cannabis Use ◽

Cannabis Use Disorder ◽

Medical Cannabis ◽

Perioperative Morbidity ◽

Discharge Disposition ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Hospitalization Costs

Introduction : Recreational and medical cannabis use in the United States has been increasing in recent years in light of state and federal efforts to decriminalize and legalize its use. Its legal status has long precluded extensive research into its adverse effects, especially as it pertains to the realm of vascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. To date, minimal research has been completed on the sequelae of cannabis in inpatient admissions for stroke. Methods : A query of the 2012–2015 Nationwide Inpatient Sample searched for patients admitted with stroke ICD‐9 diagnoses. These patients were then grouped by the presence of concurrent diagnosis of cannabis use disorder, and compared with respect to various peri‐ and postoperative complications, all‐cause mortality, discharge disposition, length of stay, and hospitalization costs. Propensity score matching was utilized to control for potential baseline confounders. Results : A total of 414,340 patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria, 6794 (1.64%) of whom had cannabis use disorder. After controlling for baseline characteristics, these patients had higher rates of inpatient mortality (odds ratio [OR] 1.43; p = 0.01263), and non‐routine discharge, as well as increased lengths of stay (6.5 vs 5.7 days, p<0.001) and no significant difference in hospitalization charges ($67507 vs. $ 63328 10, p = 0.3918). Conclusions : Based on a national trends analysis, chronic cannabis use appears to be associated with increased perioperative morbidity and mortality among patients admitted for stroke diagnoses. Physicians should ensure affected patients be adequately informed of associated risks. Further research should include matching of risk factors not captured in databases.

Download Full-text